THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK LITERATURE REVIEW

B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This part synthesizes the theories mention in the previous discussion and discusses the relations among the theories in supporting this research. The theories include the theories of teaching speaking, the principles of m-learning and MALL, Android, and App Inventor. The framework model of this research can be seen in the following figure. SPEAK APP Speaking Application for Midwifery Students Media Material Mobile Learning, MALL, Android, App Inventor Product Prototype First Product English for Specific Purposes, Midwifery Experts Validation Revision Users Validation Revision Final Product Figure 2.5 Model Development Frameworks The theories of Mobile Assisted Language Learning, Android, and App Inventor are the basis of the features and media aspects of the application. Based on the principles of MALL by Stockwell and Hubbard 2013., mobile learning media should meet ten principles: 1 mobile activities, tasks, and applications should distinguish both the affordances and limitations of the mobile devices and the environment where the device will be used; 2 limiting multi-tasking and environmental distractions; 3 pushing, but respecting boundaries; 4 striving to maintain equity; 5 acknowledging and planning for accommodating language learner differences, 6 being aware of language learners’ existing uses and cultures of use for their devices; 7 keeping mobile language learning activities and tasks short and concise when possible; 8 letting the language learning task fit the technology and environment, and vice versa; 9 some or most learners will need guidance and training to effectively use mobile devices for language learning; and 10 recognizing and accommodating multiple stakeholders. Besides, the mobile learning should also accommodate the eight principles of m- learning by Elias 2011. They are 1 equitable use, 2 flexible use, 3 simple and intuitive, 4 perceptible information, 5 tolerance of error, 6 low physical and technical effort, 7 community of learners and support, and 8 instructional climate. Android Operating System is used as the basis system to operate the application. The strength of this OS is that it is an open comprehensive platform for mobile devices. So, it enables developers to make changes in any part of it. It is also due to consideration that android is currently used in more than 50 of the world’s smartphone. Moreover, android is suitable for classroom instruction as the devices can start quickly and can power on and off in a second. They also have the better power management as the battery last longer and they are less distracting compared to the desktop computing. App inventor is the program to develop the application for android. Not only because App Inventor is free online program, but also it is a simple program to operate as the developer does not need to master java script or logarithm to use it. App Inventor is suitable for the researcher who has little experiences in developing application. The theories of English for Specific Purposes, Midwifery program, Instructional Design Model, and Teaching Speaking theory give a clear concept of the materials in the application. Teaching English for Midwifery belongs to English for Specific Purposes area. It means the materials should accommodate the purpose of learning English for midwifery students. In order to provide an effective learning media, the materials including the tasks or activities should comply with the theories of teaching speaking. The concept of the media and materials of the application are then synthesized into the steps of Instructional Design Model. An Android application is then developed through the steps. By using Android application for learning speaking, the students will have more opportunities to practice to speak. It also can solve the short meeting hours’ problems in the English class of Midwifery program. The features in the application can facilitate the midwifery students to improve their speaking competence.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The objective of discussing research methodology is to qualify the use of technique and method in response to the kind of research so that the researcher can meet the goal of the study. This chapter presents the research method, the nature and sources of data, the research setting and participants, technique of data collection, accountability of the instruments and data analysis technique.

A. RESEARCH METHOD

The research focuses on developing an Android application model to improve speaking competence for midwifery students. The researcher employs Research and Development R D as it focuses on developing educational product. Borg and Galls 2007 state that research and development is used to design new products and procedures, which then are systematically field tested, evaluated and refined until they meet a certain criteria. Instructional design was used to guide the researcher to work on the research. Berger and Kam 1996 define instructional design as the systematic development of instructional theory to ensure the quality of instruction. It is the process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet those needs. It includes development of instructional materials and activities; and try out and evaluation of all instruction and learner activities. There are some phases in the instructional design which is commonly addressed as ADDIE model.