his study is used theory by Lakoff 1975 to find out the women linguistic features and their function, and also theory of women language by Coates 1986.
It is generally agreed that politeness is an essential feature of social life. By now, politeness studies have grown into an important line of inquiry, as evidenced by the publication
of numerous pertinent books and articles, There is a sociology journal that was published in 2008 by Prof. Dr. Nguyen Van Do from Thang Long University and the title is “A study of politeness
strategies in the conventional activities of the course book “New Headway”. This journal focused on positive and negative politeness strategies in conversations, with an aim to help the
students at Thang Long University to improve their awareness of positive and negative politeness strategies in conventional activities in the course book mentioned above, then apply
these strategies in their everyday conversations in English. Politeness is really an important part in all social interactions. The author of this journal
aims to investigate and draw out the important role of positive and negative politeness strategies in conversational activities. He applies the theory proposed by Brown and Levinson which
contains politeness is interpreted as repressive action taken to counterbalance the disruptive effect of face threatening acts Brown Levinson. 1987 : 4
Delleman 2008 from University of Birmingham, in his journal entitled Question Tags and the Sociolinguistic Factors Determining Linguistic Politeness, Delleman intended to
examine, some of the factors that might influence English speakers’ use of linguistic politeness, comparing with a small scale empirical study of data from radio broadcasts, to study how these
influences affect the participants’ use of question tags. He presented an overview of Brown and Levinson’s 1987 politeness theory looking more deeply into the contextual issues of politeness
and Holmes on the functionality of question tags
.
He also present the research and data collected
on the use of question tags by radio presenters, correspondents, interviewees and other guests on the British Broadcasting Company Radio Five Live’s Breakfast programme.
From those three theses and two journals, this study has the same idea about politeness strategy that is one way of showing appreciations from one person to another, but it is not a
simple thing. However, what makes this study different from those three writings is that the problem discussed in this study it is not only the politeness strategy but only focus on negative
politeness strategy used by characters in TWILIGHT movie script and the factors are influencing negative politeness used by the characters in TWILIGHT movie script. All of the theses support
this thesis because there are many theories that are useful as references, and especially the research methods of the first reviewed thesis, due to there are similar concepts however this
study focuses only in negative politeness.
2.2 Concepts
In order to avoid the confusion of using some terms of Politeness Strategies in this paper, it is very important to understand the basic concepts of those terms, which are used many times
in this paper. The miss understanding of those terms could make wrong interpretation and wrong perception while discussing politeness strategies phenomenon.
2.2.1 Politeness
In doing a conversation or interaction with other people, someone should pay attention on several rules or factors in order to achieve the goal of conversation. One way to establish a
smooth and meaningful conversation is by applying such a politeness consideration. Politeness
as a part of linguistic research is closely related to the name of Lakoff 1973, 1975, Leech 1983, and Brown and Levinson 1987.
Politeness is the expressions of the speakers intention to mitigate face threats carried by certain face threatening acts towards another. Brown and Levinson 1987 proposed that the
basic strategy of politeness is to minimize the threat to an addressee’s negative face and enhance their positive face as much as possible. Positive face refers to a person’s desire to be liked and
understood while negative face refers to a person’s desire to act freely. A.
Positive politeness is a strategy that seeks to create a positive relationship with the hearer. B.
Negative politeness is a strategy that seeks to minimize the threat to the hearer’s face. Both positive and negative politeness can be restated as they want that every member to
be liked at least by some others positive politeness and the want of every member that his actions be unimpeded by others negative politeness .
Perhaps the most through treatment of the concept of politeness is that of Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson, which was first published in 1978. Brown and Levinson also
argue that in human communication, either spoken or written, people tend to maintain one another’s face continuously, for themselves and the people they interact with, add up to
politeness.
2.2.2 Face and Face Threatening Acts.
Central to Brown and Levinson theory of politeness is the concept of face. This is defined as the public self image that every member wants to claim for himself , consisting of two related
aspects :
A. Negative face: the basic claim to territories , personal preserves , right to non distraction
– i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from position.
B. Positive face: the positive consistent self image or personality crucially including the
desire that this self image be appreciated and approved of claimed by interact ants. In other words, it can be said that positive face is the desire of every member to be liked,
admired, ratified and related to positively , noting that one would threaten positive face by ignoring someone. While negative face can be characterized as the want of every member that
his actions be unimpeded by others. According to Brown and Levinson, positive and negative face exists universally in
human culture and naturally there are utterances which can threat the face called Face Threatening Acts FTA’s. Face Threatening Acts FTA’s are acts that infringe on the hearers
need to maintain his her self esteem, and be respected. Most of these acts are verbal.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
Generally speaking politeness involves taking account of the feelings of other. A polite person makes others feel comfortable. The major theory which is used to analyze the data
presented in this study of sociolinguistics namely politeness theory, which is proposed by Brown and Levinson 1987.
According to Brown and Levinson 1978:70, politeness strategies are developed in order to save the hearers’ “face”. Face refers to the respect that an individual has for him or herself,
and maintaining that “self-esteem” in public or in private situations. Usually you try to avoid
