2
j. Government Regulation Number 44 Year 2004 concerning Forestry Planning; k. Government Regulation Number 34 Year 2002 concerning Forest Spatial
Arrangement and the Compilation of Forestry Management, Forest Utilization, and Forest Area Usage Plans;
l. Government Regulation Number 68 Year 1998 concerning Nature Conservation Area and Nature Reserve Area;
m. Government Regulation Number 35 Year 2002 concerning Reforestation Funds; n. Government Regulation Number 47 Year 1997 concerning National Spatial
Planning Plans; o. Government Regulation Number 25 Year 2000 concerning Governmental
Authority and Provincial Authority as Autonomous Regions; p. Government Regulation Number 45 Year 2004 concerning Forest Protection.
I.5. Assumptions
In order to create realistic long-term targets of forestry development several basic assumptions are made. These assumptions are used as considerations in the
analysis of various strategies. The basic assumptions include the following: a. Forestry development occurs normally and receives political support from various
sectors and stakeholders. b. The main driving force of the forestry sector is fully committed to implementing
forestry development. c. Forestry development stakeholders are actively involved in planning, monitoring
and evaluating the Forestry RPJP. d. National security and political, social and economic stability are maintained.
e. Forestry sector development receives adequate financial support.
I.6. Forestry long term development planning formulation process
The compilation of the Forestry RPJP is done in a transparent, participative, integrated and responsible manner in reference to Act Number 25 Year 2004
concerning National Planning Systems and Act Number 41 Year 1999 concerning Forestry as well as other related laws.
This RPJP was created through a process of communication and consultation with various stakeholders including experts. The initiation of the RPJP creation
process began in December 2004 with a workshop on national forestry sector analysis in Jakarta. Follow-up meetings to compile the RPJP were held in August 2005 in
3
Bogor to discuss the scenario, vision, mission, and direction of forestry development. The series of meetings in compiling the RPJP was finalized with a national workshop
in December 2005 in Jakarta to focus the direction of forestry development for the next 20 years.
4 Source: Pusat Informasi Kehutanan
Figure 1. Indonesia’s biodiversity
CH APTER I I . TH E STATE OF FORESTRY UN TI L 2 0 0 4
II.1 Forest Resources
a. Biodiversity
As of 2005, the government has designated 126.8 million ha as Forest Area. Of this area 23.2 million ha are classified as conservation forest, 32.4 million ha are classified as
protection forest, 21.6 million hectares are designated as limited production forests, 35.6 million hectares are designated as production forest, and 14.0 million hectares are
designated as conversion forest.
Indonesia is among nations with the highest levels of biodiversity, or third after Brazil and Columbia. This is reflected in the amount of biodiversity that Indoensia has
which includes: 515 mamal species 12 of all mamal species in the world, 511 reptile species 7.3 of all reptile species in the world, 1,531 bird species 17 of all bird species
in the world, 270 amphibian species, 2,827 invertebrate species, and 38,000 plant species IBSAP,2003 Figure 1.
In an effort to save this natural wealth the government has put in place
Government Regulation No. 7 year 1999 on the Preservation of Wildlife and Plant
Life which places 57 threatened plant species and 236 threatened wildlife species
under protection. Furthermore, to regulate the global trade of endangered plants and
wildlife, Indonesia is a signatory to CITES and has registered 1,049 plant species and
603 wildlife species under the treaty’s Appendix I and Appendix II. Indonesia is
also a signatory and active member of the Convention on Biodiversity UN-CBD,
the Convention on Climate Change UN- FCCC, the Convention on Land
Degradation UN-CCD, and the Convention on Wetland Conservation
RAMSAR.
However in regards to forest and forest ecosystem management, Indonesia
continues to experience many problems such as forest area and ecosystem degradation and a decline in biodiversity. The decline in
natural biodiversity resource distribution SDAH is caused, among other things, by over utilization of plant and wildlife as well as their ecosystem, alteration in forest area
5 Source: Statistik Kehutanan 2004
Figure 2. Development of Indonesia’s protection zones by size left axis and number right axis
ti
2 4
6 8
10 12
14 16
18
94 95
96 97
98 99
00 01
02 03
04
Years Mi
ll io
n h
e c
ta re
s
20 40
60 80
100 120
140
uni ts
The cumulative extent of national parks The cumulative extent of nature recreational parks
designations, natural disasters, and forest fires. Forest fires in 19971998 involved a total land area of 5.2 million ha and is recorded as the most extensive tropical forest fires of the
20
th
century. In 2004, degraded Forest Area amounted to 59.17 million ha, while critical land outside Forest Area amounted to 41.47 million ha. Some of this land is scattered along
the 282 river watersheds that have been prioritized for rehabilitation. In order to maintain Indonesia’s ecosystem and biodiversity, by 2004 the
government had declared land and sea conservation areas in the following amount : 50 units of National Parks Taman Nasional, TN, 116 units of Natural Parks Taman Wisata Alam,
TWA, 18 units of Forest Parks Taman Hutan Raya, TAHURA, 14 units of Game Parks Taman Buru, TB, 228 units of Preservation Areas Cagar Alam, CA, and 76 units of
Wildlife Sanctuaries Suaka Margasatwa, SM Figure 2 .
Aside from this, preventative and suppressive forest security operations are
conducted to protect the ecosystem and the biodiversity by combatting illegal logging
activities, forest clearing activities and activities that lead to forest fires. Within
the last 5 years 2000-2004, the government has conducted land and forest
rehabilitation efforts in the form of reforestation activities on 469,256 ha
located within the Forest Areas, and reforestation or regreening on 1,785,149
ha of land located outside of the Forest Area, including community forests. These
efforts still fall short of expectations, hence in the next five years the
government aims to rehabilitate Forest Areas and ecosystems in the amount of 5
million ha through the National Forest Rehabilitation Movement Gerakan
Rehabilitasi Hutan, GERHAN, to establish 5 million ha of plantation forest, and to create 2 million ha of private forests hutan rakyat.
b. Demographic and cultural considerations
