The Interferences Of English Towards Indonesian

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THE INTERFERENCES OF ENGLISH TOWARDS

INDONESIAN

A PAPER BY :

EMMA LISTIAWATI REG. NO. 102202006

ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM DIPLOMA III FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA MEDAN

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It has been proved by Supervisor,

NIP: 19610204 198601 2 001 Dra. Persadanta br Karo, M.Hum

Submitted to the Faculty of Culture Study University of North Sumatera

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for English Study Diploma III Program.

Approved by

Head of Diploma III English Study,

NIP : 19521126 198112 1 001 Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A.

Approved by the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Study, University of North Sumatera as a paper for the e3xamination board October 2013

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Accepted by :

The Board of Examiners in Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the DIII examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Study of University of North Sumatera.

The examination is held on October 2013

Faculty of Culture Study University of North Sumatera

Dean,

Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. NIP : 19511031 197603 1 001

Board of examiners:

1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Head of ESP) ____________

2. Dra. Persadanta br Karo, M.Hum. (Supervisor) ____________

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am, EMMA LISTIAWATI, declare that I am the sole of author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed : ...

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : EMMA LISTIAWATI

Title of paper : THE INTERFERENCES OF ENGLISH TOWARD

INDONESIAN

Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Liberarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Culture Study USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

I am not willing that my papers be made available for reproduction.

Signed : ………

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ABSTRACT

This paper is dealing with the interferences of English towards Indonesian. English is the first foreign language introduced and taught to the students of Indonesian at school although the school is private or government. But English is not used the offices. Indonesian is the language used by the people of Indonesia to communicate in their living. So, today there are varieties of situation and context happen the interferences of English towards Indonesia. It can be taken places at the public or private offices, at school, hotels, markets, etc. For instances, the words ‘open’, ‘closed’, ‘exist’, ‘sale’, ‘tailor’, ‘toilet’, ‘saloon’, ‘taxi’, ‘information’, etc. The writer means interference at this occasion is that the Indonesian words replaces by the English words although there are the Indonesian words which are having the same meanings as the Indonesian. The method applied is library research on the reasons that the data analyzed are taken from written texts.

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ABSTRAK

Paper yang merupakan kertas karya ini membicarakan tentang pengaruh bahasa Inggris terhadap bahasa Indonesia. Bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa asing pertama yang diakui oleh pemerintah Indonesia di Indonesia dan diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah pemerintah maupun swasta. Bahasa Inggris bukan merupakan bahasa komunikasi yang digunakan oleh orang Indonesia baik itu di kantor atau pun di pusat-pusat perbelanjaan. Bahasa Indonesia adalah bahasa nasional Indonesia yang digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia untuk vberkomunikasi dalam kehidupannya sehari-hari dan juga bahasa Indonesia adalah bahasa resmi pemerintahan Indonesia. Belakangan ini sudah banyak sekali ditemukan bahwa kedudukan atau pun pemakaian bahasa Indonesia sudah diinterfensi oleh bahasa Ingfris. Hal ini dapat dilihat pada kantor pemerintah, hotel-hotel, pusat perbelanjaan, took-toko, dan lain-lain. Umpamanya, kata ‘buka’ yang diinterfensi oleh ‘open’, ‘tutup’ yang diinterfensi oleh ‘closed’, ‘ke luar’ yang diinterfensi oleh ‘exist’, serta kata Inggris lainnya yang menginterfensi ialah ‘sale’, ‘tailor’, ‘toilet’, ‘saloon’, ‘taxi’, ‘information’ dan laqin-lain. Jadi penulis bermaksud interferensi dalam paper ini adalah kata Indonesia yang digantikan oleh kata Inggris walaupun yang sebenarnya ada kata Indone3sia. Penelitian serupa ini adalah salah satu dari penelitian kepustakaan karena data yang dikumpulkan adalah bahan tertulis.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to give all honor and praise to Allah SWT who has been my inspiration and my strength in life. He has given me the ability to complete this paper. I realize that without his grace, I can’t finish this paper well. I believe that I’m nobady without Him.

Furthermore, I find so many supports from people around me to complete this paper. I realize that this paper is not perfect yet. I would be grateful if readers of that it will be useful as material for Diploma III English Study Program students who are interested in literature.

I would like to thanks:

1. Dr.Syahron Lubis,M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Culture for his leadership

2. Dr.Matius C.A.Sembiring, M.A as the Chief of Diploma III English Study

Program for his guidance,criticism and helpful suggestions.

