Materials of Teaching Reading

Procedure texts usually include the following grammatical features; sentence that begin with verbs and are stated as commands, time words or numbers that show the order for carrying out the procedure, adverbs to describe how the action should be performed, precise terms and technical language. b. Narrative Text It is a text to amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways and chronologically. Langan defines “narration is storytelling, whether we are relating a single story or several related ones.” 14 According to Mark and Kathy Anderson there are five generic structures and four linguistic features to construct narrative text, as follow: 15 - orientation: it set the scene and introduce the participants it answers the question who, when, what, and where. - complication: tells the problem of story and how the main characters solve them. - resolution: the crisis is resolved, for better or worse. - re-orientation: the ending of story. - evaluation: the stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story. However, there are four of linguistic features to construct narrative text. First is specific character. Second is adjective which provides description. Third is the use of time words to connect events in a story. The last is verbs which showing action. c. Functional Text Banner, Poster and Brochure Functional texts are written to help readers perform, or function, in their daily lives. These specialized texts provide information and directions to help a reader. Some examples of functional text are: announcement, advertisement, poster, and 14 John Langan, College Writing Skills with Reading, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000, p. 175. 15 Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, op. cit., p. 5. brochure. 16 In functional text there are three of generic structures and two linguistic features, there are: - heading, the main idea of making poster - Picture, it illustrates the situation or condition of things or people. It is represented by the writer’s desire or mood. The function of picture here is also to make the poster more interesting. - message, to give instruction, warning, or advice to whom the poster is for. There are two of linguistic features to construct functional text. They are present tense and imperative sentence. Present tense is used to introduce the people that what is introduced or promote is something new. Then imperative sentence is used to give a command for the reader to do something after read the text. d. Report Text Report is a text which is giving a description of something or information about it to someone. 17 It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis. Its purpose is to organize and record information. According to Pardiyono, there are three generic structures and three linguistic features to construct a report text, here there are the generic structures of report text: 18 - title: a phrase which introduces the topic to inform the readers. - general classification: stating classification of general aspect of thing: animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general. - Description: describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part, customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials. There are three linguistic features of report text. First is introducing group of general aspect. It means in a text, there should be a part which tells about something that will be discussed. Next is using conditional logical connection 16 https:perspective.pearsonaccess.comcontentresourceslearningresourcesrdpdfprd1351SK .pdf . 17 Cambridge, Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 18 Pardiyono, PastiBisa Teaching Genre-Based Writing, Yogyakarta: ANDI, 2007, p. 272.