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2. Stages Process in Writing
An emphasis on language structure as a basis for writing teaching is typically a four-stage process; they are familiarization, controlled writing, guided
writing and free writing:
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a. Familiarization
Learners are taught certain grammar and vocabulary, usually through a text.
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Table 2.1 Substitution patterns
Types : A, B, and C. hThere are Kinds . These are A, B and C.
Y Classes of X are A, B and C. hThe Categories
Consists of categories Y classes. These are A, B and C.
Can be divided kinds : A, B and C. into types
classes , A, B and C are kinds of X
types categories
b. Controlled Writing Controlled writing is learners manipulate fixed patterns, often from
substitution tables.
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The similar opinion came from Lois Robinson that “Controlled writing is all the writing for which a great deal of the content andor
form is supplied.”
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In controlled writing students are given tasks an outline to
8
Ken Hyland, Op. Cit., p. 3.
9
Ibid., p. 4.
10
Ibid., p. 4.
11
Ann Raimes, Technique in Teaching Writing, New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 95.
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complete, a paragraph to manipulate, a model to follow, or a passage to continue. Controlled writing tasks give students focused practice in getting words down on
paper and in concentrating on one or two problems at a time; they are thus spared from tackling the full range of complexity that free writing entails.
It means that controlled writing is to control learners in writing with the fixed pattern or content has given on the tasks make the learners keep focus in
writing.
c. Guided Writing
Guided writing is learners imitate model texts.
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According to Lois Robinson, “Guided writing is writing in which one cannot make a serious error so
song as he follow that directions.
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It means that if the students follow the instructions which are given by the teachers, they will not make a serious error.
Guided writing is less control than controlled writing. In using this kind of writing, the students are given a first sentence, a last sentence, an outline to fill
out, a series of questions to respond to, or information to include in their piece of writing. Students should be able to discuss, make notes, share findings, and plan
strategies together before they begin to write.
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The significance of guided writing is the learners follow the guideline and clue or copy the sample text.
d. Free Writing
Free writing is learners use the patterns they have developed to write an essay, letter, and so forth.
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John Langan said that “Free writing is just sitting down and writing whatever comes into your mind about a topic.”
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Write without stopping and without worrying at all about spelling, grammar or the like. Peter
Elbow and Pat Belanoff said “Free writing also means writing privately and
12
Ken Hyland, Loc. Cit., p. 4.
13
Lois Robinson, Guided writing Free Writing A Text in Composition for English as Second Language, New York: HARPER Row Publishers, 1967, p. 2.
14
Ann Raimes, Op. Cit., p. 103.
15
Ken Hyland, Loc. Cit., p. 4.
16
John Langan, Sentence skills: A Workbook for Writers, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004, p. 17.
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