CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURES , CONCEPTS
AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Review of Literatures
In order to get further understanding and comprehension in the theory of politeness strategy, especially of negative politeness, it is important to reconsider several graduated theses
and two journals from valid sites. Some journals from sites are necessary to consider and read as the reference to enrich knowledge about negative politeness strategy.
The first thesis that has relation with this study is Mudiartini 2011 in her paper entitled “Politeness Strategy used by male and female characters of Letters to Juliet movie”. She triying
to analyze and to discuss the politeness strategy used by male and female characters of letters to Juliet movie and the comparison of the politeness strategy applied by male and female characters
of letters to Juliet movie. She applied the theory of politeness maxim to find out the comparison of politeness strategy occurred on the conversation which is proposed by Leech 1983 and she
also referred to Brown and Levinson’s 1987 theory to classify the types of politeness strategy. She used qualitative and descriptive method to analyze the data. She only explains a little about
Bald on Record used by male characters. In my study the discussion is limited in movie script, and the current study includes maxim politeness and negative politeness used by main male
character in movie of “TWILIGHT”. The second paper is written by Puspitawati 2009, entitled “Politeness used by Women
in 19
th
Century with Special Reference to Jane Austen’s “Pride and Prejudice”. The study focuses on the types of politeness maxims and politeness strategies by woman in 19
th
century.
The data was taken from conversation occurring between woman in the novel of ”Pride and Prejudice” by Jane Austen. By using the theory of politeness maxims proposed by Geoffrey
Leech 1983 and politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson 1978, she analyzed the type of utterance of the speaker in talking to the hearer. In this study she found the use of five politeness
maxims and four politeness strategies applied in the utterance of woman characters in the novel. The woman in the novel used two bald on record strategies, nine of positive politeness strategies;
a notice, b attend to H his interest, wants, needs, good, c exaggerate interest, approval, sympathy with H, d use in group identity markers, e seek agreement, f assert or presuppose
S’s knowledge of and concern for H’s wants, g offers or promise, h be optimistic, i give or ask for reasons. In term of the negative politeness strategy there were four strategies found,
those are; a be conventionally indirect, b hedge, c be pessimistic, d apologize. And in term of record strategy, there were only found three strategies found, they are; a use tautologies, b be
ironic, and c be ambiguous. In this study the discussion is not only female characters but also focus on negative politeness strategy used by the all characters.
Meikasari 2002 also did a research in politeness. Her study is entitled “Positive Politeness Strategies in Verbal Communication in a drama “Gaucho” by Gloria Gonzalez. The
study is mainly aimed at investigating the use of positive politeness strategies by the author in written text, particularly a drama entitled Gaucho. The concept of politeness strategies applied in
this study is proposed by Brown and Levinson 1978. Scollon’s theory about face solidarity system is also applied to analyze the concept of solidarity. The finding s of this study showed
that in general, the drama was full of positive politeness strategies. The characters applied those strategies in order to show solidarity or intimacy or to get closer to each other by reducing social
distance and social power between them. On the other hand, the similarity between my study and
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