3. Dra.Persadanta br Karo,M.Hum as my Supervisor for the knowledge,

advice,comments,corections,and motivations.

4. Dr.Siamir Marulafau,M.Hum. as my Reader for the advice and the precious

time in reading and correcting this paper completeness.

5. My lovely parents, my father Alm.Sulastono and my mother Fatmawati

thanks for your prayer,love,patience,supporting me morally, spiritually, and financially. I love you more than anything. I present this paper for you.

6. My eldest sister Mira Lestari,S.S. You are the most important people in my life, you are the best motivator for me. Thanks for your

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prayer,patience,support,conviced and encouraged me to be able to complete this paper. You know how many drops of my tears. Your greatest gift in my life.

7. My brother Eko Wilastra, for your presence in my life.

Medan, October 2013 The Writer,

Reg. No. 102202006 Emma Listiawati

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION………... COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ………... ABSTRACT ………... ABSTRAK ………... ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………...……... THE CONTENTS ………...

i ii iii iv v vi

1 INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 The Problem of the Study ... 2

1.3 The Scope of the Study ... 2

1.4 The Purposes of the Study ... 3

3 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 4

3. THE INTERFERENCES ... 9

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 25

4.1 Conclusion ... 25

4.2 Suggestion ... 26

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of the Study

This writing is talking about the interferences of English towards Indonesian. English is the first foreign language in Indonesia. It is taught to the students of Indonesia at the private or public schools. Indonesian is the national language. Language is the medium among the people of Indonesia when they are communicating on their lives.

The title of this paper is ‘The Interferences of English Towards Indonesian’. So in this paper the writer will show the readers some of the Indonesian which are interfered by the English. The data analyzed are taken from written text, so it means that the method used to write this paper is library research.

The writer of this paper has some reasons in writing or using this title. First of all she wants to say that this title is relatively new. This title has never be written by the senior students who have finished their study from the Faculty of Culture Study of the University of North Sumatera. So the writer is interested in writing it. Other reasons for the writer to write the interferences of English towards Indonesian because the facts always come to her mind while she is going around. She can find it at the public services, hotels, hospitals, government’s office, etc. For examples, at the doors of some saloons and restaurant written the words ‘open’ and ‘closed’. The terms may mean ‘buka’ and ‘tutup’. On this situation can be seen clearly the process of interferences because Indonesian still have the words in Indonesia which are fully understood; at the hotels, restaurants,

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hospital we can see the written text ‘toilet’, ‘entrance’, ‘exit’, etc. These three English terms have interfered the Indonesian words. For the purposes of the words the Indonesian has its terms, they are ‘kamar keci’ instead of ‘toilet’, ‘pintu masuk’ instead of ‘entrance’, ‘pintu ke luar’ instead of ‘exit’.

1.2 The Problems of the Study

There are some Indonesia words or phrases interfered by the English words or phrases, therefore the problem of the study is ‘How far the English interferences the Indonesian?’

1.3 The Scope of the Study

While we are writing something there can be large things to be discussed, so to do this activities of course time, money, and knowledge must be available. To these situations the writer of this paper does not own so much , money, and knowledge, therefore she wants to limit her study just deal with the words or phrases used by Indonesian in writing text. To know it more details that she has six months period of time to write it and so her understanding about interferences are also a little bit small beside the financial she owns is not a lot and so the knowledge. So her writing about the interferences of English towards Indonesian she limits only deal with the words or phrases only.

1.4 The Purposes of the Study

As a student of the English Study Diploma III Program, she wants to finish her study, therefore she is required to write a paper to be submitted to the board examination of the Faculty of culture Study. The other r4eason for her to write this subject matter as paper because it is a new thing to be discussed and

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seemed not to be realized by the people who did the interferes of the English towards Indonesia. The subjects she wants to write down is the fact. Many people can see the interferences although they do not realize it. So the last aim of the writer to write this type of paper if to apply the k knowledge she received from the lecturers in the last three years during the class.

1.5 The Method of the Study

There are various of techniques can be applied in order to write a skill writing, or in this circumstances it is called a paper as the final duty for any student who wants to finish his or her study from the English Study Diploma III Program at the Faculty of culture Study at the University of North Sumatera. For examples, field research method, library research method, or experimental method. These three different methods are differentiate by the techniques applied by the writer to have the data of the writing. In order to write this paper the writer take written text as the data to be analyzed. Therefore the technique applied by the writer is library research. The required data were taken from written text.

