Background of the Study

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E. Organization of the Study

This writing is divided into five chapters. The first chapter explains the introduction, which contains background of the study, limitation of the study, research question, significance of the study, and organization of the study. The second chapter is divided into three sub-chapters. The first sub- chapter is Writing English that consists of the definition of writing, the stages process in writing, the form of writing and the purpose of writing. The second subchapter is descriptive writing that consists of the definition of descriptive, the organization of descriptive, the structure of descriptive, the strategies to write descriptive and the ways to increase powers of descriptive. The third sub-chapter is Error Analysis that consists of the definition of error, the distinction between errors and mistakes, the step of error analysis, the types of error, the cause of error and the goal of error analysis. The third chapter is research methodology explains of place and time of the research, method of the research, data and data source, technique of data collecting, and technique of data analysis The fourth chapter is finding and interpretation. Finally, the fifth chapter is conclusion and suggestion. In this chapter, the writer describes some conclusion and suggestion. The writer also encloses bibliography and appendices completing her research paper. 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter will explain about the theoretical framework, which consists of writing English, descriptive writing and error analysis.

A. Writing English

Writing is one of the language skills. In writing, the students produce some words, sentences, and paragraphs at the same time. The students need knowledge to write. The students have to master all aspects about writing and do more practices if they want to be good writers.

1. The Definition of writing

There are some definitions about writing. Penny Ur tells us in her book, A course in Language Teaching, “Writing is widely used within foreign language courses as a convenient means for engaging with aspects of language other than writing itself. For example: Learners note down vocabulary copy out the grammar rules and do written test.” 1 Ken Hyland defines writing “as a way of sharing personal meanings and writing courses emphasize the power of the individual to construct his or her own views on a topic”. 2 Berthoff has defined writing as an act of the mind by which writers create meaning. Writing is the creating of meaning from one’s own intellectual and linguistic resources and activity, rather than copying of someone else’s text, or the use of prepared lists of words to create sentences or stories. 3 James C. Raymond said in his book Writing is an Unnatural stated: “Writing is more than a medium communication. It is a way of remembering and a way of remembering and a way of thinking as well …, writing has a private importance as a tool for clear thinking, for sharpening 1 Penny Ur, A Course in Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 162. 2 Ken Hyland, Second Language Writing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 9. 3 Sarah Hudelson, Write On Children Writing in ESL, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents, 1989, p. 5. 6 our awareness of the realities around us, for solving problems and shaping arguments … Writing is also a way of finding out what we know and what we need to learn.” 4 Sylvan Barnet and Marcia Stubbs on their book; Practical Guide to Writing also said that, “Writing is a physical act. It requires materials and energy. And like most physical acts, to be performed skillfully, to bring pleasure to both performer and audience, it requires practice. 5 We can learn to write for all practical purposes including pleasure. Furthermore, “Writing makes a special contribution to the way people think. When we write, we compose meanings, we put together facts and ideas and make something new …” 6 When students write, they create a complex web of meaning in which sentences have different relationships to each other. Moreover, “Writing also contributes uniquely to the way we learn.” 7 When the students take notes during lecturers or as they read, writing enables them to store new information in memory. Writing also makes another important contribution to learning. Because it is always a composing a new meaning, writing enables them to find and establish our own connections and networks of information and ideas. It enables them to clarify and deepen our understanding of a new concept and to find ways to connect it to other ideas within a discipline. Based on the explanation above it can be concluded that writing is widely used within foreign language courses, a way of sharing personal meanings, as an act of mind, more than a medium communication, a physical act, a special contribution to the way people think, contributes uniquely to the way we learn which enables them to store new information in memory. 4 James C. Raymond, Loc. Cit., p. 2. 5 Sylvan Barnet and Marcia Stubbs, Barnet and Stubbs’s Practical Guide to Writing, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974, p. 3. 6 Rise B. Axelrod and Charles R. Chooper, The ST. Martin’s Guide to Writing, New York: St. Martin’s Guide to Writing, 1985, p. 2. 7 Ibid., p. 2.