Moreover, based on that three main types of verb, Mulyadi divide them more specific into some subtypes. Mulyadi 2009 divides them based on semantic
primes and aspectual properties dynamic, perfective, punctual. According to him, state verbs have cognition, knowledge, feeling, perception, volition, and possession
verb. The second type, process verbs, have event and non-agentive motion verb subtype. The third, action verbs, have utterance and movement verb.
There is a special case in Javanese, that Javanese has unggah-ungguh or speech level which shows modesty. Speech level is language variations that the
differences are determined by the modesty behavior of speaker toward interlocutor. That differences are shown in the lexicon; thus, lexicon differences can be
considered as speech levels. In this paper, there are 2 speeh levels or styleme: krama and ngoko. Krama is the polite form while ngoko is the impolite form.
2.4. Perception Verbs
Mulyadi 2009 in his research entitled “Kategori dan Peran Semantis Verba dalam Bahasa Indonesia divided action verb, state verb, and process verb into some
subtypes. He argued that it is too simple to cover all verb meaning, thus he used aspectual properties such as dynamic, perfective, and punctual to divide those three
verb types into new subtype.
Dynamic feature is related to temporal development of a verb. Second feature is perfective which means an action is completed and affects the patient.
While punctual means an action is occured in a short duration and affects the patient. Through these parameters, Mulyadi argued that state verbs have temporal
properties [+stative], [-perfective], and [-punctual]. State verbs have an inherent stative meaning, since their temporal properties
can not be extended. One of parameters is mostly it can not be expressed in imperfective meaning. However, there is some subtypes, one of them is perception
verb, that can be expressed in imperfective meaning in Javanese. As in sentence aku lagi weruh kowe
, it has similar meaning in English expression “Finally you show up yourself after hiding in a cave”. Thus, even perception verbs can be
expressed in imperfective form, they are still classified in state verb because they are formed as a result of a change and they are potentially changed but this situation
is not a change. Moreover, perception verb is a verb expressing an experience of one of the
physical senses. In English we know SEELOOK, HEARLISTEN, TASTE, SMELL, FEEL as perception verbs because they are expressing an action done by
five physical senses. In English, perception could not be expressed in imperfective form without
meaning alteration. Rogers 1971 in Rylina 2012 argues perception verbs are divided into
cognitive, active, and flip. Cognitive perception verb is likely stative perception verb, which expresses activity performed by human agent unconsciously. In
English SEE and HEAR are grouped into cognitive perception verb. Second is active perception verb, which is the opposite of cognitive. An active perception verb
expresses activity performed by human agent consciously such as LOOK and LISTEN in English. Last category is flip, Scovel 1971 in Rylina 2012 uses
resultative instead of flip. According to Scovel, flip perception verbs are “the result of the state of using a certain sense”. Like FEEL in sentence below.
3 John felt the rock.
2.5. Natural Semantic Metalanguage NSM
