Eloisa James` views towards british social condition in the 19th century as reflected in a kiss at midnight.

xi ABSTRACT

NURROHMAH, DILA. Eloisa James’ Views Towards British Social Condition in the 19th Century as Reflected in A Kiss At Midnight. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

This thesis discusses Eloisa James’ views in the novel A Kiss at Midnight. A Kiss at Midnight is a historical romance novel. This novel was written in 2010 but the setting is in the 19th century British. This study is to understand the author’s views that states in the novel.

There are three objectives in this study. The first objective is to see the

characters in Eloisa James’ A Kiss at Midnight. The second objective is to see Social Condition of 19th Century British depicted as setting in the novel. The third objective is to understand the characters and setting in Eloisa James’ A Kiss at Midnight that reflect James’ views toward British Social Condition in the 19th Century.

In order to achieve the aims of the study, the writer uses library research. The main source of this study is a novel, A Kiss at Midnight novel. The secondary sources are obtained from several books and the internet sites that support this study. The approach used in analyzing this study is sociocultural-historical. Sociocultural-historical is suitable in analyzing this novel because this study investigates the civilization in the 19th century.

The analysis of this study shows that there are four important characters in this novel, Katherine Daltry, Prince Gabriel, Mariana Daltry, and Victoria Daltry. The setting in the novel A Kiss at Midnight is British in the 19th century.

The novel states that the society is divided into classes; upper class, middle class, and lower class. Women position also became an issue in the novel, along with the education. Through the characters and setting, Eloisa James represents her views toward British social condition in the 19th century. First is her views toward classes in the society, second is views toward education, then her views toward gender, and last is her views toward morality.

xii ABSTRAK

NURROHMAH, DILA. Eloisa James’ Views Towards British Social Condition in the 19th Century as Reflected in A Kiss At Midnight. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.

Skripsi ini membahas tentang pandangan-pandangan Eloisa James dalam novel A Kiss at Midnight. A Kiss at Midnight adalah historical-romance novel. Novel ini ditulis pada tahun 2010 tetapi setting dalam novel A Kiss at Midnight adalah Inggris pada abad ke-19. Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pandangan-pandangan Eloisa James yang terdapat dalam novel.

Terdapat tiga tujuan dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan pertama adalah untuk mengetahui tokoh-tokoh yang terdapat dalam novel karya Eloisa James, A Kiss at Midnight. Tujuan yang kedua adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi sosial di Inggris pada abad ke-18 yang tergambar dalam setting. Tujuan yang terakhir adalah untuk mengetahui karakter dan setting dalam novel A Kiss at Midnight yang merefleksikan pandangan-pandangan Eloisa James mengenai Inggris pada abad ke-18.

Penulis menggunakan studi pustaka dalam penelitian ini. Sumber utama yang penulis gunakan adalah novel A Kiss at Midnight karya Eloisa James. Sumber sekunder yang penulis gunakan adalah beberapa buku dan sumber internet yang mendukung penelitian ini. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan sosial budaya-sejarah. Pendekatan tersebut cocok digunakan untuk menganalisis novel A Kiss at Midnight sebab penelitian ini membahas masyarakat pada abad ke-19.

Pada pembahasan terdapat empat karakter penting dalam novel A Kiss at Midnight, yaitu Katherine Daltry, Pangeran Gabriel, Mariana Daltry, dan Victoria Daltry. setting dalam novel ini adalah Inggris pada abad ke-19. Dalam novel ini disebutkan bahwa pada saat itu masyarakat Inggris terbagi menjadi tiga kelas sosial yaitu kelas atas, kelas menengah, dan kelas bawah. Selain itu, posisi wanita dan pendidikan pada juga tergambar dalam novel. Melalui karakter-karakter dan setting, Eloisa James merepresentasikan pandangan-pandangannya mengenai Inggris pada abad ke-19. Pertama adalah pandangannya mengenai kelas-kelas sosial dalam masyarakat. Kedua pandangan mengenai pendidikan, ketiga pandangan menganai gender, dan yang terakhir adalah pandangan Eloisa James terhadap moralitas.

EL

OISA JAMES’ VIEWS TOWARDS BRITISH SOCIAL

CONDITION IN THE 19

TH

CENTURY AS REFLECTED IN

A KISS AT MIDNIGHT

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

DILA NURROHMAH Student Number: 094214049

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2015

ii

EL

OISA JAMES’ VIEWS TOWARDS BRITISH SOCIAL

CONDITION IN THE 19

TH

CENTURY AS REFLECTED IN

A KISS AT MIDNIGHT

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

DILA NURROHMAH Student Number: 094214049

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2015

v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, August 10, 2015

vi

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Dila Nurrohmah

Nomor Mahasiswa : 094214049

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

EL

OISA JAMES’ VIEWS TOWARDS BRITISH SOCIAL

CONDITION IN THE 19

TH

CENTURY AS REFLECTED IN

A KISS AT MIDNIGHT

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencatumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal 10 Agustus 2015

Yang menyatakan

vii

Verily never will Allah change

the condition of a people until

they change it themselves

(with their own souls).

viii

For my beloved father,

Subagya, S.Pd.

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, let me pray my praise and gratitude to Allah SWT who gives me strength to finish this thesis. This thesis is dedicated to my father, Subagya who gives me great support to my education. I also thank my mother, Painem for all her love and support.

I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my advisor, P. Sarwoto, S.S., M.A., Ph.D., for all guidance and advice that helped me in finishing this thesis. I also thank my co-advisor, Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum., for giving me advice and suggestion for my thesis. I would like to thank all my lecturers in English Letters Department, the secretariat staff, and the library staff who helped me during my study.

I would like to thank my friends who helped me doing this thesis, Dominika Restu for all the love and support, and Helen Marta Sari for her opinion and suggestion. I thank my sister, Ida Nurmila is the best sister in the world, and my brother, Rohmad Fauzi who gave me great support. My special thanks go to my friends, Siti Fatimah, Nurrohmah Fithriya, and Rina Mei. Finally, I thank Forum Keluarga Muslim BUDI UTAMA USD for the friendship and chance to study.

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI... v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY... vi

MOTTO PAGE ... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

ABSTRACT ... xi

ABSTRAK... xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 3

C. Objectives of the Study ... 3

D. Definition of Terms ... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 5

A. Review of Related Studies ... 5

B. Review of Related Theories ... 7

C. Theoretical Framework ... 15

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 17

A. Object of the Study ... 17

B. Approach of the Study ... 19

C. Method of the Study ... 20

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ... 22

A. The Characters ...22

B. The Social Condition of 19th Century British Depicted as Settingggk in the Novel ...30

C. Eloisa James’ Views toward British Social Condition in the 19th Century... 38

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 46

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 47

APPENDICES ... 49

Summary ... 49

xi ABSTRACT

NURROHMAH, DILA. Eloisa James’ Views Towards British Social Condition in the 19th Century as Reflected in A Kiss At Midnight. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

This thesis discusses Eloisa James’ views in the novel A Kiss at Midnight. A Kiss at Midnight is a historical romance novel. This novel was written in 2010 but the setting is in the 19th century British. This study is to understand the author’s views that states in the novel.

There are three objectives in this study. The first objective is to see the

characters in Eloisa James’ A Kiss at Midnight. The second objective is to see Social Condition of 19th Century British depicted as setting in the novel. The third objective is to understand the characters and setting in Eloisa James’ A Kiss at Midnight that reflect James’ views toward British Social Condition in the 19th Century.

In order to achieve the aims of the study, the writer uses library research. The main source of this study is a novel, A Kiss at Midnight novel. The secondary sources are obtained from several books and the internet sites that support this study. The approach used in analyzing this study is sociocultural-historical. Sociocultural-historical is suitable in analyzing this novel because this study investigates the civilization in the 19th century.

The analysis of this study shows that there are four important characters in this novel, Katherine Daltry, Prince Gabriel, Mariana Daltry, and Victoria Daltry. The setting in the novel A Kiss at Midnight is British in the 19th century.

