b. Extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivated behavior, are carried out in anticipation or a reward from outside and beyond the self.
Ur stated that “extrinsic motivation is that which derives from the influence of some kind of external incentive, as distinct
from the wish to learn for its own case or interest in task.
15
That means extrinsic motivation is motivation which is influenced by any outside factors. For example,
someone is motivated because of good teacher, good environment, etc. Extrinsic motivation is important in teaching and learning process to
improve or to support the students in learning English. There are some factors that can increase the extrinsic motivation in teaching and learning as follows:
1 Teacher
Teacher is not only a person who facilitates the student to get knowledge, but also as a motivator who has to motivate students to do learning activities.
There are responsibilities of the teacher in motivating students; create a good learning climate, give an appropriate material, vary the method, and the important
one is the teachers characteristics, such as; personal teaching efficiency, modeling and enthusiasm, caring and positive expectation.
Girard, as quoted by Ur, emphasized that it is an important part of the teacher‟s job to motivate learners. In more recent „learner-centered‟ approaches to
language teaching, howe ver the teacher‟s function is seen mainly as a provider of
materials and conditions for learning, while the learner takes responsibility for his or her own motivation and performance.
16
2 Parents
The factor which influences a lot in learning is parents, because students learn their language and attitude from their parents. Richard stated about parents
as follow: “parents with high social economic status seem to instill high achievement motivation in their children, parents who encourage their children to
15
Penny Ur, A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 277
16
Ibid., p. 276
try new things and who reward them for high performs, establish it. On other hand, parents who overly protect their children and punish them for failure tend to
raise children with low motivation”.
17
3 Environment
An environment should be considered as an important factor that influences students‟ motivation in learning, for instance, school environment,
classroom environment and home environment. Such environment will motivate students to learn in high motivation or low motivation, depends on the quality of
the environment itself. Good environment will probably motivate the students better than bad environment.
From the statements above, the writer conclude that motivation may come from the inner of the students which is called intrinsic motivation, and from the
outer of the students which is called extrinsic motivation. Both intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation are important in teaching and learning
process. So, in this case, the teachers, as the motivator, have to make the students are motivated internally and externally. One that the teacher can do to motivate
the students is by preparing interesting method.
3. The Importance of Motivation In Learning
Motivation refers to process whereby goal directed activity is investigated and sustained. Howard said “motivation is an extremely important part of
teaching-learning, because without motivation there is no real learning. ”
18
So, motivation is important part in teaching and learning process which can make the
student do activities in learning process. Printri
ch also states “Motivation is an important quality that affects all classroom activities because it can influence both learning behaviors and
performance of previously learned skill, strategies, and behaviors which have important implications for schooling
”.
19
It means that students‟ behavior and
17
Arends I. Richard, Learning to Teach London : McGraw Hill, inc., 1994., p. 162
18
Paul Printich R Schink Dale H, Motivation in Education Theory, Research and Application Ohio: Prentice-Hall, 1996, p. 4
19
Ibid., p. 5
performance will be influenced by motivation. If the students have high motivation, they will have good behavior and performance in the classroom.
Harmer also regard that “……… it seems reasonable to suggest that the motivation that students bring to class is the biggest single factor affecting their
success.”
20
It infers that motivation is very important factor which influences successful in learning.
The statements above indicate that the important role of motivation in learning process is that motivation can determine whether the learning process is
successful or failed. It means that the motivated learner will get a better opportunity to succeed in their learning activities than who have low motivation.
Ur said that is easy to comprehend the motivated learner than motivation itself. The motivated learner, who is wiling or even eager to invest effort in
learning activities, make teaching and learning process more pleasant and easier. There are some characteristics of motivated learner:
a. Positive task orientation. The learner is willing to tackle tasks and
challenges, and has confidence in his or her success. b.
Ego involvement. The learner finds it important to succeed in learning in order to maintain and promote his or her own positive self-image.
c. Need for achievement. The learner has a need to achieve, to overcome
difficulties and succeed in what he or she sets out to do. d.
High aspirations. The learner is ambitious, goes for demanding challenges, high proficiency, top grades.
e. Goal orientation. The learner is very aware of the goals of learning, or of
specific learning activities, and directs his or her efforts towards achieving them.
f. Perseverance. The learner consistently invests a high level of effort in
learning, and it is not discouraged by setbacks or apparent lack of progress.
20
Jeremy Harmer, The Practice of English Language Teaching New York: Longman Group, 1983, p.3
g. Tolerance of ambiguity. The learner is not disturbed or frustrated by
situations involving a temporary lack of understanding or confusion; he or she can live with these patiently, in the confidence that understanding will
come later.
21
B. Speaking
1. Definition of Speaking
Speaking is very important in our life because we, as a human being, have a need to use it to communicate each others. McDonough and Shaw defined that
“speaking is desire and purpose-driven, in other words we genuinely want to communicate something to achieve a particular end. This may involve expressing
ideas and opinions; expressing a wish or a desire to do something; negotiating andor solving a particular problem; or establishing and maintaining social
relationship and friendship. ”
22
From this definition, the writer infers that speaking is the activity to express something we want and we need.
According to Tarigan “…….. Speaking is a skill of conveying words or
sounds of articulation to express or to deliver ideas, opinions, and feelings. ”
23
From this definition, speaking is being able to use a language expressing ideas, opinion and feelings in words of speech.
Cameron gave a brief definition of speaking that is, “speaking is the active use of language to express meanings so that other people can make sense of
them.”
24
It means that speaking is what the people want to express something meaningful by using language.
Referring definition above, the writer conclude that speaking is the way to express someone feeling, ideas and opinion by using language which is the
combination of word and sound articulation.
21
Penny Ur, A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory, p. 275
22
Jo McDonough and Christopher Shaw, Materials and Methods in ELT, 2
nd
Edition Teacher’s Guide Cambridge: Blackwell, 2003, p. 134
23
Henry Guntur Tarigan, Berbicara Sebagai Suatu Keterampilan Berbahasa Bandung: Angkasa, 1985, p. 16
24
Lynne Cameron, Teaching Language to Young Learners Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 40
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