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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter is divided into two parts. The y are review of related theories, and theoretical framework. The review of related theories consists of literary theories and
theory of values. The literary theories consist of three theories namely, theory of character and characterization, theory of critical approaches, and the relationships of
Bible and literature. The last part is theoretical framework, which describes a guidance to analyze the problems formulated in the problem fo rmulation.
2.1 Review of Related Theories
This section presents characters and characterization and theories of value. The literary theories consists of three theories namely theory of character and
characterization, theory of critical approaches and relationship of bible and literature.
2.1.1 Character and Characterization
Characters according to Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as
being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities through dialogue and action 20. According to Henkle 87-97, characters can be divided as major and minor
characters. Major characters are the most important and complex characters in the novel. They can be identified as such through the complexity of the characterization,
the attention given to them by the author or other characters who deserve our fullest PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
attention because they perform a key structural function. Upon them we built expectations and desires, when in modification shift of establish or value.
Murphy categorizes characters on the basis of important into major and secondary characters. The major characters are the center and important characters of
the story. They play important roles in shaping and making up the story. The secondary characters are those who perform more limited roles 121.
Besides the major and secondary characters that is categorized by Murphy, Robert and Jacobs 145-146 propose that a character can be either static or dynamic.
A character may ha ve many individual and various human traits, and also because she or he may be considered as a dynamic character. Whereas a static character is the one
who changes a little, but usually he or she remains the same because there are no changes or growth happen.
Character and characterization cannot be separated to each other. The author always reveals the characters of imaginary persons in the story, and that it is called
characterization. It means that characterization can be defined as the creation of these imaginary persons so that they exist for the reader as if the people in real life Holman
and Harmon, 81. An author can characterize his character by using many ways and means.
Abrams 21 states that there are two methods of characterization, namely showing and telling. In showing method, called “the dramatic method”, the author only presents his
characters’ talking and acting and therefore leaves the reader to get a clear understanding on what motives and disposition lie behind in what they say and do. In
telling method, the author himself becomes a kind of narration in order to describe and evaluate the motive s and dispositional qualities of the character.
Furthermore, Murphy 162-173 explains how the author can convey the reader through character and personalities of the people. According to Murphy, there are
several ways in which the author attempts to make his character alive to the reader. The first is personal description. In personal description, the author can describe a
character’s physical appearance. The personal description is very important because each character in the story has certain characteristics and aspects. The reader can
imagine the story well, especially if the character has a specific or certain appearance. The next is characters as seen by another. Here, the author can describe a character by
considering any opinion of another and through the eye of other characters in the story. The third is speech. In speech, the author can give the reader some clues about
the characters in the book through the conversation with another person and whenever he gives his opinion, he is giving us some clues to his personality. After speech, there
is past life. Here, the author can also give the readers description about some past events that will help the reader to shape a person’s character.
The fourth is conversation with other. In conversation with others, some clues to a person’s character can be given to the reader by the author through the
conversations of other people and things they say about the character. The next is reaction. In reaction, the author can give the reader clues to a person’s character by
showing the reaction in some events. The next is thought. Here, the author can give the reader direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. What actually in the
person’s mind and what he feels reflect on his character. The last is mannerism. In mannerism, the character’s personality also can be described by the author through
hisher mannerism or habit in hisher fictional life. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2.1.2 Critical Approaches
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