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Weinreich (1953) defines interference as the term interference implies the rearrangement of pattern that result from the introduction of foreign elements into the more highly structured domains of language, such as the bulk of

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1.5 The Method of the Study

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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phonemic system, large part of the morphology and syntax, and some areas of the vocabulary.

Stork (1972:115) defines that interference is the errors made by carrying over the speech habits of the native language or dialect into second language. Features of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary may cause interference when a person is learning to master the patterns of a second language. Therefore we can obtain that interference occurs when two or more language are used by a speaker during communication. Interference may occur in dialects of a language, and it may also occur between a native language and a foreign language. There is a very important thing we can conclude from language interference, that is that language contact has taken place. In terms of their frequency of usage, language interferences can be divided into three types:

- Active interference - Passive interference - Variation interference

Sociologists say that human beings are social creatures. A man does not live alone. He lives in a society. He communicates with other by using language. Human beings use language to interact with other members of the same speech community. Language is not instinctive and is merely human activities. An outstanding linguist, Edward Sapir, defines that language is purely human and non—distinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, desires by means of system. of voluntarily produced symbols.

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Language is the most fundamental means of human communication. This does not mean that other means of communication which are not important. In communication human beings can also use signals, clapping, codes, whistling, winks, and so on. But these tools of communication are not as perfect as language. Language, as used when two or more people are in communication, is a social event. Neither of the two speakers has invented the means he is using, but each of them has received and then learned the language front the group or society to which he belongs.

Language is mostly a collection of a system of conventional symbols with possibilities for learning. The symbols are considered as the unitary elements of transmissions. And symbols are primarily vocal which are produced by organ of speech, and secondary system such as writing. The understanding of a language is a big event that helps to make the culture of the human beings magnificent. Since the language is an achievement to the transmission of states of emotions, and purposes. Furthermore it is because of the language that human beings are able to use his knowledge.

A language, which is not a dead language, extends as the progression of community or people who use the language. A highly developed language gives a capacity for conveying ideas about variety of things. A life language must have potentialities for expressing new terms and new concepts. A life language is forced to respond the reality in the situation or in the manner that suits its own structure and vocabularies. The development of science and technology can be

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expressed in a developed language. If a language shows no new life, the country or the community will lag behind.

The progression of industry, science, and technology make people from a certain society or community possible to interact with people from different language, culture, and background. For example, an Englishman, who comes here and interacts with our community, of course needs a medium of communication which is understood by himself and by the people he meets. In this case one must switch the language.

In our country, there are three categories of language. The first category is the ethnic language. The second category is the national language, that is Indonesian. And the third category is foreign languages. The mastery of a language, whether it is an ethnic, national, or foreign language is very important. It is virtually used on the principle that language is learned to get more perfect in using it. The mastery of a language, particularly a foreign language, is not merely knowing its grammar. It is not an easy task, since it involves situations or extra linguistic factors such as behavior of speakers, regional background, and culture. The mastery or the use of a language corresponds to the ability of speakers who use the language. The use of a foreign language may occur when someone meets a foreigner. And the use of a foreign language is often affected by many factors such as the ability, prestige, requirements etc. In short, the mastery and the use of a language, especially a foreign language, is much dependent on the ability and the situation or the context. And the use of the second language besides the native language may result in language contact and language interference.

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This writing is based on sociolinguistics. The focus of this writing is on language contact. Language contact often results in language interference. The major discussion will be about the understanding of language contact and language interference, pattern of language contact, and language capability. The languages in contact here are English and Indonesian. Even though the focus of this thesis is sociolinguistics, it would be misleading to say that the role of other aspects of language can be ignored. Language cannot be described without the reference to all other parts. That is why the writer includes the relationship between sociolinguistics with other branches of language study. Not all aspects of sociolinguistics are English and Indonesian. Even though the focus of this writing is sociolinguistics, it would be misleading to say that the role of other aspects of language can be ignored. Language cannot be described without the reference to all other parts. That is why the writer includes the relationship between sociolinguistics with other branches of language study. Not all aspects of sociolinguistics are covered in this analysis, only the one which is involved is taken into account.

There are reasons why the subject matter analyzed in this writing is significant in the understanding of language and language development. The reasons are as follows:

- Languages interchange and affect each other when they come into contact. - English, as a foreign language, is an international language. It is used all over

the world. And there are many countries which use English as their medium of instruction.