The novel states that the society is divided into classes; upper class, middle class, and lower class. Women position also became an issue in the novel, along with the education. Through the characters and setting, Eloisa James represents her views toward British social condition in the 19th century. First is her views toward classes in the society, second is views toward education, then her views toward gender, and last is her views toward morality.

xii ABSTRAK

NURROHMAH, DILA. Eloisa James’ Views Towards British Social Condition in the 19th Century as Reflected in A Kiss At Midnight. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.

Skripsi ini membahas tentang pandangan-pandangan Eloisa James dalam novel A Kiss at Midnight. A Kiss at Midnight adalah historical-romance novel. Novel ini ditulis pada tahun 2010 tetapi setting dalam novel A Kiss at Midnight adalah Inggris pada abad ke-19. Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pandangan-pandangan Eloisa James yang terdapat dalam novel.

Terdapat tiga tujuan dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan pertama adalah untuk mengetahui tokoh-tokoh yang terdapat dalam novel karya Eloisa James, A Kiss at Midnight. Tujuan yang kedua adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi sosial di Inggris pada abad ke-18 yang tergambar dalam setting. Tujuan yang terakhir adalah untuk mengetahui karakter dan setting dalam novel A Kiss at Midnight yang merefleksikan pandangan-pandangan Eloisa James mengenai Inggris pada abad ke-18.

Penulis menggunakan studi pustaka dalam penelitian ini. Sumber utama yang penulis gunakan adalah novel A Kiss at Midnight karya Eloisa James. Sumber sekunder yang penulis gunakan adalah beberapa buku dan sumber internet yang mendukung penelitian ini. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan sosial budaya-sejarah. Pendekatan tersebut cocok digunakan untuk menganalisis novel A Kiss at Midnight sebab penelitian ini membahas masyarakat pada abad ke-19.

Pada pembahasan terdapat empat karakter penting dalam novel A Kiss at Midnight, yaitu Katherine Daltry, Pangeran Gabriel, Mariana Daltry, dan Victoria Daltry. setting dalam novel ini adalah Inggris pada abad ke-19. Dalam novel ini disebutkan bahwa pada saat itu masyarakat Inggris terbagi menjadi tiga kelas sosial yaitu kelas atas, kelas menengah, dan kelas bawah. Selain itu, posisi wanita dan pendidikan pada juga tergambar dalam novel. Melalui karakter-karakter dan setting, Eloisa James merepresentasikan pandangan-pandangannya mengenai Inggris pada abad ke-19. Pertama adalah pandangannya mengenai kelas-kelas sosial dalam masyarakat. Kedua pandangan mengenai pendidikan, ketiga pandangan menganai gender, dan yang terakhir adalah pandangan Eloisa James terhadap moralitas.

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter is divided into four subtopics. They are: background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, and definition of terms. In the background of the study, the writer explains the reason of choosing the topic. In the problem formulation, the writer presents the questions about problems to be discussed. The aims of the research are explain in the objectives of the study. The last part is the definition of terms which explain the important key mentioned in the title and in the problem formulation.

A. Background of the study

Literary work is a media to express ideas, thoughts, and experiences of the author. The author’s idea, thoughts, and feeling about something can be seen through the literary work itself. The readers can analyze the intrinsic elements in the literary work written by the author. Understanding the intrinsic elements in the literary work is important to help the writer and readers to understand the story.

One of the literary works that has intrinsic elements is novel. Abrams said that:

As an extended narrative, the novel is distinguished from the short story and from the work of middle length called the novelette; its magnitude permits a greater variety of characters, greater complication of plot (or plots), ampler development of milieu and more sustained exploration of character and motives than do the shorter, more concentrated modes. (1993:130)

The particular characteristics of a novel are the reason why the writer chose novel to gain deeper knowledge about literature.

In the novel, readers can see the author’s ideas about some objects. The social condition in a particular place is one of the author’s ideas that are represented in the novel. The Social Condition could be imaginary but also could be the representation of particular place. The author wrote about particular place as the setting of the novel then he try to build authentic social condition that happen in this particular place. The use of year is also important in building an authentic social condition. Eloisa James is the pen name of Mary Bly. James was born in 1962.

Eloisa James was graduated from Harvard University, and then attends an M.Phil. from Oxford University, and a Ph.D. from Yale. She is a Shakespeare professor. She also published academic book with Oxford University Press. Currently she is teaching in the English Department at Fordham University, New York City. Eloisa James has "double life" as a professor and a romance novel writer. James is a New York Times bestselling author that writes historical romances for Harper Collins Publishers. Her novels have been published to great acclaim. Her books have been reviewed in USA Today and People Magazine. James’ novels have received starred reviews from Publishers' Weekly and Library Journal. Eloisa James also wrote articles published everywhere from women's magazines such as More to writers' journals such as the Romance Writers' Report. (Eloisa James' Printer-Friendly Bio, 10 June 2015). By the end of 2014, James has approximately 5 million books published in print or electronically, in 26

languages. She has published twenty-four novels, twenty-two of them became a bestseller. James’s books are published in 28 countries, and both print and manga editions in Japan. (Media Kit, 10 June 2015)

A Kiss at Midnight is one of Eloisa James’s novels. The setting of the novel is in 19th Century of British. In this story, Katheryn Daltry, a poor young lady meets Prince Gabriel. They love each other but Gabriel cannot marry Kate because he also a poor Prince who needs to marry a rich heiress. This novel tells a lot about British Social Condition in the 19th Century.

To understand Eloisa James’ views toward British Social Condition in 19th century, A Kiss at Midnight is a good novel to research. This novel is a suitable example to study the topic because there is a significant representation of British Social Condition in the story. There were so many places, rules, problems, and ways of life that faced by the society told in the story.

B. Problem Formulation

1. How are the characters in Eloisa James’ A Kiss at Midnight described? 2. How is the Social Condition of 19th Century British depicted as setting

in the novel?

3. How are the characters and setting in Eloisa James’ A Kiss at Midnight reflect James’ views toward British Social Condition in the 19th Century?

C. Objectives of the Study

This research aims to find the answers for the questions that are stated in the problem formulation. The first is to describe characters in Eloisa James’ A Kiss at Midnight. The second is to describe British Social Condition in the 19th Century that stated in the novel. The social views can be a rule, the way of life, and culture. The last is to understand Eloisa James’ views towards British social condition in the 19th century as reflected in A Kiss at Midnight.

D. Definition of Terms 1. Character

Abram states that Character is the person that is represented in a dramatic or narrative work, character interpreted possessing particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by interference from what person say their distinctive ways of saying and what they do (Abrams, 1993: 23).

2. View

According to Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary Unabridged (1972:2168), there are three appropriate definitions to the study:

1. A seeing or looking, as in inspection or examination.

2. Mental survey, intellectual inspection or examination, observation, consideration.

5 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review Related Studies

There are some reviews about the book, A Kiss at Midnight. A Kiss at Midnight is a historical romance book. The setting of the novel is in the 19th century, but the novel is written in 21th Century. Lisa Fletcher also states that in historical romance fictions are preoccupied with question about the meaning and the force of language in direct speech, symbols, gesture, and costume (2008: 1). It means that Historical Romance tries to make good representation about the past through speech, symbols, gesture, also costume. Another review by Helen Hughes, states that setting in the historical romance is mingling of distance and reality. The past setting in historical romance is presented as imaginary, the detail about the setting selectively chosen and the interpretation are subjective, but the impression of an accurate representation of the past setting are given by the use of period detail and reference to familiar issue about the past (1993: 1).

There is also a specific comment toward Eloisa James‟ Historical Romance‟s novels. Rebecca Carman states that James‟ novels also have some similarity with some historical play such as Midsummer Night’s Dream as what The Examiner states that A Kiss at Midnight is a fun story with funny sides. This novel is like A Midsummer Night's Dream and Cinderella (Rebecca Carman, A kiss at Midnight-Eloisa James, 28 October 2012). Another comment about James‟ novels is that James‟ novels have some adjustment because of the readers‟ favor.

