This lexicon has all temporal features on it. It is dynamic, durative, and telic as in sentence Ibuku niliki koncone ing rumah sakit
‘My mother visits her friend in hospital’. Lexicon niliki shows a process started from mother go to hospital and
ended when she arrived at her friend’s room in hospital. It will be not true to say
niliki if mother cancels her visit in the middle of way. In another word niliki has goal to be reached. Furthermore, the subject has her intention to visit her friend
because she wants to know he r friend’s condition.
niliki ‘to visit’
X see something at that time X think like this
X see something for some time X want to do this
X want to know something
4.2. Verb HEAR in Javanese
Javanese has 10 verbs HEAR, they are, krungu, mireng, keprungu, keprungon, kepireng, kemirengan, ngrungokake, mirengaken, gatekake, nilingake. Each
lexicon has different inherent meaning that will be analysed and presented below.
4.2.1. Lexicon krungu and mireng
Lexicon krungu and mireng means ‘hear’ in English. They have semantic
components as following:
- dynamic - dynamic
+ durative + durative
- telic - telic
krungu + hear
mireng + hear
- intended - intended
- long time - long time
- polite + polite
These lexicons have stative, durative, and atelic features. For example, in sentence Aku krungu swara tangisan saka kamare mbah putri
‘I hear sound of crying from grand-
mother’s room’, the lexicon krungu represents a state and involves no change. Whenever we cut the state, in the middle of state for instance,
it is still true that the subject hear something. It can stop anytime, which needs an effort either from inside from the ‘crier’ or outside from third party to stop the
‘crier’, even the state lasts for a short time. These lexicons are also affected by modesty, lexicon krungu is used in
ngoko styleme while mireng is used in krama styleme. They express hearing something spontaneously and instaneously. It lasts only for a short time. It can be
explicated in USM as following paragraph: krungu
‘hear’ X hear something
at that time X think like this X hear something in a short time
X do not want to do this mireng
‘hear’ X hear something
at that time X think like this X hear something in a short time
X do not want to do this X is someone live longer than other people
4.2.2. Lexicon keprungu and kepireng
Lexicons keprungu and kepireng have a meaning ‘heard’. They have semantic
components: - dynamic
- dynamic + durative
+ durative - telic
- telic keprungu
+ hear kepireng
+ hear - intended
- intended - long time
- long time - polite
+ polite These lexicons have inherent stative, durative, and atelic meanings. As in
sentence Swara asu mbaung keprungu ngaluk-aluk ‘Sounds of barking dog is heard
far afield’, the lexicon shows a state where the dog is barking. If there is no third party stopping the sounds of bark, the situation will remain the same. The state lasts
for certain period of time, but it can stop anytime. Furthermore, these lexicons are often found in passive sentence. Javanese
speakers use krungu or mireng to express in active sentence. Moreover, the duration of this situation usually in a split second, or may a little bit longer. Compare these
lexicons with keprungon and kemirengan in duration on the next subchapter. The paraphrase of these lexicons could be explicated as following:
keprungu ‘heard’
X hear something at that time X think like this
X do not want to do this, because X do not know this will happen
X hear something in a short time
kepireng ‘heard’
X hear something at that time X think like this
X do not want to do this, because X do not know this will happen
X hear something in a short time X is someone live longer than other people
4.2.3. Lexicon keprungon and kemirengan