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- English is widely learned by our people. It is learned in formal and in informal education. In formal education English is learned from junior high school up to university. And in informal education English is learned such as in English courses.

- Our people are mostly bilinguals. We usually speak more than one language

such as the ethnic language and the national language. But here we deal with English and Indonesian.

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3. THE INTERFERENCES

Dealing with the discussing of this writing, the writer is concerned with the sociolinguistic concept and theory, especially in the case of language contact and language capability. In this writing, the writer attempts to reach the following purposes :

To explain the relationship between language contact and language capability. To give an explanation of how the use of foreign. languages occurs in our daily necessities.

To know the reasons why people of our speech community (Indonesian) use English language.

To know bow foreign languages, particularly English, involve in the development of our national language.

To fulfill one of the requirements to finish her study from the Diploma Three Program of English Department at the Faculty of Culture of North Sumatera University.

Theory is a way or a guide to aim an analysis or research. The objective of the theory is to explain the relationship between the problem and the analysis. An appropriate theory, which is applied in the appropriate problem and time, is very help full to find the way out of the problem. A theory should be selective and relevant to the object being analyzed. There are steps to analyze an object. The first step is to identify, and the second is to study precisely, so that it can be scientific.

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It is important that every scientific analysis has a theory as a starting point. Even though it is realized that a good theory is concerning with the relativity. One theory may be good in one particular period of time, but is left in another time. The-basic theory used in this writing is mainly based on Weinreich (1953) monumental work. The writer also takes other relevant concepts from the related field relevant to the analysis. In other words, it can be said that the theory above is basic while the others are only complements.

The term of bilingualism comes front the word bilingual that means the use or involving two languages in an event of communication. Bilingualism may occur in regional languages or in dialects of a language. A nice example of bilingualism can be seen in our community. We have our own national language, that is Indonesian, and we also have many regional languages and dialects. We usually combine Indonesian with our own regional languages or dialects in communication, especially with people from the same community and to whom we have intimate friendship. Bilingualism may also involve different languages or roots of languages. It usually occurs because of the ability of speakers.

There are at least two sources of bilingualism. Language capability means having ability and capacity to use the elements of a language, such as its grammar, phrases, dictions, etc. Capacity is taken by learning and intention.. Someone cannot do much if he is not capable to speak or to use a language properly. It is impossible to master a language — especially. Foreign language — if someone is not eager to pay attention much. Bilingualism can take place if two or more people have an intimate friendship, or the relationship between

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participants and the degree of intimacy. If the relationship between speakers is not an intimate one, the probability of using a language besides the native language is smaller than that if they have an intimate One.

Borrowing means to take possession or use things from another source. In linguistics, borrowing means the introduction of elements of a language into another language. The development of a language has a very close relationship to the matter of borrowing. As we know, new terms come up proportionally with the development of science, technology, and industry. A language has to absorb terms from other sources in order to make the language in the process of development. A language will be left behind if it does not follow the nature of the development. With regard to Indonesian language, there are many Indonesian vocabularies which are absorbed from languages of the same roots or from the different roots (foreign languages), such as from English, Arabic, Sanskrit, etc.

There are three ways of absorbing vocabularies of English to Indonesian: Immediate absorption means that there is no medication or replacement of words of the target language. The words of the target language are directly absorbed. This means that the phonological units of the target language are changed into the host language. The change, however, has to be made necessarily, so that the result still can be traced to the original.

Example:

English Indonesian

Interference - interferensi

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Information - informasi

icecream - eskrim

Loan shift means that words of the target language translated into the host language. Loan shift has a relationship with translation and the use of dictionary. Loan shift occurs in the matter of increasing one’s vocabularies. By increasing vocabularies one can easily use alternative words for a term in an event of communication. In Indonesian to say ‘bilingualism’, for instance, one can say ‘bilingualisme’ or ‘kedwibahasaan’. Or one who does not remember the Indonesian term for ‘to come into the end’ he can say ‘expired date’ instead of ‘masa berlaku’.

Active interference means the habits of one language which are transferred into another language. The habit may occur because of prestige motive.

Example :

A : Why you terlambat?

B : Sorry Pak. Ban kreta saya tadi bocor di jalan..

A : Kalau ban kreta you itu bocor tidak perlu ditambal dulu baru ke kantor, tetapi titipkan dulu kretanya, lalu naik angkot saya you ke kantor. You tau next time, kan? Terima kasioh banyak Pak. Saya sudah tahu next time untuk tidak terlambat lagi.

