English teachers will implement the English learning materials better. Effective implementation will lead to students’ improvement in learning
English.
2. The first grade students of SMAN 4 Yogyakarta
This study provides materials that are useful to learn English based on Cooperative Learning theory. Through the designed materials, it is expected
that the students will find it easier to understand the materials given. The materials will motivate the students to learn and interact with their friends.
Hopefully, the designed materials will contribute sufficient means to develop the students individually and socially.
3. The other researchers and material designers
For other researchers, this study can be used as reference to conduct research and write scientific paper related to topics. For other material
designers, this study can become an idea in designing materials. Hopefully the
next designers can extend the span of the study so that it can be beneficial for
other learners.
G. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misinterpretation, some important terms are defined as follows:
1. Design
According to Hutchinson and Water 1994:106 stated that designing is creating a new set of materials that fits the learning objectives and specific
subject area of particular learners. In this study, the term “design” is defined as procedures that the writer should accomplish in designing the materials until
the design is ready to be applied.
2. Speaking materials
Bailey 1994 as cited by Nunan 2003:48 stated that speaking is the productive oral skill that consists of producing systematic verbal utterances to
convey meaning. It happens in real time, which means that the speaker needs immediate feedback. We also cannot edit and revise what we say as if we are
writing. In this study, speaking means the learners’ productive skill especially
to produce verbal words in English, in talking about any topics using aural mediums. Hence, speaking materials are defined as developed materials that
fit the learners’ needs and interests to develop the learners’ speaking skill and personality.
3. The First Grade Students of SMAN 4 Yogyakarta
SMAN 4 Yogyakarta is located at Magelang street, Karangwaru Lor,
Yogyakarta, 55241. Its phone number is 513245. This school provides facilities such as language laboratory, OHP, computer, television, and tape
recorder to enhance the students’ English language proficiency. Students between the ages of 15-18 years old are those who belong to
the three levels in the Senior High School. They are categorized as adolescents. The object of this study is the first grade students of SMAN 4
Yogyakarta . Therefore, here we will focus more on those who are about 15 –
16 years old students. There are six classes of the first grade students of SMAN 4 Yogyakarta
. Those are 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, and 1F. Each class consists of thirty six students; therefore the number of the first graders is two hundreds
and sixteen students.
4. Cooperative Language Learning
Richards Rodgers 2001:192 stated that Cooperative Learning is an approach to teaching that makes maximum use of cooperative activities
involving pairs and small groups of learners in the classroom. According to Slavin 1995:2, Cooperative Language Learning refers to a variety of
teaching methods in which students work in small groups to help one another learn academic content.
In this study, Cooperative Language Learning means a way in which students work together with their partners, help each other, discuss and argue
each other in order to achieve certain goal. Here, the students are responsible for their own learning with the guidance of their teacher, so that it would be
beneficial for everybody in the classroom. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter, the writer would like to discuss theories that support the thesis. This chapter will be divided into two main parts, which are theoretical
description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description consists of brief discussions of basic theories of Instructional Design Models, The Teaching
of Speaking, Cooperative Language Learning and The First Grade Students of SMAN 4 Yogyakarta
. Whereas the theoretical framework contains the way the writer applies the related theories in analyzing the topic of this thesis.
A. Theoretical Description 1.
Instructional Design Models
There are two models of instructional design presented in this study. First is the instructional design model of Kemp, and the second is the
instructional design model of Yalden.
a. Kemp’s Model
Kemp 1977:8 stated that there are three questions that may be considered as essential elements of instructional design plan:
1 What must be learned? objectives
2 What procedures and resources will work best to reach the desired learning
levels? activities and resources PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
