speaking skills, so there would be 8 topics in the designed materials. For the topics, the researcher developed the topics which had been chosen by the teachers.
2. Stating instructional goals, topics, and general purposes
In this study, the designed materials were based on the School-based Curriculum Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan. Since the designed materials
empasized only speaking skill, the writer modified the goal or competency standard and the general purposes or basic competencies. Here is the competency
standard of the speaking skill.
Table 4.2: The Competency Standard
COMPETENCY STANDARD:
At the end of the class, students are able to express meaning on transactional to get things done
and interpersonal socialized conversation in daily life contexts through the process of cooperative learning.
After stating the competency standard, the next step was stating the basic competencies for each topic. They are presented as follows.
Table 4.3: The List of Topics and Basic Competencies
Topics Basic Competencies
UNIT 1 Greetings and Closings
Students are able to:
Recall their background knowledge related to greeting and closing
Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic
discussed
Understand appropriate expressions to open and close the
Topics Basic Competencies
conversation
Apply those expressions in a real situation
Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions
Measure their own progress in every lesson
UNIT 2
Introducing
Recall their background knowledge related to introducing
Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic
discussed
Understand appropriate expressions both to introduce themselves and others
Apply those expressions in a real situation
Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’
opinions
Measure their own progress in every lesson
UNIT 3
Invitations
Recall their background knowledge related to invitations
Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic
discussed
Understand appropriate expressions to offer, accept or refuse invitations
Apply those expressions in a real situation
Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’
opinions
Measure their own progress in every lesson
UNIT 4
Accepting and Declining Offers
Recall their background knowledge related to accepting and
declining offers
Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic discussed
Understand appropriate expressions to accept and decline
offers
Apply those expressions in a real situation
Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions
Measure their own progress in every lesson
UNIT 5
Giving Instructions
Recall their background knowledge related to giving
instruction
Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic discussed
Understand appropriate expressions to give instruction
Apply those expressions in a real situation
Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’
opinions
Measure their own progress in every lesson
UNIT 6
Describing People
Recall their background knowledge related to describing
people
Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic discussed
Understand appropriate expressions to describe people
Apply those expressions in a real situation
Topics Basic Competencies
Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’
opinions
Measure their own progress in every lesson
UNIT 7 Reporting News
Recall their background knowledge related to reporting
news
Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic discussed
Understand appropriate expressions to report news
Apply those expressions in a real situation
Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’
opinions
Measure their own progress in every lesson
UNIT 8
Thanking
Recall their background knowledge related to thanking
Gain more vocabulary to help them comprehend the topic
discussed
Understand appropriate expressions to thank and respond others’ gratitude
Apply those expressions in a real situation
Learn to work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’
opinions
Measure their own progress in every lesson
3.
Specifying learning objectives
From the basic competencies of each topic, the researcher developed the specific learning objectives. In this study, the specific learning objectives were
stated as learning indicators. The formulation of learning indicators for each topic was presented as follows.
Table 4.4: The List of Learning Indicators
Topics Learning Indicators
UNIT 1 Greetings and Closings
Students are able to:
Mention expressions related to greetings and closings used in their daily activities
Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic
Practice expressions related to greetings and closings in a
real situation through cooperative games
Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions
Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their comprehension to the related topic
Topics Learning Indicators
UNIT 2
Introducing
Mention expressions related to introducing used in their
daily activities
Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic
Practice expressions related to introducing in a real situation through cooperative games
Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions
Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their
comprehension to the related topic
UNIT 3
Invitations
Mention expressions related to invitations used in their
daily activities
Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic
Practice expressions related to invitations in a real situation through cooperative games
Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions
Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their
comprehension to the related topic
UNIT 4
Accepting and Declining Offers
Mention expressions related to accepting and declining
offers used in their daily activities
Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic
Practice expressions related to accepting and declining offers in a real situation through cooperative games
Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions
Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their
comprehension to the related topic
UNIT 5 Giving Instructions
Mention expressions related to giving instruction used in
their daily activities
Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic
Practice expressions related to giving instruction in a real situation through cooperative games
Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions
Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their
comprehension to the related topic
UNIT 6
Describing People
Mention expressions related to describing people used in
their daily activities
Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic
Practice expressions related to describing people in a real situation through cooperative games
Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions
Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their
comprehension to the related topic
UNIT 7 Reporting News
Mention expressions related to reporting news used in their
daily activities
Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic
Practice expressions related to reporting news in a real situation through cooperative games
Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions
Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their
comprehension to the related topic
Topics Learning Indicators
UNIT 8
Thanking
Mention expressions related to thanking used in their daily
activities
Discuss new vocabulary they find related to the topic
Practice expressions related to thanking in a real situation through cooperative games
Work in pairsgroups and appreciate others’ opinions
Fill in their progress record sheets to measure their
comprehension to the related topic
4. Listing the subject contents