A : Okay. Jangan janji tinggal janji, tetapi usaha.

The word you in the conversation is called active interference, because the word you is used repeatedly by the speaker (A)

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Passive interference means when words, terms, or sentences of the target language are used in the host language during communication. It is assumed that the use of the target language is more adequate to what will be expressed.

Example :

Perumtel bakal go public, yang berarti juga harus mengikuti ketentuan Bapepam seperti lazimnya. Di antaranya adalah: harus terbuka dengan posisi keuangan yang jelas dan bias diikuti umum.

Go public

Variation interference means the use of words, terms, or sentences of the target language to vary words, terms, or sentences of the host language for the same meaning or explanation.

is a term in business. It means the expansion of a company to gain capital by selling its shares to the public.

The English words surprise, capability, capabile, and acceptable vary Indonesian words kejutan, kemampuan

- Phonic interference

, mampu, and cocok. Besides the types of interference described above. Language interferences can be analyzed in terms of their structural patterns. Such interferences can be divided into three types:

- Grammatical interference

- Lexical interference

Grammatical interference is the transference of the grammatical system of a language to another language. There are many cases that the grammatical structure of the native language tends to be transferred to the foreign language, such as word order, case patterns, etc.

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Example : 1) Word order

English Indonesian

white roses -

bunga ros yang putih

volley ball -

bola volli

large crops -

nice cat -

tanaman yang luas

In English, modifiers precede in a modification structure and in general that position constitutes ths signal of modification. Sometimes, however, English has the modifiers which occur after the head words. In Indonesian in general we have the head words which occurs before the modifier.

kucing manis

2) Case pattern

English Indonesian

some books - beberapa buku

some pens - beberapa puplpen

In English, the plurality of countable noun is often shown by modifier and suffix-s such as in the examples above. But in Indonesian it is wrong to say beberapa buku-buku or beberapa pulpel-pulpen. It is hypercorrect. Lexical interference is the transference of the lexical items of a language into another language. Lexical interference refers to the lexical items which are associated with the meaning and the sense relation between them. And meanings refer to semantic field. As a matter of fact the meaning is culturally determined or modified, and it

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varies considerably from culture to culture. Some meanings found in one culture may not exist in another.

Example :

English Indonesian

good evening - selamat malam

In English speaking countries, the sentence good evening means that we are going the sleep or we ask someone to go to sleep. If we translate it literally into Indonesian it can be Selamat malam. However, it does not always mean what we intend. It can be a greeting. Good evening must be interpreted

Patterns of language contact between English and Indonesian can be divided into the manner and kind. Manner of language contact refers to how the contact takes place which can be divided into the situation and the habit of the contact. Meanwhile, kind of language contact includes code switching and code mixing.

selamat malam

Situation deals with the context in relation to the existence or the environment of a speaker to use a language. And context means where a speaker have to organize and recognize himself in an event of communication. With regard to language, it varies not only according to the characteristics of a speaker, but also according to the context in which he finds himself. The same speaker uses different linguistic varieties in different situations and for different purposes. The kinds of subject matter, for example will have an effect on the language produced, or topics such as academic lecturers are more likely to select relatively formal language than, let us say, family breakfast.

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The underlined English words knock out, ring, fit

Examples of the use of English as the habit of the speakers:

are commonly used in sport context, especially in boxing. Habit expresses repetition of an action, or an automatic response to a specific situation acquired as a result of repetition. With regard to the use of English, habit is one’s behavior that makes himself familiar in using or selecting words, terms, or sentences of English. He perhaps is more comfortable in using English rather than his mother tongue. It is known that there are many people of our country, especially those who have involved in learning English, use that language as their characteristics.