It means that James‟ novels have some differences with the real 19th century novels because James is aware that the 21st century readers are different to them in the 19th century. For that reason, James makes some adjustment to accommodate her readers‟ favor by making some scenes in the novel that does not really happen in the 19th century. The example is James makes her characters have some adjustment to be more contemporary. When some detail and language of the novel are accurate according to the past condition, some parts of the novel such as eroticism were written from contemporary point of view (Bringing Past Sex to Life is Complicated, 28 October 2012). It means that James wrote her novels do not only consider to the accurate detail of the past such as the costume, language, and setting, but also according to the readers‟ favorite style in the 21st Century.

Seeing those analyzes related to the novel, A Kiss at Midnight, the writer found similar idea to the previous studies such as the mingling of the distance and the reality in the Historical Romance that will be disscussed. Besides the similarity, the writer will also present this thesis differently to the previous studies mentioned above. The writer tries to do deeper analyzes about British social condition in the 19th Century in the novel. Then, the writer tries to analyze one by one what Eloisa James‟ views toward British Social condition at that time that are represent in the novel A Kiss at Midnight.

B. Review Related Theories

To answer the problems, the writer needs some theories to support the analysis. The theories are the theory of character, the theory of setting, the theory of the relationship between literature and society, and the review on the 19th century British society.

1. Theory of Character

Abrams states that character is the person that is represented in a dramatic or narrative work, character interpreted by the reader possessing moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities that are express in what they say –the dialogue- and what they do –the action (1993: 23). Based on that statement, character is a person that appears in the story, this person does not need to be strong. Character also has particular moral qualities, intellectual, and emotional that is built them. In this study, the writer will use those values to describe the characters in A Kiss at Midnight novel.

There are nine ways authors can make their characters understandable by the readers, as M.J Murphy states is his book Understanding Unseen. The first is personal descripstion. Personal description is a way the author uses to describe a person‟s appearence and costume. The second is the character as seen by another. This is the way the author describe a character throught the eyes and opinions of another. The third is speech. Whenever the character involves in a conversation with other, or gives opinion, he is actually giving the reader some clues to his character. The next way is past life. Past life can be a clue for the reader to shape a

character in the novel. The author also can give the readers clues about the character or says something about the character. The next is how the character reacts to various situations and events. The autor also can describe a character throuh direct comments. The author can give the reader direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this case, an author is able to do what his reader cannot do in real life. The last is mannerism. It means that the author can describe a person‟s mannerism or habit which may also tell the readers about the character (1972: 161-173).

2. Theory of Setting

Setting is very important in a literary work such as novel. Setting of story can create events in which the characters are involved. Guth says that setting is the time and place of the events of a story. Setting often helps shape the characters and events. North or south, village, city, poor, wealthy neighborhood, mountain country, or coasts, all these help decide how people live (1981: 729). It means that setting can help readers to decide the character‟s look like and the most important thing in their lives.

Holman and Harmon state that there are four elements that making up the setting.

the actual geographical location, its topography, scenery, and such physical arrangements as the location of the windows and door in room; the occupation and daily manner of living of the characters; the time or period in which the action takes place, for example, epoch in history or season of the year; the general environment of the characters, for example, religious, mental, moral, social, and emotional condition trough which the people in the narrative move. (1985: 465)

From that quotation, the writer conclude that setting can be divided into setting of place, setting of time and social setting.

According to Van De Laar, the characters of the novel and scenes are drawn somehow from real life. Setting has important function in identifying the type of novel. From the setting, author can create events and characters in the novel. The characters‟ behaviors and attitudes are related to the setting. Authors decide kind of characters they want based on the place and time that they used in the setting (1963: 172). It means that setting is very important to reveal the real life of the people in the novel.

3. The Relationship between Literature and Society

Literature and Society has some relation. Literature could represent social condition. Literature also has some social function in the society. Wallek and Warren state that

Literature has also social function that is which cannot purely individual. Hence, literary study has raised some social questions, ultimately or by implication. These questions are “of tradition and convention, orms, and genres, symbols, and myths” (1956: 94)

Wellek and Warren also state that

The common approach to the relations of literature and society is the study of works of literature as social documents, as assumed pictures of social reality. It cannot be doubted that some kind of social picture can be abstracted from literature. (1956: 102)

It means that social condition can be seen from literature. Literature is a picture of reality in society. Elisabeth Langland states that the societies in the reality and in

the novel are almost the same. Authors describe the society based on the real society. The society in the novel is just a reflection of any concrete and not depend on the society in the real world. The author can express society in the novel as a house, city, country, institution, object, or a group of relationship trough characters, patterned interactions, and their common expectations of one another (1984: 5-6).

Literature also has limitation as Wallek and Warren states:

There is great literature which has little or no social relevant; social literature is only one kind of literature and is not central in the theory of literature unless one holds the view that literature is primarily and „imitation‟ of life as it is and of social life in particular. It needs to be remembered that literature is no substitute for sociology or politics. It has its own justification and aim. (1956: 109)

Literature has limitation in accommodating the facts, since literature is just the imitation of life. It is not always have social relevant.

4. Review on the 19th Century British Society

Reviews on historical background are important to strengthen the topic that will be discussed. The topic is Eloisa James‟ views towards British social condition in the 19th century as reflected in A Kiss At Midnight.

In the 19th century, every Englishman loves their country and have great nationalism. J.S Bentwich, A.S. Mendilow, and J. Catford, said that most people in Britain love their country because it is strong in Englishmen‟s heart. Every Englishman were dream to afford a country house (1949: 1-3).

Britain also changed in agriculture and industry that increased the wealth of the country. Industrial revolution brought new technology in agriculture and industry. Kemp states that “Britain was the pioneer industrial country, the classic theatre for the transformation of a traditional agrarian economy into an urban society based on machine technology” (1969: 1) Industrial Revolution that increased the wealth of the country changed the social condition at that time. Industrial Revolution brought new factions in society, such as the bourgeois.

At that time, England was a commercial country. It remained intensely aristocratic and gain a differences in social status. The richest landowners were welthier than ever and lived in great state in the country houses and they were the most powerfull class in the country. On the other hand, the labors and the workers were paid badly and lived in the miserable condition (Dartford, 1949: 5)

According to the The New Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. XVI, social classes in Britain were devided into three. Here are the explanations.

a. The Upper class

The upper class people or the aristocrats are the richest and highest class that had much influence upon economic, political military and intellectual policies. They worked in the government, navy, army and church. People from this class had the best houses, food, clothes, education, and entertainment. They enjoyed music and theater in the luxurious hall. Their child went to high quality schools that built specially for the richest class. (1983: 949).

b. The Middle class

The middle class mainly defined in terms of occupation, unlike the other classes. They worked in various levels of clerical workers, in technical and profesional occupation, suervisors and managers, farmers, self-employed workers, etc. (1983: 949).

Christian Educational morality was reaffirmed and preached tirelessly by the middle class society. They like gambling, drinking, sexual purity, and fidelity. Young men and women were watched intensly by their parents, although for young men it was not vigilantly done. (1983: 949-950).

c. The Lower Class/ The Working Class

About four to fifty percent of the society belong to the working class. The working class were people who their life depend on physical labor and who did not employ domestic servant. They were lack of property and associated relatively with low level of living and education. Its just a few of children of this class who entered to higher education. (1983: 949-950).

From all classes, the upper class were the one who could get better life and education. The members of the nobility and wealthy class had privat tutors and the public schools. By the 19th century many of these schools had became means of upward mobility for the middle-classes. This middle-classes wished to move their children into aristocracy. Schools concern to producing gentlements with ability in economic, political and technological. (Abrams, 1962:930)

The social structure in Britain did not only devided into classes but also gender. At that time, women did not have the same right as men. They had to work at home, as a wife while men were outdoor. Men were accustomed to privation and long hours of work outside. The women were bear and run large families. Men and women had some descriptions of their rule. The role of women in the society was strictly limited. They were not even regarded as the member of the socierty since only men acknowleded (Trevelyan, 1958: 474). It is also stated in The New Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. XVI that in the 19th century women were lacked of the civil right, such as property right. Women workers were lower paid and there were just few women who were in the higher professions.

