4. The teacher as facilitator
Facilitator here means teacher that can facilitate, support, and encourage students to learn Cohen, 1986 as cited by Mc. Donell, 1992. The
roles of teacher as facilitator can be done by giving feedback, redirecting the group with questions, encouraging the group to solve its own problems,
extending activity, encouraging thinking, managing conflict, observing students, and supplying resources. Therefore, it is the students who learn and
it is the teacher’s duty to help them learning. 5.
The teacher as agent of change Teacher has rights to change the classroom in order to adjust it with
the circumstances. Teacher has a key role in reforming the classroom. Bissex and Bullock 1987 as cited by Mc. Donell 1992 stated that when teacher
allows the classroom to become a place of inquiry, where questions are explored in meaningful context and teachers and students collaborate to seek
answers, then teachers have a redefined role as teacher-researcher. It means that teachers take over control of their classrooms and become skilled
themselves.
e. The Role of Learners in Cooperative Language Learning
Richards and Rodgers 2001:199 stated that, the primary role of the learner is as a member of a group who must work collaboratively on tasks
with other group members. As a group member, every learner has the responsibility to support other members in the group in order to attain its goal.
Learners also have another role that it is to be directors of their own learning, which is viewed as a compilation of lifelong learning skills.
f. The Role of Instructional Materials in Cooperative Language
Learning
Materials play an important part in creating opportunities for students to work cooperatively. The same materials can be used as are used in other
types of lessons but variations are required in how the materials are used. Materials maybe specially designed for Cooperative Language Learning such
as jigsaw and information-gap activities, modified from existing materials, or borrowed from other disciplines Richards and Rodgers 2001:200.
g. Types of Teaching Learning Activities
Based on Slavin 1995, there are six activities in Cooperative Learning:
1. Student Teams-Achievement Divisions STAD
In STAD, the learners are assigned to four member-learning teams that are mixed. The teacher presents a lesson and the learners work within their
teams to make sure that all of team members have mastered the lesson. Most of the activities involve discussing problems together, comparing the answers
and correcting any misconceptions if their teammates make mistakes. Then, all of the learners take individual quizzes on the material, at which time they
may not help one another. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2. Information Gap
Information gap is a useful activity in which one learner has information that the other lacks. Each of the learner is hoped to use the target
language when sharing the information. For instance, one learner can explain the process of making “black forest” and then informs it to a classmate using
target language. 3.
Teams Games Tournaments TGT TGT uses the same teacher presentations and teamwork as in STAD,
but replaces the quizzes with weekly tournaments, in which the learners play academic games with member of other teams to contribute points to their team
scores. 4.
Jigsaw A jigsaw activity is a bidirectional or multidirectional information gap.
Each member in a pair or group has information to the other persons need. This activity promotes a great deal of negotiation between the learners in order
to find out the meaning of the information. For example, one learner on each team might become an expert on “bargaining”, another on “greeting” and the
other on “thanking”. After exchanging the information, the experts from different teams
meet to discuss their common topics then return to teach the topics to their teammates. Finally, there is a quiz or other assessment on all topics.
5. Learning Together
Learning together involves the learners working in four or five member heterogeneous assignment sheets. The groups hand in a single sheet
and receive praise and reward based on the group product. 6.
Conversation Conversation is a formal language which is learned immediately
through useful form, a form that the learners can practice by turning to his neighbors, or apply in content outside the classroom.
Meanwhile, referring to Kagan http:edtech.kennesaw.edu1994, there are nine activities in Cooperative Learning:
1. Jigsaw
Groups with five students are set up. Each group member is assigned some unique material to learn and then to teach to his group members. To help
in the learning; students across the class working on the same sub-section, get together to decide what is important and how to teach it. After practice in
these expert groups, the original groups reform and students teach each other.
2. Think – Pair Share
It involves a three step cooperative structure. During the first step, individuals think silently about a question posed by the instructor. Individuals
pair up during the second step and exchange thoughts. In the third step, the pairs share their responses with other pairs, other teams, or the entire groups.
3. Three-Step Interview
Each member of a team chooses another member to be a partner. During the first step individuals interview their partners by asking clarifying
questions. During the second step partners reverse the roles. For the final step, members share their partners response with the team.
4. Round Robin Brainstorming
Class is divided into small groups 4 to 6 with one person appointed as the recorder. A question is posed with many answers and students are given
time to think about answers. After the think time, members of the team share responses with one another round robin style. The recorder writes down the
answers of the group members. The person next to the recorder starts and each person in the group in order give an answer until time is called.
5. Three-minute review
Teachers stop any time during a lecture or discussion and give teams three minutes to review what has been said, ask clarifying questions or answer
questions. 6.
Numbered Heads Together A team of four is established. Each member is given numbers of 1, 2,
3, and 4. Questions are asked of the group. Groups work together to answer the question so that all can verbally answer the question. Teacher calls out a
number two and each two is asked to give the answer. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7. Team Pair Solo
Students do problems first as a team, then with a partner, and finally on their own. It is designed to motivate students to tackle and succeed at
problems which initially are beyond their ability. It is based on a simple notion of mediated learning. Students can do more things with help mediation than
they can do alone. By allowing them to work on problems they could not do alone, first as a team and then with a partner, they progress to a point they can
do alone that which at first they could do only with help. 8.
Circle the Sage First the teacher polls the class to see which students have a special
knowledge to share. For example the teacher may ask who in the class was able to solve a difficult math homework question, who had visited Mexico,
who knows the chemical reactions involved in how salting the streets help dissipate snow. Those students the sages stand and spread out in the room.
The teacher then has the rest of the classmates each surround a sage, with no two members of the same team going to the same sage. The sage explains
what they know while the classmates listen, ask questions, and take notes. All students then return to their teams. Each in turn, explains what they learned.
Because each one has gone to a different sage, they compare notes. If there is disagreement, they stand up as a team. Finally, the disagreements are aired and
resolved. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9. Partners
The class is divided into teams of four. Partners move to one side of the room. Half of each team is given an assignment to master to be able to
teach the other half. Partners work to learn and can consult with other partners working on the same material. Teams go back together with each set of
partners teaching the other set. Partners quiz and tutor teammates. Team reviews how well they learned and taught and how they might improve the
process.
4. The First Grade Students of SMAN 4 Yogyakarta