- Well

-, minggu depan kita sambung lagi. Untuk eskarang cukuplah sekian dulu. Thank you very much

-. Kau memberikannya pada saat yang kuinginkan Allright, allright,

- Kau harus bersikap sedikit

kita pergi ke tempat itu malam ini juga gentleman

- Bersahabat itu artinya saling pengertian dan saling

, jangan jadi pengecut

-take and give I’m sorry

- Kedua laki-laki yang berada di samping bintang film itu adalah , aku lupa membawanya. Kebetulan tadi malam ada tamu

-bodyguardnya That’s right

- Itu tidak

Apa yang dikatakannya itu sesuai dengan apa yang kulihat fair

- Kalau aku dapat undian harapan aku mau beli rumah, tanah, mobil,

perabot-perabot mewah,

. Kita sama-sama bekerja disini tapi gajiku lebih kecil

-and so on, -and so on Please,

- Anda tidak boleh

pergilah kau ke rumahnya. Katakana bahwa kau memang bersalah complain. Semua ini semata-mata karena biaya yang tidak mencukupi

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- Dari mana kau dapat income

- Jangan marah-marah. Itu soal biasa

kalau kau tidak bekerja? just take it easy - Oh ya, sekarang usdah jam 10.00 pagi. Aku pergu dulu,

- Model pakaian itu sudah

bye-bye out of date

-, jangan dipakai lagi. Kita bias malu karena kau nanti pasti ditertawakan orang.

Yes

-, akan saya laksanakan. Tapi mana uang kopinya? Saya tidak bisa lancar bekerja kalau tidak ada uang kopinya.

No, no

-. aku tidak bias menerima alasanmu itu-. Besok kau tidak perlu datang lagi. Mulai hari ini kau kupecat.

Very good

- Wah film-film

, kau memang orang yang paling bisa kuandalkan, Sharif hot

Code mixing is the interchange between two or more languages in an event of communication. Code mixing can occur because of the ability and the habit of speakers to use more than one language when they are communicating with others.

semua. Sayang sekali aku tidak punya uang untuk menontonnya

Example of code mixing:

A : Hello, how are you?

B : Fine. Thanks.

A : Mengapa kah kamu tidak masuk kuliah?

B : Saya terlambat bangun. Tadi malam saya menonton video di rumah

tetangga. Filmnya hot.

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B : Aku sudah lulus mata kuliah itu

A : Kau sudah lulus?

B : Yes

A : Kapan?

B : Tahun yang lalu

A : Kenapa kau tidak beritahu aku?

B : You never ask me

In the example above, A and B involved in two languages. They interchange English and Indonesian. The process of code mixing and also code switching not only occur in the case of transferring of a foreign language into another language. Code mixing and code switching can also occur in one language, such as in its variations. In real communication, a speaker never uses on variation in communication. He may change from a variation to another variation, such as from his dialect to his idiolect, or vise versa.

It has been mentioned that language contact, or the use of a language other than the mother tongue or native language has a relationship with the competence of the speaker. Someone is not born with a language. He must learn it, and someone cannot directly master two languages all at once. He must also learn the second language. It can be said the language capability means having ability and capacity to master a language. And the mastery of a language, weather it is a foreign language or a native language, must be taken by teaching and learning. The mastery of a foreign language (in this case we deal with English) is different from the mastery of a mother tongue or native language. Since it

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involves the culture of the foreign language. Many linguists say that a language has a relationship with the culture to which that language belongs.

There are three aspects of foreign language capability:

- Teaching

- Learning

- Motivation

Teaching English can be divided into two types:

a. Teaching English as a second language (TESL)

b. Teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL).

Both a second and a foreign language refer to the target language, that is English. This distinction is based on the social function of the language in the country where it is taught.

Second, language situation prevails in the countries which are used by have been existed until recently protectorates or colonies. In such countries the language of the ruling power is the official language, which is used for government, education, commerce, and international communication. In other words, the language is used for social intercourse within, the country. A second language is not often only taught as a subject but as a medium of instruction as well. The second language is needed for communication with one’s own community.

In TESL situation, the learners have greater exposure to the language since it is used in the country, and there is a greater motivation to learn the language because of the social pressure in the situation.

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The target language is a foreign language when it is taught in the country where it is not the mother tongue of every group within it. Furthere more, the language is not used for communication within the country. The language is taught to cater to a wider social needs out side the country. There is often the need to expand overseas trade or to increase understanding between countries by increasing ease of contact through common language. English, being an international language, is widely taught as a foreign language.

In TEFL situation, there is a little exposure to the language out side the classroom, and since the language is not used in the community, there is a little social pressure to learn the language. he problem of motivation becomes greater if English is a compulsory subject for every One in a TEFL situation, In our country English is a compulsory subject from junior high school up to university.

There are some principles of teaching:

- Importance of motivation to the learners,

The most important and the basic tasks of teaching are to release, instigate, and increase motivation such as interest, desire, and wish to learn.