Women position in the society distinguished by their classes. Lower class women were in the very low status. They did not have control over their education and only taught about domestic duties. According to Clark in his book English History, Women of the lower class experienced worse than the middle class. They were employed with low rage and suffered from justice treatments from the society (1971: 445)

In the 19th century, not only women who suffered injustice. There were also children ranging in ages from six years up were employed and exploited. Chilren from poor parents were farmed out to factory owners on terms that amounted to slavery, they were also unprotected and were literally worked to death (Littlefield, 1957: 8)

Economic condition is one of the important things from the 19th century since the first phase of the Industrial Revolution began in the period 1970-1830. It was characterized by the great invention, such as the improvement of transportation and roads and canals, a changing organization of production, a greatly increased output, a growth population, and an expansion of towns (Gregg, 1950:98). During the Industrial Revolution, British Economic growth heavily. It was dependent in the creation of an efficient transportation system. Transportation improvements during the 19th century also caused extensive changes in British commercial and industrial organization that affected in all classes lives (Lunt, 1945: 743-744).

Industrial Revolution shaped in the mid 19th century. At that time the expansion of industry could increasing the wealth. Littlefield stated that:

As production for profit in a free market replaces production for use, as innovations of method upset the balance in established industries, the phennomena of large scale “booms” and “depression” introduced a new element into economic life (1973: 7).

From the quotation, depression also the part of the element in the 19th century‟s social life. Large amount of new invention that found in the 19th century had changed people life, not only for the better but also worsed. Industrial revolution caused social pressure and unemployment. In his book A New History of England, Black stated that the 1833 Act prevented the employment under 9, but 9-10 years-olds could still work 9 hour days, and 11-17 year years-olds, 12 hours. The working condition were harsh, especially for those paid on a low rate basis (2000: 184-185).

Instability economis and unemployment were widespread in the mid 19th century. The economic instability was because of the Napoleonic era when England was at war with France. Black stated that Post war depression and demobilization worsened the situation from 1815. The spread of empire, the growth of economy, the changes in society, and the development was unprecedented (2000: 177).

C. Theoretical Framework

This study is about the author‟s views toward British Social condition revealed in A Kiss at Midnight. To support this analysis, some theories are applied. The first theory in this study is the theory of character and characterization. This theory is used to recognize, describe and understand the characters clearly. This is also used to describe the characters‟ appearance to help the readers understand the story.

The second is theory of setting. This theory help the writer to identify the setting clearly. Theory of setting also help to reveal the British social condition as reflected in the setting.

The next theory is theory of the relationship between literature and society that is used to recognize some reasons why literature and society has close relationship. This theory also helps to explain the socio-cultural conditions that are stated in the novel.

Review on the 19th Century British Society give more description of the sociocultural division in the story. Finally, the theories that support the analysis answer the problems in this study.

17 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The novel analyzed in this study is A Kiss at Midnight, a Historical Romance novel written by Eloisa James in 2010. The setting of this novel is in British in the 1813, the main character, Katherine Daltry, having lived under her stepmother, Mariana. Mariana is cruel and selfish since the death of Kate’s father. Kate father left her stepmother all of his wealth, such as the house, the land, and the money. The stepsister, Victoria engaged to a Viscount, Lord Dimsdale.

A Kiss at Midnight was published after Eloisa James success writing 21 novels and got 12 New York Times and 16 USA Today bestsellers books. This novel was first published in August 2010 by Avon Book, an Imprint of Harper Collins Publishers. A Kiss at Midnight consists of 372 pages that divided into chapters.

A Kiss at Midnight was nominated as Finalist 2011 RITA Awards. The purpose of RITA award is to promote a good novel in the romance genre by recognizing outstanding published romance novels and novellas.

The story in the novel begins when Victoria cannot see Lord Dimsdale's uncle, Prince Gabriel Aschenberg of Warl-Marlburg-Baalsfeld, because her lips has been bitten by her dog and swollen. She cannot go, so Kate, Victoria’s stepsister must disguise herself as Victoria and see the Prince. Victoria’s marriage

to Lord Dimsdale depends on the approval of his uncle, Prince Gabriel. Victoria needs to marry immediately because she is already pregnant. The Prince itself is a poor one who must be married to a rich heiress to save his castle and all the occupant, so he is betrothed to a rich Russian princess.

When Kate and Prince Gabriel meet, the Prince falling in love with Kate and he is able to reveals Kate’s real identity. The problem is that Kate is a poor lady and Gabriel needs money, so he cannot marry her.

In this novel, the obsession to reach higher social status highly represented by Mariana who will do anything to see her daughter married to a Lord. Money is also the main issue in the novel. It is represented by Prince Gabriel who wants to marry a Russian Princess that he does not even know, instead of Kate because of money.

At the end of the story, the Russian Princess reveals the relationship between Gabriel and Kate. Princess Tatiana asks Gabriel to leave her and marrying Kate because Tatiana does not wants to marry a man who loves another woman. After that, Gabriel asks Kate to marry him. At that time, Kate already got fortune from her late mother. Gabriel and Kate live happily ever after with some

B. Approach of the Study

Sociocultural-historical approach is applicable to analyze this work

because to analyze the author’s views toward 19th

century British in the novel, one must have good understanding about the society at that time.

Sociocultural-historical background is suitable in analyzing this novel because this study investigates the civilization, Rohrberger and Woods states that:

They [literature] define civilization as the attitudes and actions of specific group of people and point out that literature takes this attitudes and actions as its subject matter. They feel therefore; that it’ necessary that the critic investigate the social milieu in which a work created and which if necessary reflects. (1971: 9).

Literature also preserved the most picturesque and expressive representation of manners; primarily literature is about a treasure of customs, costumes, and a history civilization source book (Wellek and Warren, 1956: 102-103)

Society will also influence the author in making the literary works, as what Rohrberger and Woods states in their book:

Critics whose major interest is the socio-cultural historical-insist that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilizations of a specific group people and point out that literature takes this attitudes and actions of that produced it (1971: 9).

C. Method of the Study

The writer use library research to collecting the data related to the object and the topic of the study. Library research means that the writer took all the data

from books and internet. The primary source is Eloisa James’ A Kiss at Midnight.

The secondary sources are book by Abrams, titled A Glossary of Literary Term,

M.J Murphy’s book Understanding Unseen, the book by Guth, The Literary

Heritage, A Handbook to Literature by Holman and Harmon, An Introduction to Fiction by Stanton, Theory of Lierature by Wellek and Warren, Reading and Writing about Literature by Rohrberger, and also a book written by J.S Bentwich, A.S.Mendilow, and J. Catford titled How the English Life, The book by Jeremy Black, A New History of England, Sir George Clark’s book, English History. Book by Dartford, The Growth of the British Commenwealth, Gregg’s book, A Social and Economic History of Britain 1760-195, Industrialization in Nineteenth Century Europe by Kemp, Langland’s book entitled Society in the Novel, Henry Littlefield’s book History of Europe since 1815. 19th ed. Lunt’s book entitled History of England, the book by Travelyan, English Social History. The book by Van de Laar, E and Schooderwood, N., An Approach to English Literature, the last the writer employed a source from journal entitled; The New Encyclopedia Britannica.

There were some steps that writer taken to get the solutions to the problem formulation. First, the writer read and reread the novel, A Kiss at Midnight, so that the novel could be understood well. Second, after the writer understood the story, the writer wrote the topic to discuss. In this study the topic was Eloisa

James’ views towards British social condition in the 19th century as reflected in A Kiss At Midnight. Then, the writer made some questions that stated in the problem formulation. The third step, the writer looked for certain theories and approach related to the topic. The theories that the writer used are the theory of character and characterization, theory of setting, theory on society in the novel, and the relation between literature and society. Approach that used in this study is sociocultural-historical approach. The next step, the writer applied the theories and sociocultural-historical approach to answered the problem formulation. Finally, the writer was making the conclusion of this study.

22

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer analyzes the novel in order to find out the answers to the problem formulation in the first chapter. First, the writer describes the characterization. Second, the writer describes the social condition of the 19th century British depicted as setting in the novel. Third, the writer describes how the

characters and setting in Eloisa James‟ A Kiss at Midnight reflect James‟ views

toward British social condition in the 19th century.

