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complete, a paragraph to manipulate, a model to follow, or a passage to continue. Controlled writing tasks give students focused practice in getting words down on
paper and in concentrating on one or two problems at a time; they are thus spared from tackling the full range of complexity that free writing entails.
It means that controlled writing is to control learners in writing with the fixed pattern or content has given on the tasks make the learners keep focus in
writing.
c. Guided Writing
Guided writing is learners imitate model texts.
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According to Lois Robinson, “Guided writing is writing in which one cannot make a serious error so
song as he follow that directions.
13
It means that if the students follow the instructions which are given by the teachers, they will not make a serious error.
Guided writing is less control than controlled writing. In using this kind of writing, the students are given a first sentence, a last sentence, an outline to fill
out, a series of questions to respond to, or information to include in their piece of writing. Students should be able to discuss, make notes, share findings, and plan
strategies together before they begin to write.
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The significance of guided writing is the learners follow the guideline and clue or copy the sample text.
d. Free Writing
Free writing is learners use the patterns they have developed to write an essay, letter, and so forth.
15
John Langan said that “Free writing is just sitting down and writing whatever comes into your mind about a topic.”
16
Write without stopping and without worrying at all about spelling, grammar or the like. Peter
Elbow and Pat Belanoff said “Free writing also means writing privately and
12
Ken Hyland, Loc. Cit., p. 4.
13
Lois Robinson, Guided writing Free Writing A Text in Composition for English as Second Language, New York: HARPER Row Publishers, 1967, p. 2.
14
Ann Raimes, Op. Cit., p. 103.
15
Ken Hyland, Loc. Cit., p. 4.
16
John Langan, Sentence skills: A Workbook for Writers, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004, p. 17.
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writing without stopping, just write whatever words come to your mind or whatever you want to explore at this moment.”
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It means students just write on the paper and follow their minds or the words wherever they want to go or write
about how you feel at the moment or keep repeating the last word or the last sentence. Students do free writing in ten minutes without stopping. If they cannot
think or get stuck they just write everything that comes to mind and repeat what
they wrote before. 3. Form of Writing
Forms of writing are required for different purpose. In general, writing can be divided into three forms: description, narration and exposition. Here are the
definitions about those types of writings. a. Description
Description is writing about the way persons, animals, or things appear.
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It explains in words from our sensory impression we caught in a moment.
Descriptive language appeals to the senses of see, smell, touch, taste, and hearing.
Descriptive Paragraph Model: Paris
Paris is the capital city of France. It is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It is also one of the world’s most crowded cities. Lovely gardens and
parks are found throughout Paris. At night, many places and statues are lit up. For this reason, Paris is often called the City of Light.
Every year, millions of people visit Paris. The most popular place to visit is the Eiffel Tower. This huge structure has become the symbol of Paris. The
Louvre, one of the world’s largest art museums, draws many visitors. The Cathedral of Notre Dame, a famous church, is another favourite place to visit.
Taken from the World Book Student Discovery Encyclopedia, 2006
19
17
Peter Elbow and Pat Belanoff, A Community of Writers: A Workshop Course in Writing 3
rd
ed, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000, p. 6.
18
James A. W. Heffernan and John E. Lincoln, Writing A College Handbook, New York: W.W. Norton Company, 1986, p. 83.
19
Achmad Doddy, et al., Developing English Competencies for Senior High School Grade X, Jakarta: Pusat Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2008, p. 126.
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b. Narration
Narration or storytelling is writing about a succession of events. The events are ordered not random. Sequence always engages an arrangement in time.
A directly movement make from the first to the last become simple chronological. Sometimes chronology is complicated by presenting the events in another order:
the story may move backward to explain the cause of events or jump forward to identify its effect.
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Narrative Paragraph Model: The Kite
The sun shone brightly and the west breeze blew. The kite was flying this way and that way tied to her string. Suddenly the string snapped. The kite was
free. She soared high in the air until she could she far, far away. The kite followed some parrots who took her to see the rainforests. The air was cool and the kite got
wet. The kite followed some crocodiles who took her to see the rivers. The air was misty and the kite was caught a fish. The kite followed some wallabies who took
her to see deserts. The air was hot and the kite got tired. So, the kite followed the sun who took her back home, right to her string.
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c. Exposition
Exposition is writing with a referential aim. It seeks to explain someone or something in the world outside the writer.
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Expository writing explains. It does not argue – though exposition can form part of an argument. It does not tell a
story-though it might explain something essential to telling a story.
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Exposition Paragraph Model:
20
James A. W. Heffernan and John E. Lincoln, Op. Cit., p. 86.
21
http:understandingtext.blogspot.com200908kites-tale-as-example-of-narrative.html?m=1 on February 25 2012.
22
James A. W. Heffernan and John E. Lincoln, Op. Cit., p. 89.
23
Donald Hall, Op. Cit., p. 223.