- Personal relevance

Teaching materials are effective in an ordered manner depending on the degree of their personal relevance to individual students. The production and the use of teaching materials require judgments of their relevance to individuals to be taught,. such as interest, abilities, etc.

Successful English language learning depends on. elaborate interaction of the characteristics and motivation of learners and circumstances in which learning

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takes place. The motivation for English language learning is likely to be influenced by general climate of opinion in the learners home community about English language learning. This may or may not be favorable. The learner may come from a social background which regard that English language learning as a. waste of time and no practical value. On the other hand, he or she may come from a social group which accepts English language learning as culturally desirable, and possession of English language as a mark of the educated person. Re or she may come from some communities which value the knowledge of English language highly, and regard it s social, professional, and economic assets.

It is agreed that motivations always help particularly when one is learning a complex and difficult skill. Mastery of English is certainly that. successful English language learners are always motivated to learn the language and they persist in. spite the complexity that accompanying the learning. This means that they are able to tolerate and accept the difficulties, particularly in the early Stages when they are unable to communicate in English language because of their lack of mastery.

Motivation relates to the personality of the learners. The most successful English language learners tend to find interest in their ideas, experiences, attitudes, and costumes. Open and friendly people are likely to have this kind of motivation than persons who have close mind and rely only on. their own ideas and way of doing things.

Motivation of learning a foreign language can be divided into: a. Instrumental motivation

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Instrumental motivation is a motivation when the students learn a foreign language for instrumental purposes. For example, it may be a compulsory school subject or it may be required for post—graduate work, for his career, or for travel abroad. Instrumental motivation is the commonest among adults.

b. Integration motivation

Integration motivation means learning a foreign language because of the learner needs or wishes to identify with or become integrated into the society whose language it is. Integration motivation takes place in the case the students learn a particular language with desire to identify with the native speakers and to enrich their life by contact with another culture.

Learning is defined as an increased probability of occurrence of a response when its stimulus is presented. Learning is a progressive change from low to high expectancy of response occurrence. The change may take place gradually, over a long period of time, or it may occur rapidly. A person who finds himself with a subject such as English language may at first unable to speak but after suitable training and practice is able to master the language.

Linguistic behaviorists interpreter human behavior as connections between stimuli and response. This stimuli Response is the pattern of learning. Each specific reaction of human beings is are exact response to a stimulus. Spoken and written words, and pictures are example of stimuli.

The process of learning is an individual experience of every human being. Learning takes place whenever an individual behavior is modified, such as when a person thinks and acts, or when a person has acquired new knowledge or

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new skill. Using symbols, deducing, referring, and concluding are all the activities involved in learning.

Language learning has been categorized into two kinds: mother tongue or native language learning and second or foreign language learning. Learning mother tongue or native language usually begins when a child born arid then he enters the formal education and guided to master his own. Whereas second or foreign language learning usually begins when someone has mastered his mother tongue or his native language, or it may be as a compulsory subject when he enters formal education.

Successful English language learners are those who master the language to the point of using the language comfortably and effectively for whatever purposes they may have in mind. Those purposes are varied such as some English language learners are interested mainly in reading materials written in English.

Linguistic change refers to the modification or replacement of features of a language. The change is divided into two kinds internal change and external change. Internal change is the change in a language concerning its history. Whereas external change is the change in a language caused by foreign languages. The change, weather it is the internal change or external change, may affect the sound system, grammatical system, or the vocabulary.

Language contact can be resulted from the interference of a language to another language. According to the frequency of the usage, interference can be divided into : active interference, passive interference, and variation interference. And according to the structural pattern, interference can be divided into: phonic

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interference, grammatical interference, and lexical interference. Basically, patterns of language contact can be divided their manner and kinds. Manner of language contact refers to how the contact between two languages Can take place. in this case the contact is divided into the situation and habit, Situation is affected by the context in relation to the existence of a speaker. And habit is the one’s behavior that makes himself familiar in using a language besides his mother tongue. Habit is acquired as a result of repetition.

Kind of language contact refers to the types of the contact. Code switching and code mixing are types of language contact. Code switching is the process of changing from one language to another language. The change can be caused by the environments or attitudes of a speaker. Code mixing is the interchange or combination between two or more languages in communication. In daily communication, code mixing and code switching can occur in the case of transferring a foreign language to the mother tongue. The switching and the mixing process can also occur within a language, such as in its variation, dialect, idiotic, etc.