A. The Characters

1. The Character of Katherine Daltry

Katherine Daltry is the major character of the novel A Kiss at Midnight. Katherine who is always called Kate by the family and friends is 23 years old woman. She is the granddaughter of an earl that makes her belong to the upper

class in the society. Kate‟s mother passed away when she is sixteen. Her father

married again to Mariana then passed away, he leaves everything that he had to Mariana. Mariana makes all of the inheritance to her daughter‟s dowry. When his father death, Kate become penniless because Mariana does not care of her:

I am the older daughter of my father, Victor Daltry. He was the younger son of an earl, and had a snug estate, built from my mother‟s dowry. After my mother died, he left the entire estate to my stepmother, Mariana, who bestowed it on her own daughter, Victoria. (James, 2010; 254)

Mariana is not good stepmother. She relegates Kate to the farthest chamber in the manor and does not give any proper clothes to Kate as a lady. Kate feels ashamed because her appearance is not meet an aristocrat standard:

It was the pitying glances she had from aquaintances who never met her at dinner anymore. It was being relegated to the chamber in the attic, with faded furnishings that advertised her relative worth in the household. It was the self-loathing of someone who can‟t quite bring herself to leave home and have done with it. It was fueled by humiliation, and despair, and the absolute certainty that her father must be turning in his grave. (James, 2010: 4)

Since her father died, she had learned what it felt like to be humiliated; to tuck your hands out of sight when you saw aquaintances for fear they would see the reddened fingers. To hold your boots close to the horse‟s side so that no one saw the worn spots. To pretend you left your bonnet at home, time after time (James, 2010: 35)

Kate is a clever woman. After the dead of her father, her stepmother does not want to manage the estate. Kate takes over the estate management, although it usually do by men.

Kate could do the estate management means that she is a clever woman, because to manage the estate she needs the ability of accounting and farming. She also has ability to manage the mansion, Yarrow House, which she did after her mother bedridden:

She generally managed to forget that she had once been mistress of the household. After all, her mother had been bedridden for years before she died, and sickly most of Kate‟s life. Kate had grown up sitting opposite her father at the dining room table, going over the menus with Mrs. Swallow, the housekeeper . . . (James, 2010: 5-6)

W e‟re eating with the family,” Algie said nervously. “ „In family‟ they call it.”

“ En famille ,” Kate corrected him.

“I suppose that‟s the language they speak over in Marburg. I probably won‟t understand a word.”

“Actually, that‟s French,” Kate said.

“French? I learned that at Eton.” There was a pause. “More or less . . . do

you suppose that‟s what they speak at the table?”

“I shall translate, if need be,” Kate told him, thinking that it was a good thing she had come rather than Victoria, who didn‟t speak a word of French. Thankfully, she herself had learned the language before her father died.

Ability to speak French means that Kate has proper education as aristocrat. An aristocrat woman usually has a governess who teaches them at home. They teach foreign languages, especially French, poem, and household management.

In addition to her proper education, Kate is also a responsible woman. She

feels responsible to her father‟s servants and tenants. She tries to make sure that

all the people who work for her father can live properly. When her stepmother

decides to evict the vicaris‟ wife from her land, Kate fights against her stepmother

for the vicaris‟ wife‟ welfare. It is because Kate feel responsible to the vicaris‟ wife who has four children. “‟Since her husband died,‟ Kate said, “Mrs. Crabtree is both exhausted and afraid. The house is not pigsty; it is simply disorganized.

You can‟t evict her. She has no where to go” (James, 2010: 8). “...she has four

small children and we have some responssibility to them-.” (James, 2010: 9). Kate also feels responsible to her stepsister, Victoria welfare. Victoria is Mariana‟s daughter. Victoria is a kindhearted woman, though she never help Kate to get her right. Victoria accepts whatever her mother does to Kate, but Kate still cares for Victoria because she is her half sister. She wants to help Victoria when

she is needed, even that Victoria never helps her. “She would do this visit for Victoria, for her newfound sister‟s sake.” (James, 2010: 34).

2. The Character of Prince Gabriel

Prince Gabriel or Gabriel Albrecht-Frederick William von Aschenberg of Warl-Marburg-Baalsfield is the youngest brother of the Archduke of Marburg. He comes to England with his big family and servants and some animals, after the Archduke, expel all the people that he does not like. Gabriel is the leader of this refugee. Gabriel needs to marry an heiress to support his big family and animals. It is the reason why he is betrothed to a rich Russian princess, Tatiana.

Actually, Prince Gabriel does not want to stay in England because he really wants to join the archaeological excavation in Carthage, Africa. He is willing to live in England because of his responsibility to his big family:

If Augustus hadn’t lost his mind a few months ago, Gabriel would be in

Tunis this very moment, quarreling with his old professor Biggitstiff over excavation of the legendary city of Carthage.

He wouldn’t be sitting in a damp castle in a puddle of summer rain,

surrounded by elderly family members and debt-ridden courtiers . . . he’d be

sweating in the sun, making sure the dig didn’t turn into a greedy ransacking of history. (James, 2010: 48)

From the quotation, one can conclude that Gabriel is an intelligent man who has a passion about archeology. Gabriel took double degree at Oxford University. Gabriel is a great archeologist that is different from other scientist at that time who just wants to be famous. Gabriel really cares about archeology:

And now Biggitstiff was out there in Tunis chortling and labeling half the

rocks in the countryside “Carthage.” Hell, by now he’d probably identified Dido’s supposed funeral pyre. The next step would be articles detailing his

sloppy assumptions and sloppier fieldwork. Gabriel’s jaw clenched at the thought. (James, 2010: 63)

Prince Gabriel is a responsible gentleman. He stays in England and takes a big responsibility to his family; two old aunts, a stepbrother, two uncle, a lion, elephant, monkeys, and dogs:

The problem with having a castle was that a castle filled with people. And they were all his people, one way or another: his relatives, his lion, his elephant, his servants . . . even the pickle-eating dog was his responsibility,…(James, 2010: 269).

He needs some money to support them, so Prince Gabriel agrees to be betrothed to a Russian princess although he falls in love with Kate Daltry, “I did it,” Gabriel

said, conversationally. “I met the woman, the only woman for me. I met her, and

now . . . I’m going to meet my wife.” (James, 2010: 34).

3. The Character of Mariana Daltry

Mariana Daltry is Kate‟s stepmother. Mariana is a mid forties woman, though often dressed like a twentieth and pretends to be younger. She has a daughter named Victoria. She has been married to Victor soon after his wife was died then became the lady of the manor replaced Kate position.

Mariana is Victor Daltry former mistress. Mariana was in relationship with Victor Daltry even when Victor‟s wife was still alive:

“That would be because your mother was his mistress,” Kate said. “I gather he visited your house for at least eleven years, before my mother died. Was

there a colonel at all? Is Victoria illegitimate?” she asked Mariana. (James,

Mariana is Victor Daltry former mistress, it means that Mariana is from the lower class. It is the reason why Mariana does not care toward upper class‟ strict rules. She acts arbitrarily as long as she gets what she wants. The example is when she found out that Victoria is pregnant with Lord Dimsdale‟s child, she gets no trouble about that as long as Dimsdale wants to marry her. She thinks that

Victoria‟s pregnancy is a good way to encourage Dimsdale proposal:

Kate knew quite well that the household was on her side. They couldn’t help it; it was bred into the bones of the best servants. They were trained to serve ladies and gentlemen, not those of their own class. Obviously they had

sensed that Mariana’s origins were not genteel. For her part, Kate had

imagined that her stepmother was a shopkeeper’s daughter, who had

married a colonel. She hadn’t thought she was—

What she was.

A fallen woman. Her father’s mistress. A trollop, by any other name.

No wonder poor Victoria found herself with child. Her mother was hardly qualified to steer her through the season. (James, 2010: 29)

Not only that, Mariana also refused to heir a proper chaperone for Victoria. “I

told you to hire a chaperone, Mariana. She could have had anyone.” Mariana

turned back to her glass without a comment” (James, 2010: 15). That kind of act is just not fit with the upper class society‟s high moral standard.

