Review on the 19 Review Related Theories
b. The Middle class
The middle class mainly defined in terms of occupation, unlike the other classes. They worked in various levels of clerical workers, in technical and
profesional occupation, suervisors and managers, farmers, self-employed workers, etc. 1983: 949.
Christian Educational morality was reaffirmed and preached tirelessly by the middle class society. They like gambling, drinking, sexual purity, and
fidelity. Young men and women were watched intensly by their parents, although for young men it was not vigilantly done. 1983: 949-950.
c. The Lower Class The Working Class
About four to fifty percent of the society belong to the working class. The working class were people who their life depend on physical labor and
who did not employ domestic servant. They were lack of property and associated relatively with low level of living and education. Its just a few
of children of this class who entered to higher education. 1983: 949-950. From all classes, the upper class were the one who could get better life and
education. The members of the nobility and wealthy class had privat tutors and the public schools. By the 19
th
century many of these schools had became means of upward mobility for the middle-classes. This middle-classes wished to move their
children into aristocracy. Schools concern to producing gentlements with ability in economic, political and technological. Abrams, 1962:930
The social structure in Britain did not only devided into classes but also gender. At that time, women did not have the same right as men. They had to
work at home, as a wife while men were outdoor. Men were accustomed to privation and long hours of work outside. The women were bear and run large
families. Men and women had some descriptions of their rule. The role of women in the society was strictly limited. They were not even regarded as the member of
the socierty since only men acknowleded Trevelyan, 1958: 474. It is also stated in The New Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. XVI that in the 19th century women
were lacked of the civil right, such as property right. Women workers were lower paid and there were just few women who were in the higher professions.
Women position in the society distinguished by their classes. Lower class women were in the very low status. They did not have control over their education
and only taught about domestic duties. According to Clark in his book English History,
Women of the lower class experienced worse than the middle class. They were employed with low rage and suffered from justice treatments from the
society 1971: 445 In the 19
th
century, not only women who suffered injustice. There were also children ranging in ages from six years up were employed and exploited.
Chilren from poor parents were farmed out to factory owners on terms that amounted to slavery, they were also unprotected and were literally worked to
death Littlefield, 1957: 8
Economic condition is one of the important things from the 19
th
century since the first phase of the Industrial Revolution began in the period 1970-1830. It
was characterized by the great invention, such as the improvement of transportation and roads and canals, a changing organization of production, a
greatly increased output, a growth population, and an expansion of towns Gregg, 1950:98.
During the Industrial Revolution, British Economic growth heavily. It was dependent in the creation of an efficient transportation system. Transportation
improvements during the 19
th
century also caused extensive changes in British commercial and industrial organization that affected in all classes lives Lunt,
1945: 743-744. Industrial Revolution shaped in the mid 19
th
century. At that time the expansion of industry could increasing the wealth. Littlefield stated that:
As production for profit in a free market replaces production for use, as innovations of method upset the balance in established industries, the
phennomena of large scale “booms” and “depression” introduced a new element into economic life 1973: 7.
From the quotation, depression also the part of the element in the 19
th
century‟s social life. Large amount of new invention that found in the 19
th
century had changed people life, not only for the better but also worsed. Industrial revolution
caused social pressure and unemployment. In his book A New History of England, Black stated that the 1833 Act prevented the employment under 9, but 9-10 years-
olds could still work 9 hour days, and 11-17 year olds, 12 hours. The working condition were harsh, especially for those paid on a low rate basis 2000: 184-
185.
Instability economis and unemployment were widespread in the mid 19
th
century. The economic instability was because of the Napoleonic era when England was at war with France. Black stated that Post war depression and
demobilization worsened the situation from 1815. The spread of empire, the growth of economy, the changes in society, and the development was
unprecedented 2000: 177.