1. To describe how a set of English instructional reading materials for the
tenth grade students of SMK BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta is designed. 2.
To present a set of English instructional reading materials for the tenth grade students of SMK BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta.
E. Research Benefits
This research is intended to give benefits for: 1.
English Teachers English teachers of SMK BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta can use the design to
teach their students or as an alternative material to be taught in class. 2.
Students The designed materials help the students develop their reading ability.
3. Other researchers
They can learn from this thesis how to design a set of English instructional reading materials, how to select materials that match to the needs of the
tenth grade students of SMK BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta and how to reconstruct the materials.
F. Definition of Terms
1. Reading According to Mitchell 1982: 1, reading can be defined as the ability
to make sense of written or print symbols. Nunan 1991 said that reading is a fluent process of readers combining information from a text and their
background knowledge to built meaning. In this research, reading means understanding the meaning of texts or passages in which vocabulary and
rea der‟s prior knowledge are taken into account.
2. Strategy
In th is research, the term „strategy‟ refers to language learning
strategy. According to Anderson as edited by Nunan 2003, p.77, strategy can be defined as conscious actions that learners take to achieve desired
goals or objectives. In addition, Cohen 1998, p.68 writes language learning strategies are the conscious thoughts and behaviour used by
learners with the explicit goals of improving their knowledge and understanding of a target language. In this research, strategy defines as
series of actions to achieve particular goal in target language. 3.
Interactive models Interactive Models combine bottom-up and top-down model.
Interactive Models combine elements of both bottom-up and top-down model assuming “that a pattern is synthesized based on information
proposed simultaneously from several knowledge sources”Stanovich, 2000. In this research, Interactive Models define as a way to combine
vocabularies and reader‟s prior knowledge through reading comprehension.
4. Bottom-up
Bottom-up model views reading as a process of decoding written symbols into their aural equivalents in a linear fashion Anderson, as
edited by Nunan, 1999. Moreover, according to Swaffar 1991, bottom- up model focuses on the surface of language features such as letters,
words, and individual sentences in order to understand a reading text. In this research, bottom up model focuses on the surface of language features
such as letters, words and individual sentences. 5.
Top-down Top-down model views one begins with a set of hypothesis or
predictions about the meaning of the text one is about to read and then selectively samples the text to determine whether or not one‟s predictions
are correct Anderson, as edited by Nunan,1999. According to Swaffar 1991, top down model focuses
on students‟ background knowledge in order to understand a reading text. In this research, top down model
focuses on students‟ background knowledge in order to understand a
reading text. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter discusses the theories underlying this research. There are two major points of discussion. The first deals with the theoretical description that
covers five m ain points, namely Kemp’s Model, reading works of literature,
models of reading processes, and Cloze procedure SMK BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta. Second, the researcher describes the theoretical framework employed in designing
English instructional reading materials using Interactive Models.
A. Theoretical Description
This part explains the theories relate d to Kemp’s Model, model of
reading processes called Interactive Model, reading works of literature, and vocational high scho
ol students. The theories related to Kemp’s model help the process of designing materials and providing an illustration of how the
instructional materials should be presented. The theories related to reading provide information about the importance of reading skills for the tenth
grade students of SMK BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta. Next, the theories related to the model of reading processes called Interactive Models. This section
provides information about what Interactive Model is. Thus, those theories are discussed as follows.