Mariana and Victor Daltry have a daughter named Victoria. Victoria was born out of the wedlock. Victoria was born when her mother, Mariana, is just Victor Daltry‟s mistress. The story about Victoria‟s real father is a family secret because Mariana make up a story that she was married to a former colonel who died in the battlefield. It is the way to protect Mariana‟s honor and Victoria‟s status in the society.

Mariana is not good landlady. Mariana does not care about her servants also tenants. She treats the tenants as she wish. She also likes to buy some expensive clothes and jewelries then do not care about the manor‟ expenditure.

Mariana preferred to avoid all the people working on the estate or in the village, except on the rare occasions when she developed a sudden taste for playing the lady of the manor. Then she would put on an ensemble extravagantly calculated to offend country folk, descend from her carriage,

and decipher in her tenants’ startled expressions their shiftless and foolish

natures. Finally she would instruct Kate to jettison them from their homes. (James, 2010: 8)

Mariana Daltry is a manipulative woman. When she wants Kate to do something she will threaten a servant or tenant, so Kate will do everything she wants. When Mariana wants Kate to go to the Prince to substitute Victoria, she threaten one of the tenants, Mrs. Crabtree just to makes Kate agree to go:

You will go to Pomeroy Castle, Katherine, because your sister is carrying a child and needs the approval of the prince. You will dress as your sister, you will take the bloody mongrels with you, and you will make this

work.”

Mariana looked tough, and more tired than she usually did. “In that case,

you will keep the Crabtrees in their cottage,” Kate stated.

Her stepmother shrugged. She didn’t really give a damn either way, Kate

realized. She had launched the Crabtrees into the situation just in case the plea of blood relations failed. (James, 2010: 25)

Mariana is a prodigal woman. Mariana likes to spruce herself and Victoria. She bought many expensive clothes and jewelries though never gives Kate any proper clothes. Mariana obsession is to marry Victoria to aristocrats that already fulfilled since Victoria betrothed to Algernon Bennett, Viscount Dimsdale.

4. The Character of Victoria Daltry

Victoria is the daughter of Mariana and Victor Daltry outside the wedlock. She is eighteen years old woman. Different from her egoist mother, she is kindhearted and soft nature. Victoria is a woman that is easy to be loved. Because of her soft nature, Kate feels that it is impossible to hate Victoria. “Though she loathed her stepmother, she had never felt the same hatred for her stepsister. For one thing, Victoria was too soft natured for anyone to dislike. And for another, Kate couldn’t help being fond of her” (James, 2010: 12)

Kate also thinks that his father married Mariana who is not a good woman, because he wants to protect Victoria. When Victor Daltry married to Mariana, Victoria would become his legal daughter. As an aristocrat daughter, Victoria could have seasons and has an aristocrat husband. “Kate had wondered for years why her father married Mariana. But now, looking at her pretty, silly, sweet sister, she knew why” (James, 2010: 314)

Victoria is a beautiful and fashionable woman. She is the most beautiful woman in the season. She is betrothed to Lord Dimsdale, an eighteen years old viscount, she also carrying his child. When Kate scolds about that matter, she just said that she is in love with Dimsdale and they will be marry soon. Victoria also does not have any conscience since she is three month pregnant though she just meets Lord Dimsdale for three month:

“March,” Kate said. “You met him in March and now it‟s June. Tell me that darling Algie proposed, oh, say three months ago, just after you fell in love, and you‟ve kept it a secret?”

Victoria giggled at that. “You know exactly when he proposed, Kate!

I told you first, after Mother. It was just two weeks ago.” (James, 2010:

14)

It seems that Victoria does not understand about her condition and the risky situation because of it. Victoria is not smart though she is a sincere woman. She does not quite understand when people talks about something tricky. Victoria just accepts her mother‟s act and never rebel. She is a passive woman who never thinks about objection and defenses. She just accepts her surrounding as a matter of fact.

B. The Social Condition of 19th Century British Depicted as Setting in the Novel

In the novel A Kiss at Midnight there are some social conditions that depicted as setting.

1. Classes

In the 19th century British, society was divided into three social classes. British in the 19th century were divided into Upper Class, Middle Class, and Lower Class. In the novel A Kiss at Midnight shows two classes, The Upper Class and the Lower Class.

The characters of the Upper Class are Katherine Daltry and Prince Gabriel. Katherine Daltry is a granddaughter of an Earl, and then Prince Gabriel is a brother of a Grand Duke. The upper class society also known as the aristocrats. The title is inherited by blood and sometimes marriage. The aristocrats are usually

live in the mansion. Such as Kate that lives in Yarrow House, Prince Gabriel even live in a Castle. Mansions are big house which cannot manage only by the family member, so the aristocrats have some servants.

Upper class people also have large land that is rent to the tenants. The landlords take some responsibility toward his tenants‟ welfare in change to the tax that the landlords collect from them. From the tax the aristocrats could live superb without a real job. For the aristocrats to have some jobs is big scandal. They like to party and show their wealth by some expensive cloths and jewelries. Mariana is the owner of Yarrow House and the large land surrounding it. Mariana should takes responsibility of her tenants, though in reality she abandon her tenants and just takes the money from them to spent on expensive clothes and jewelries. Sometimes the aristocrats does not really care about the lower class and just do whatever they wants, like what Mariana did, because they have the power over the lower class:

It should be said that the condition wasn’t unfamiliar to her [Kate]. Before her father died seven years earlier, she found herself sometimes irritated

with her new stepmother. But it wasn’t until he was gone, and the new Mrs.

Daltry—who had held that title for a matter of mere months—started ruling the roost, that Kate really learned the meaning of anger.

Anger was watching tenants on the estate be forced to pay double the rent or

leave cottages where they’d lived their whole lives. Anger was watching the

crops wilt and the hedges overgrow because her stepmother begrudged the

money needed to maintain the estate. Anger was watching her father’s

money be poured into new gowns and bonnets and frilly things . . . so

numerous that her stepmother and stepsister couldn’t find days enough in

Katherine Daltry is an upper class woman because of that position Kate has some benefit one of them is that people will treat her respectfully:

Kate knew quite well that the household was on her side. They couldn’t help it; it was bred into the bones of the best servants. They were trained to serve ladies and gentlemen, not those of their own class. Obviously they had

sensed that Mariana’s origins were not genteel. ( James, 2010: 29).

From above quotation, we could see that as an aristocrat woman, Kate has right to be treat respectfully by the servants which is the lower class. She has higher status than Mariana, which her origin is not genteel. It means that women status in the society also depend on her breed.

An aristocrat woman should be treating respectfully. Prince Gabriel is also an aristocrat has sensed to treat her with good respect. At first, Gabriel wants Kate to be his Mistress. However, since Kate is a granddaughter of an earl, she cannot become a mistress:

He opened his eyes. “Had I asked you something?”

“Why have you lost your mind?” she asked. “Is it because I’ve allowed

you such liberties?” “Perhaps.”

She scowled at him. “Offer me a post as your mistress and I’ll stab you

with a fork, just as Effie stabbed Beckham. Except the fork won’t go in your

hand. I am not to be trifled with.”

“I like my mistresses fat and juicy,” he said, slanting her another of his wicked looks. (James, 2010: 204).

Gabriel really wants Kate to be his mistress but Kate is an aristocrat woman, means that she has higher position in the society. She could not be a mistress. It is why Prince Gabriel not pushes Kate to be his mistress when she refused.

Even though Kate is an aristocrat, she is poor and has no dowry. Women without dowry would be difficult to find husband. Katherine Daltry is a poor

aristocrat woman, so when she fall in love to Prince Gabriel, it is became a problem since Gabriel need a rich woman to marry with:

“If I were not a prince, would you have me?” He said it so low that she

almost didn’t hear. “To put it another way, if you had thousands of pounds, Kate, if your estate was your own, would you buy me? Because that’s

what I needed, you know. I needed a woman who thought I was worth the price, and my brother found one in Russia.” (James, 2010: 256).

Kate and Prince Gabriel are in love, but they cannot marry because money is very important at that time. Even though aristocrats have some birthright, money also important to the women in the 19th century. At that time upper class women need dowry to be success in the married market.

