These problems usually happen to the students who do the speaking activities. He can‟t participate well because afraid of making mistakes, afraid to
be laughed at by others and don‟t feel confident or sometimes they seem no ideas
in their mind if they are asked to practice speaking.
C. Contextual Teaching And Learning
1. Definition of Contextual Teaching and Learning
Contextual Teaching and Learning CTL is first introduced by John Dewey that he had suggested a curriculum and teaching methodology which is
connected with the student environment and experience.
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There are some definitions given about CTL.
According to Sears, CTL is a concept that helps teachers relates subject matter to real-world situations.
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From this definition we can see that a teacher should be able to stimulate his or her lesson based on the real world situations. So,
the students can apply and experience what is being taught in the real conditions.
Johnson states that CTL is a holistic system that helps students see meaning in the academic material they are studying by connecting academic
subjects with the context of their daily lives.
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In this understanding, by using CTL system, students are able to connect the subject materials with the context of
their daily life. It means the subject materials should go along with daily needs. In addition, CTL is a conception of teaching and learning that helps
teachers relate subject matter content to real word situations: and motivates students to make connections between knowledge and its application to their lives
as family member‟s citizens and workers and engage in the hard work that learning requires.
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Based on this definition, CTL can help the teacher relates his or her subject to real world situation and also can motivate students to make
connections between the material that is being learned and their prior knowledge.
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Trianto, Model-Model Pembelajaran Inovatif Berorientasi Konstruktivistik Jakarta: Prestasi Pustaka, 2007, p. 101
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Susan Sears, Contextual Teaching and Learning: A Primer for Effective Instruction Indian: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation Bloomington, 2002, p. 32
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Elaine B. Johnson, Contextual Teaching Learning: What It Is and Why It Is Here to Stay California: Corwin Press, inc., 2002, p. 43
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http:www.cew.wisc.eduteachnetctl
The interpretation of CTL from one source to another are vary, but the meaning leads to the same perspectives. The writer may conclude that Contextual
Teaching and Learning CTL, which is still being designed and implemented, is a conception of teaching and learning that helps teachers relate subject matter
content to real-world situation, and motivates students to make connections between knowledge and its applications to their lives as family members, citizens,
and workers.
2. Characteristic of Contextual Teaching and Learning
Johnson characterizes CTL into eight important elements as follows: a.
Making Meaningful Connections Students can organize them selves as learners, who learn actively in
improving their interest individually, person who can work individually or collectively in a group, and a person who can do learning by doing
b. Doing Significant Work
Student can make relationship among schools and the various existing contexts in the real world as business maker and as a citizen
c. Self-Regulated Learning
Students do the significant work; it has purpose, it has connection with others, it has connection with decision making and it has the concrete results or
products d.
Collaborating Students are able to work together. The teacher helps students in order to
work effectively in a group and teacher helps them to understand the way how to persuade and communicate each others.
