Stating instructional goals, topics, and general purposes

speaking skills, so there would be 8 topics in the designed materials. For the topics, the researcher developed the topics which had been chosen by the teachers.

2. Stating instructional goals, topics, and general purposes

In this study, the designed materials were based on the School-based Curriculum Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan. Since the designed materials empasized only speaking skill, the writer modified the goal or competency standard and the general purposes or basic competencies. Here is the competency standard of the speaking skill. Table 4.2: The Competency Standard COMPETENCY STANDARD: At the end of the class, students are able to express meaning on transactional to get things done and interpersonal socialized conversation in daily life contexts through the process of cooperative learning. After stating the competency standard, the next step was stating the basic competencies for each topic. They are presented as follows. Table 4.3: The List of Topics and Basic Competencies Topics Basic Competencies UNIT 1 Greetings and Closings Students are able to: ƒ Recall their background knowledge related to greeting and closing ƒ Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic discussed ƒ Understand appropriate expressions to open and close the Topics Basic Competencies conversation ƒ Apply those expressions in a real situation ƒ Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Measure their own progress in every lesson UNIT 2 Introducing ƒ Recall their background knowledge related to introducing ƒ Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic discussed ƒ Understand appropriate expressions both to introduce themselves and others ƒ Apply those expressions in a real situation ƒ Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Measure their own progress in every lesson UNIT 3 Invitations ƒ Recall their background knowledge related to invitations ƒ Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic discussed ƒ Understand appropriate expressions to offer, accept or refuse invitations ƒ Apply those expressions in a real situation ƒ Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Measure their own progress in every lesson UNIT 4 Accepting and Declining Offers ƒ Recall their background knowledge related to accepting and declining offers ƒ Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic discussed ƒ Understand appropriate expressions to accept and decline offers ƒ Apply those expressions in a real situation ƒ Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Measure their own progress in every lesson UNIT 5 Giving Instructions ƒ Recall their background knowledge related to giving instruction ƒ Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic discussed ƒ Understand appropriate expressions to give instruction ƒ Apply those expressions in a real situation ƒ Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Measure their own progress in every lesson UNIT 6 Describing People ƒ Recall their background knowledge related to describing people ƒ Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic discussed ƒ Understand appropriate expressions to describe people ƒ Apply those expressions in a real situation Topics Basic Competencies ƒ Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Measure their own progress in every lesson UNIT 7 Reporting News ƒ Recall their background knowledge related to reporting news ƒ Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic discussed ƒ Understand appropriate expressions to report news ƒ Apply those expressions in a real situation ƒ Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Measure their own progress in every lesson UNIT 8 Thanking ƒ Recall their background knowledge related to thanking ƒ Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic discussed ƒ Understand appropriate expressions to thank and respond others’ gratitude ƒ Apply those expressions in a real situation ƒ Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Measure their own progress in every lesson 3. Specifying learning objectives From the basic competencies of each topic, the researcher developed the specific learning objectives. In this study, the specific learning objectives were stated as learning indicators. The formulation of learning indicators for each topic was presented as follows. Table 4.4: The List of Learning Indicators Topics Learning Indicators UNIT 1 Greetings and Closings Students are able to: ƒ Mention expressions related to greetings and closings used in their daily activities ƒ Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic ƒ Practice expressions related to greetings and closings in a real situation through cooperative games ƒ Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their comprehension to the related topic Topics Learning Indicators UNIT 2 Introducing ƒ Mention expressions related to introducing used in their daily activities ƒ Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic ƒ Practice expressions related to introducing in a real situation through cooperative games ƒ Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their comprehension to the related topic UNIT 3 Invitations ƒ Mention expressions related to invitations used in their daily activities ƒ Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic ƒ Practice expressions related to invitations in a real situation through cooperative games ƒ Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their comprehension to the related topic UNIT 4 Accepting and Declining Offers ƒ Mention expressions related to accepting and declining offers used in their daily activities ƒ Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic ƒ Practice expressions related to accepting and declining offers in a real situation through cooperative games ƒ Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their comprehension to the related topic UNIT 5 Giving Instructions ƒ Mention expressions related to giving instruction used in their daily activities ƒ Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic ƒ Practice expressions related to giving instruction in a real situation through cooperative games ƒ Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their comprehension to the related topic UNIT 6 Describing People ƒ Mention expressions related to describing people used in their daily activities ƒ Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic ƒ Practice expressions related to describing people in a real situation through cooperative games ƒ Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their comprehension to the related topic UNIT 7 Reporting News ƒ Mention expressions related to reporting news used in their daily activities ƒ Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic ƒ Practice expressions related to reporting news in a real situation through cooperative games ƒ Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their comprehension to the related topic Topics Learning Indicators UNIT 8 Thanking ƒ Mention expressions related to thanking used in their daily activities ƒ Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic ƒ Practice expressions related to thanking in a real situation through cooperative games ƒ Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions ƒ Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their comprehension to the related topic

4. Listing the subject contents