Victoria Daltry is a granddaughter of an earl out of wedlock and her mother is from lower class, it means that Victoria is a lower class. Her mother Mariana Daltry wants to secure Victoria‟s position by marrying her with a viscount. If Victoria marries a viscount she will be a viscountess, then she will belong to the upper class. In the 19th century British, women position also depend on their husband position. It is the reason why the women at that time want to marry a man from higher position. For that matter, Mariana makes all of her

inheritance as Victoria‟s dowry. Mariana not really objects when Victoria

pregnant before she married, because Mariana thinks that it will encourage Victoria‟s lover to propose:

The lines between Mariana’s nose and mouth couldn’t be plumped by a miracle cream made of crushed pearls. “Dimsdale was slightly tardy in his

attentions.”

“Not tardy in hisattentions,” Kate said. “He’s seems to have been

remarkably forward in that department.”

Mariana threw her a look of dislike. “Lord Dimsdale very properly proposed marriage once he understood the situation.”

“I wouldkill the man, were I you,” Kate told her.

“Would you?” She gave an odd smile. “You always were a fool. The viscount has a title and a snug fortune, once he gets his hands on it. He’s utterly infatuated with your sister, and he’s set on marrying her.”

“Fortunate,” Kate commented. (James, 2010: 14-15).

Mariana does everything to makes Victoria becomes an aristocrat, because at that time social position is very important. Them who belong to the upper class will get good facilities. Marrying for a position is a common affair at that time.

The next is Mariana status as a lower class who marries a son of an earl. Though Mariana is marry an aristocrat, people who really know her previous status not really accept her as an aristocrat. They still treat her differently from Kate who is an aristocrat by birth:

Kate knew quite well that the household was on her side. They couldn’t help it; it was bred into the bones of the best servants. They were trained to serve ladies and gentlemen, not those of their own class. Obviously they had

sensed that Mariana’s origins were not genteel. (James, 2010: 29).

It means that a lower class could not really raise her status to be an upper class. Though a middle class people who married to the aristocrats still acceptable, its not the case to the lower class women. When the lower class women married to the upper class, they still consider as lower rank.

The characters of the lower classes in the novel are the servants and tenants. The servants are Mr. Cherryderry, Mrs. Swallow, and Mary, then the tenants is Mrs. Crabtree. The lower classes in the novel conduct a simple lifestyle, the servants and tenants are depend to Mariana as their employer. Mariana treats

them badly but they cannot do anything because looking for a new job is very difficult:

Mariana preferred to avoid all the people working on the estate or in the village, except on the rare occasions when she developed a sudden taste for playing the lady of the manor. Then she would put on an ensemble extravagantly calculated to offend country folk, descend from her carriage,

and decipher in her tenants’ startled expressions their shiftless and foolish

natures. Finally she would instruct Kate to jettison them from their homes ( James, 2010: 8).

The lower classes not have complicated rules like the upper class people. They do some hard work every day, and then could do everything they wish. Sometimes they just follow the moral rule from the church

2. Women Position Depicted in the Novel

In the novel A Kiss at Midnight, there are some conditions where women are considering in the lower position than men are. Men are the head of the family. They have responsibility toward their family welfare. Prince Gabriel is the head of his family. Women are not allowed to be the head of the family except there is no man in the family. Mariana is the head of the Daltry household because there is no man in the Daltry Family.

Men also could have higher education. In the novel A Kiss at Midnight, Prince Gabriel has high education. He went to Oxford university and got his degree in ancient history:

“I mean the prince. My mother said that he actually took a degree at Oxford. I didn’t even bother going to university. But he took a top degree in

The prince had not only arrogance and royal blood and a truly beautiful riding coat, but brains? (James, 2010: 58).

While men could have high education and go to university women are not allowed to go to school. Women education is less important. Victoria Daltry is not a smart woman. She is lack in the education because she does not have a governess.

Victoria nodded. “Sometime pages and pages. Algie,” she said with pride, “is a wonderful correspondent. I didn’t have a governess, you know, so I am considerably less—well—he doesn’t mind very much.”

Kate had never really thought about how Victoria’s education was affected by Mariana’s propensity to dismiss the household servants; her sister didn’t seem someone who greatly missed tutoring. But her cheeks were pink and she was still pleating her gown.

“I’m sorry. I should have fought harder to keep the governess,” Kate

said. (James, 2010: 310-311).

In the novel A Kiss at Midnight, men are allowed to have mistresses. Victor Daltry has a mistress even when his wife is alive. Prince Gabriel also considers Kate to be his mistress because he cannot marry her. Men also could have freedom outside the house. Women are not allowed to go outside the house without chaperone. It is inappropriate for women to go outside the house without a proper chaperone.

Kate sighed. “If I am pretending to be Victoria, it will create a scandal if

I appear in a carriage alone with Dimsdale, and the scandal will not attach to me, but to Victoria. In short, no one will be surprised when her child

appears on an abbreviated schedule after the wedding.”

There was a moment of silence. “All right,” Mariana said. “I would have accompanied Victoria, of course, but I can’t leave her, given her poor state

of health. You can take Rosalie with you.”

“A maid? You’re giving me a maid as a chaperone?” (James, 2010: 17).

Women should have a proper chaperone while she going outside the house. Woman who does not have chaperone will be object of scandal.

Education

In the novel A Kiss at Midnight, Prince Gabriel has high education. he goes to oxford and got his degree. The nephew of the prince and some of his friends also got high education in public school. At that time aristocrats men should go to public school and university to get proper education. Prince Gabriel also passionate toward his field study. He is good anthropologist:

“Really?” Kate ventured. Thinking of Gabriel’s fierce eyes, and the set

of his jaw . . . you would know that he was brilliant, just by looking at him.

“[Gabriel] Took a top degree. Set all the heads a-squawking at your Oxford. He published some sort of paper that forced them to think about

how they excavate old places. He cares, you see. Lot of them don’t.”

(James, 2010: 243).

While men could go to school and be a scientist women cannot go to public school. Their education held in the house provide by a governess. Kate Daltry has had a governess. It is the reason why she is intelligent and educated. Kate could speaks French because she has some education. It is different with Victoria who does not have a governess. Victoria is ignorant and unintelligent:

“French? I learned that at Eton.” There was a pause. “More or less

. . . do you suppose that’s what they speak at the table?”

“I shall translate, if need be,” Kate told him, thinking that it was a good thing she had come rather than Victoria, who didn’t speak a word

of French. Thankfully, she herself had learned the language before her

father died. “Do you know anything of the prince’s entourage?” (James, 2010: 71).

French is one of the things that allowed to be learned by women. Women’s

education are different to men. While men could have real education and knowledge about real science, Women should study languages and household

management. Women also not have sex education before they are married. Victoria Daltry not quite understands why she could be pregnant.

“Oh, Mother,” Victoria said. “Please, Kate. Please. I want to marry

Algie. And, really, I rather need to . . . I didn’t quite understand, and, well . . .” She smoothed her gown. “I don’t want everyone to know about

the baby. And Algie doesn’t either.”

Of course Victoria hadn’t understood that she was carrying a child.

Kate would be amazed to think that her stepsister had even understood the act of conception, let alone its consequences. (James, 2010: 16).

C. Eloisa James’ Views toward British Social Condition in the 19th Century

1. James’ Views toward Classes in the Society

James reveals her ideas about British society in the 19th century in the novel A Kiss at Midnight. British society in the 19th century was divided into classes. A person that was born from an upper class has different rights to the lower class. Upper class people or the aristocrats have certain birthright. Became a member of the upper class can also be done by a marriage. Marriage is often done to elevate woman position and class. In her novel, A Kiss at Midnight, James wrote Katherine Daltry and Prince Gabriel as the member of the upper class. They have higher position than the other characters such as Mariana and Victoria.

Aristocrats‟ women who want to marry expected to have dowry, otherwise

it will become less attractive for men. James wrote that Kate is a member of the upper class since birth, but she was poor. Different to Victoria who the origin is lower than Kate‟s is but she has dowry, so Victoria managed to get a Viscount. In the marriage market, Love is unimportant thing while money and position is.

