CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Before analyzing the news based on the statements of the problem mentioned in the previous chapter, chapter II presents some references from several books and from internet
that support this study, so that grammar comes up firstly as the reference to support this chapter.
2.1 Grammar
Language is not always the same, but changes according to different situation. Language always has variation according to its speaker and its situation. Also, every
language has its own rule. The rule of language is called grammar. One approach sees grammar as a set of rules, which specify all the possible
Grammar is the structure of a language. Grammar itself includes the arrangement of words and the internal structure of words, as stated by Coulthard 1977:1 that
―the term grammar is understood to refer to all aspects of language, which include pronunciation,
word formation and sentence formation among other.‖ There are three schools grammar, which have had a major influence on study of
language. Those are traditional grammar, formal grammar and functional grammar. According to Gerot and Wignell 1994:5, ―traditional grammar focuses on rules of for
producing correct sentences.‖ In so doing, it has two main weaknesses, the rules it
prescribes are based on the language of a very small group middle –class English speakers,
and the rules deal only with the most superficial aspects of writing. The formal grammar primary concerns with the forms of grammatical structure and
their relationship to one another Lock, 1996:1. However, the formal grammarian is primarily interested in finding the best abstract representation of the structure of the
sentence and how it might be related to the structure rather than the meaning of the sentence. However, functional grammar is different from both two types of grammar.
According to Lock 1996:3, the primary aim of a functional grammatical analysis is to understand how the grammar of a language server as a resource for making and exchanging
meaning. Traditional and formal grammar label that elements of the clause according to its word class, while functional grammar labels them in terms of the function each is playing
in that clause. There are three types of meaning within grammatical structures that can be
identified; those are experiential meaning, interpersonal meaning and textual meaning Lock, 1996:9. Experiential meaning or ideational meaning has to do with the ways
language represents our experience actual and vicarious of the world as well as the inner world of our thoughts and feelings. It is in line with Martin, Matthiessen and Painter
1997:5 that ―ideational meaning involves looking for the process in the text.‖ Meanwhile, the interpersonal meaning has to do with the ways in which we use act upon one another
through language-giving and requesting information, getting people to do things, and
offering to do things ourselves –and the ways in which we express our judgments and
attitudes – about such things as likelihood, necessity and desirability. The textual meaning
has to do with the ways in which a stretch of language is organized in relation in its context, and in organizing the textual meaning, the grammar itself needs metafunction.
2.2 Metafunctions
Kategori