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4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 4.1 Conclusion

The writer may give a conclusion to it that the most dominant English words interferences the Indonesian are exit, information, open, closed, toilet, café, room, bill, saloon, beauty, no smoking, sale, discount, travel, movie, seat, queen bed, super market, money changer, fly over, service, door smeer, chef, porter, flight, destination, take off, landing, etc.

From the description in written in the previous chapters, it can be concluded that language is the expression of ideas, emotions, and drives. Language is merely human. Language contact is a natural process when a speaker from a speech community communicates with people of the different community. Language contact can take place when a speaker uses more than one language in communication, or when he has to change a language to another language. The contact can be within a language, such as in its variations or dialects, or it can be the mother tongue with a foreign language. Language contact may result in bilingualism, borrowing, translation, and linguistic change.

Bilingualism means involving two languages in an event of communication. Borrowing means the introduction into a language of elements from another language. The borrowing words can. exactly the same with the original or it can be modified. Translation, is also part of language contact. The aim of translation is to reproduce as accurately as possible all the grammatical and lexical features of the target language. There are three sides involved in translation : source, interpreter and emitter’. Sources in the target language, whereas the

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emitter receives information in the host language which is done by interpreter or translator,

The event of language contact can be caused by the ability of a speaker to use more than one language. The ability can be obtained by teaching, motivation, and learning. Teaching and learning are the activities of teachers and learners. Whereas motivation is learners’ personality. And motivation is the key to help learners in learning a complex and difficult skill. Motivation of learning a foreign language is divided into two purposes: instrumental motivation and integrative motivation. Instrumental motivation means when a learner learns a foreign language for instrumental purposes. Integrative motivation occurs in the case when a learner learns a foreign language with desire to enrich his life by contact with another culture.

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4.2 Suggestion

As it has been mentioned in the previous chapters that English is the first foreign language taught to the students in Indonesia though the school is private or public. Besides the English as a foreign language there also other foreign languages taught to the students at school, such as Germany, French, Dutch, Japanese, and Mandarin. So the writer on this occasion encourages the other students to write about the interferences of those languages towards Indonesia. It will help the readers understand that there some words or phrases have been interfered by the foreign languages.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aranguren, J.L. 1967. Human Communication. New York: World University

Library.

Brown, Gillian. 1996. Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

Burt, Marina Et al. 1977. English As a Second Language. New York: Regents

Publishing Company, Inc.

Corder, S.Pit. 1973. Introducing Applied Linguistics. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd.

Eco, Umberto. 1979. A Theory of Semiotics. USA: Bloomington.

Freeborn, Dennis. 1987. A Course Book in English Grammar. Hongkong:

Macmillan.

Huddleston, Rodney. 1984. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lado, Robert. 1966. Linguistics Across Cultures. Michigan: The University Of Michigan Press.

Lewis, Michael. 1987. The English Verb: an exploring of structure and meaning. Hongkong: Macmillan.

Ogburn, William. 1958. Sociology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin co. Stork, F.C. 1982. Learning About Linguistics. London: Hutchinson.

Trudgil, Peter. 1974. Sociolinguistics. Harmmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd. Weinreich, Uriel. 1974. Languages In Contact. Paris: Mouton.

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new skill. Using symbols, deducing, referring, and concluding are all the activities involved in learning.

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4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 4.1 Conclusion

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emitter receives information in the host language which is done by interpreter or translator,

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4.2 Suggestion

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aranguren, J.L. 1967. Human Communication. New York: World University Library.

Brown, Gillian. 1996. Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Burt, Marina Et al. 1977. English As a Second Language. New York: Regents Publishing Company, Inc.

Corder, S.Pit. 1973. Introducing Applied Linguistics. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd.

Eco, Umberto. 1979. A Theory of Semiotics. USA: Bloomington.

Freeborn, Dennis. 1987. A Course Book in English Grammar. Hongkong: Macmillan.

Huddleston, Rodney. 1984. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lado, Robert. 1966. Linguistics Across Cultures. Michigan: The University Of Michigan Press.

Lewis, Michael. 1987. The English Verb: an exploring of structure and meaning. Hongkong: Macmillan.

Ogburn, William. 1958. Sociology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin co. Stork, F.C. 1982. Learning About Linguistics. London: Hutchinson.

Trudgil, Peter. 1974. Sociolinguistics. Harmmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd. Weinreich, Uriel. 1974. Languages In Contact. Paris: Mouton.

The Interferences Of English Towards Indonesian