Prince Gabriel is in love with Kate but he cannot marry her because Kate is poor. James thinks that people should marry because of love. In the end Prince Gabriel choose Kate instead of his heiress fiancée because he realize that love is more important.

Eloisa James thinks the upper class people like spending to support their position. Upper class society spent their money on expensive clothes and jewelries. The upper class people should be change clothes at least three times a day, namely morning, noon and night clothes. Mariana and Victoria have too many clothes that Kate described, as the number of days in a year is not enough for them to try her one-on-one. Expensive jewelries is also a mainstay of the aristocrats to show off their power. The dogs that belonged to Victoria even have jewelries put on its neck:

“Shall I push him over?” Gabriel asked helpfully. “With all that hair, he

would sink like a stone. Though not as fast as that little one. Are those

jewels glued to her coat?”

“Not real ones. They’re glass.”

Gabriel leaned over and examined Coco more closely. “Actually, they are star sapphires. Although as a prince, I may not know their price , I can tell you that the value of that dog, jewels included, is approximately the

same as a small cottage on the outskirts of this estate.”

Kate looked down at Coco with some dismay. “No wonder she’s so

proud of herself.” (James, 2010: 116).

Not only has upper class, James also had a view about the lower class. There are a number of lower class in this novel such as the servants and tenants of Mariana. James thinks that lower class people are often treated unfairly by the upper class. Lower class people‟s life is depending on their employer. In this novel, James views are presented by the act of Mariana who do not cares to her

fun. They could have a mistress. They also could do gambling and drunk while women should stay at home. Women should stay virgin before marriage, they also not allowed to go outside the house without a chaperone. Women could not drunk in a public places, they should act properly all the time. The last is James’ views towards morality. In the novel A Kiss at Midnight, some of the characters will do everything to reach their goal. They will do something that could be immoral to get what they want. James thinks that sometimes to become the member of the aristocrats, people do things that are not always in a moral line.

Eloisa James has some views about British social condition in the 19th century that depicted in the novel. From the research, the writer could conclude that James’ thinks the upper class people at that time also like to lavish their money, there is also social gap since the lower class are poor and looking for job is difficult. She also thinks that education at that time is just for men, while women allowed being unintelligent. Gender in the British society in the 19th century is that men have higher status than women do, men also have more freedom. James also thinks that some people will do anything to become the member of the upper class even while it is immoral.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. London: Rinehart and Winston, 1993.

Benton, William. “British Social Classes Divisions” Encyclopedia Britannica. Chicago: Enciclopedia Britannica Inc., 1983

Bentwich, J.S. and A.A. Mendilow. How the English live. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1949.

Black, Jeremy. A New History of England. Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing Limited, 2000

Bringing Past Sex to Llife is Complicated. 2011 <http://cnn.com/2011/LIVING/04 /25/bring.past.sex.to.present/index.html> (28 October 2012)

Carman, rebecca. "A Kiss at Midnight" - Eloisa James. 2010. <http://www.exami ner.com/articl/review-a-kiss at-midnight-eloisa-james> (28 October 2012)

Clark, Sir George. English History. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1971.

Dartford, G. P. The Growth of the British Commenwealth. London: Longmans Green & Co.,

Eloisa James' Printer-Friendly Bio. <

http://eloisajames.com/mediakit/printable-bio.php> (10 June 2015)

Fletcher, Lisa. Historical Romance Fiction: Heterosexuality and Performativity.

Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2013.

Gregg, Pauline. A Social and Economic History of Britain 1760-1955. London: George G Harrap & Co. Ltd.

Guth, hans P. The Literary Heritage. Lexington: D.C. Heath and company, 1981. Holman, C. Hugh and William Harmon. A Handbook to Literature. 5th ed. New

York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986.

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Harris, Elizabeth A. A Co-op Bought With ‘Eloisa Money’. 2010 <http://www.nytim es.com/2010/07/11/realestate /11deal2.html?_r=0> (28 October 2012)

Hughes, Helen. The Historical Romance. New York: Routledge, 2003

Kemp, Tom. 1969. Industrialization in Nineteenth Century Europe. London: The Trinity Press

Langland, Elisabeth. Society in the Novel. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. 1984.

Littlefield, Henry. History of Europe since 1815. 19th ed. New York: Barnes and Noble Inc., 1957

Lunt, W.E. History of England. Third Edition. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1945

Media Kit. < http://eloisajames.com/mediakit.php> (10 June 2015)

Murphy, M.J. Understanding Unseens. London: George Allen& Unwin LTD, 1972.

Rohrberger, Marry and Woods, Samuel H. Reading and Writing about Literature. New York: Random HouseInc., 1971.

“Social Class and Mobility”. The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 16Th Edition. Chicago: William Benton Pub., 1983.

Stanton, Robert. An Introduction to Fiction. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1965.

Travelyan, G.M. English Social History. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1956.

Van de Laar, E and Schooderwood, N. An Approach to English Literature. S’hertogen Bosch: L.C.G Malbergs. 1963

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Summary of the Eloisa James’ A Kiss at Midnight

The main character in the novel is Katherine Daltry. She is a twenty-three year old woman who has never had a Season. Since her father’s death Kate live with her stepmother as the manager of her father’s estates for the last seven years. Kate tries to protect her butler, housekeeper and the tenant farmers from her stepmother Mariana Daltry. She is a previous mistress and second wife to her late father who is determined to be in charge, spend money and see that her daughter, Victoria marry to an aristocrat. Victoria is engaged to Algernon Bennet, Lord Dimsdale who is a nephew of a Prince. Lord Dimsdale, needs the Prince’s blessing to marry in order to gain his inheritance.

One day Victoria’s dog bite her in the mouth so she cannot attend a house party at the Prince’s estate, which is a castle in England. Mariana forces Kate to agree to attend the party, disguise as Victoria in order to gain the Prince blessing.

The Prince is Gabriel of Warl-Marburg-Baalsfield. His majordomo is also his illegitimate brother Berwick. They are younger brothers of the current Grand Duke of Marburg. Gabriel is a poor prince. He has a ton of eccentric relatives and a menagerie of animals that include a lion, a monkey and an elephant. To keep the estate properly, he needs to marry for money. The Prince’s brother, The Grand Duke has arranged a marriage with a rich Russian princess

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who is on her way to him now. Of course, Gabriel does not want to get married. He wants to be an archaeologist. He hopes that his unknown Russian bride will not only bring money but also take over the care and handling of his relations and castle.

Kate and Prince Gabriel are in love since Gabriel found Kate’s real identity. They want to get married and live together but Gabriel has responsibility to marry rich women in order to keep his family safe, and Kate is not rich lady. When everything is become complicated, Kate met her Godmother Henrietta. She is determined to help Kate find a husband and even infers that there is a dowry from her late mother for her to. At the end, Kate married Prince Gabriel and the money problem solved by Kate’s inheritance from her mother.

Appendix 2: Eloisa James’ Life

Eloisa James is the pen name of Mary Bly who was born in 1962. James is a writer if best-selling Regency romance novels. James was born in 1962. Eloisa James was graduated from Harvard University, and then attends an M.Phil. from Oxford University, and a Ph.D. from Yale. She is a Shakespeare professor. She also published academic book with Oxford University Press. Currently she is teaching in the English Department at Fordham University, New York City. Eloisa James has "double life" as a professor and a romance novel writer. James is a New York Times bestselling author that writes historical romances for Harper Collins Publishers. Her novels have been published to great acclaim. Her books have been reviewed in USA Today and People Magazine.

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James’ novels have received starred reviews from Publishers' Weekly and Library Journal. Eloisa James also wrote articles published everywhere from women's magazines such as More to writers' journals such as the Romance Writers' Report. (Eloisa James' Printer-Friendly Bio, 10 June 2015). By the end of 2014, James has approximately 5 million books published in print or electronically, in 26 languages. She has published twenty-four novels, twenty-two of them became a bestseller. Eloisa’s books are published in 28 countries, both print and manga editions in Japan. (Media Kit, 10 June 2015)

James’ live in New York City with her husband and two children. When she was child, her family did not have television but 5000 books. Her father often read for her a classic story, such as Beowulf.

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