Conclusion Suggestion The Analysis of Linguistic Features of the Text
Hutchinson.,Tom and Alan, Waters.English for Spesific Purpose: A Learning- Centered approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002.
Langan,John.College Writing Skills with Reading.Boston: McGraw-Hill. 2000. Mulyasa,E. Kurikulum Tingkat SatuanPendidikan.Bandung: RemajaRosdakarya.
2007. -------------.KTSP SuatuPanduanPraktis.Bandung: Rosada. 2007.
Murcia, Marianne Celce. ed.Teaching English as a Second Language or Foreign Language, 3rd ed.Boston: Heinle Publishers. 2001.
Muslich,Mansur.KTSP DasarPemahamandanPengembangan.Jakarta: BumiAksara. 2009.
NCTE, Guidellines for Selection of Material in English Language Arts Program. 1996
http:www.ncte.orgpositionsstatemensselectinngelameterial .
Pardiyono, PastiBisa Teaching Genre-Based Writing.Yogyakarta: ANDI, 2007. -----------.PastiBisa Let’s Write-Ayo Mengarang. Yogyakarta: ANDI, 2012.
Posner,George J. Analyzing the Curriculu\m. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Richards,Jack C. Curriculum Development in Language Teaching.Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2001. Silabus, Mata PelajaranBahasaInggrisKelas XI SMAN 24 KabupatenTangerang.
Spears,Deanne.Developing Critical Reading Skills, seventh edition.New York: McGraw Hill Company, 2006.
Strang, Ruth. The Improvement of Reading.New York: McGraw Hill Company, 1991. Sudjono,Anas.PengantarStatistikPendidikan. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo, 2010.
Sutiah, Muhaimin and Prabowo,SugengListyo.Pengembangan Model
KTSP padaSekolah Madrasah.Jakarta: PT. Raja GrafindoPersada, 2008.
UR,Penny. A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
https:perspective.pearsonaccess.comcontentresourceslearningresourcesrdpdf prd1351SK.pdf
. http:brrrexpresion.wordpress.comanalytical-exposition
.
http:dewaadivanwinata.wordpress.comspoof .
http:brrrexpresion.wordpress.comhortatory-exposition
APPENDIX 1
The generic structure of Narrative text Text 1
Reading passage untitled taken from Unit 2A in the English Alive textbook
It had been a tiring day I spent most energy I had to do school activities. Arriving at home, without taking a bath and had drink I
flopped down on the sofa in front of the TV. I started flipping through the channels and suddenly there she was. My jaw dropped open. It was
clearly written on the screen – that convinced me the video jockey was ArinNarendra. Those eyes and her pearly-white teeth. It was really her. I
jot down the VJ’s email address which also appeared on the screen. “ Does she still remember me?” I tried to convince myself that “she does”.
We were very close when we were also neighbor. She lived next door. I didn’t understand why her family suddenly moved without giving me a
chance to say goodbye. My father said it was due to her father’s promotion to handle other branch office in other city. Since then, I had
never seen Arin anymore, and I didn’t think seriously about it.
I couldn’t sleep that night, so I decided to email to her. I quickly turned on my computer. It was not easy. I spent two hours before I finally
found the words to write. My fingers were trembling. How relief I was when finally I read the word ‘done’ on the screen. The next was the time
when I was always been tortured waiting the reply from her. “Oh God, I want the time goes by very quickly”. I remembered when I made a silly
joke to make her nice face. I threw a stone toward her mango. After hearing the sound of thudding noise- the fall of the stone to the ground,
preceded by the sound of leaves rustling, not long after she came into the house feeling annoyed. And I?ha..ha..ha, I enjoyed this tense situation
behind the curtain of my house window. The next morning, of course I pretended knowing each other, and did a lot of school activities together.
No mention we helped and shared each other.
For two days, I checked my email every two hours even if I had to stop at the nearest internet café somewhere on high way. Then this short
e-mail this morning. “Dimas, how can I forget you? You are the one who threw stones to the mango tree in front of my house, just to tempt me”.
Start from her first e-mail, I get a lot from her. At least once in two days. We are close again. We are not just friend but more than that. We are
lovers.
Orientation
Evaluation
Complication
Resolution
Text 2
Reading passage entitled “Actor-like English Instructor”taken from Unit 3B in the English Alive textbook
Actor-like English Instructor
My English instructor was very handsome and charming. His styles in teaching make the students starred at him and keep away from
him reluctantly. I was one of his fans. He was very popular among the students. His personality is as nice as his appearance. He was friendly,
helpful, punctual, creative, and above all, professional. He always knew what he was doing in class. He looked like an actor. Thousands of girls
must have fallen in love with him, included me. It was the last meeting of my English class before the promotion test. Many of my friends said that
they were disappointed of not meeting again with Mr. Dion. Some of them, especially me were different. I myself felt blue, sad and uncertain.
Next meeting, different teacher would come to my class and not Mr. Dion anymore. He wanted to resign for his personal purpose.
A minute later the bell rang and Mr. Dion walked in my heart didn’t beat rhythmically. He smiled and said “Okay class, as I told you
before, this will be my last meeting with you. I am leaving for Malaysia for another job”. “Oh…Mr. Dion, take me anywhere you go,” my heart
cried out. “ And before I go I will give each of you a card. The card contains a message I want you to remember, OK?” He started distributing
small cards, each with a student’s name on it. Everyone was curious and excited.
“Tommy, Erlita, Emma, Iwan ,Dea…,” that’s me I took it quickly, and put it among the pages of my book. I didn’t know what to do. Read?
No I didn’t want my friends knew the change of my face, if his words disappointed me. I had not enough time to think about it. When suddenly
Mr. Dion said goodbye and shook everybody’s hand, including mine. His hand was very soft but his shake was really firm. Then he left.
“ Dea , my sweetheart I have tried to write my impressions of you on this card, but no word came up. I decided to say it personally, in a
special moment while having dinner. If you don’t mind come to ‘Gajah’ restaurant, tomorrow night at 8.00 p.m. let me know first if you will
come. Dion: 081227953332 the day after this number will be bde- activated”.
Orientation
Evaluation
Complication
I loudly cried. “ No, it’s too late. How stupid I am”. With tear falling down unbearably, I drove my car leaving my house hurriedly
without knowing where to go. Suddenly, I emember his other mobile phone number I got in the first meeting of the class. He mentioned it
unintentionally when Maya asked his phone number during the ‘ice breaking’ activity. And I happened wrote it. I dialed the numbers, and I
almost died to hear the voice from other side, “hello…is that you Dea?” “OH…
Resolution
Text 3
Reading passage entitled “Marriage Proposal” Instructortaken from Unit 6A in the English Alive textbook
Marriage Proposal
At most American girls, I have grown up dreaming of my wedding day. I pictured myself in a stunning, white gown, standing next to
someone who resembled Ken, the male Barbie. I would vision a crowd of friends and family that were there to see me enter into a never ending
fairytale. For some reason, I always left the most important part out. Which is, having the man that God created just for me ask me to marry
him.
I experienced a life defining moment on September 21, 2002. That was the day that John, also known as the most perfect person in the
world, asked me to marry him. The weather that day was so nice that it forced us to skip class and spend the afternoon sitting on the bench in
park. I did notice that John’s smile was little wider than normal, and I assumed he was up to something. I had no idea what he was about to do
through. When he asked if he could give me a foot massage, I was positive that something was about to happen. I went along with him, and
anxious to see what he had in store. About twenty minutes patted before he casually asked what was hanging in my dorm room window that was
facing by back. When I turned to look at my third floor window I read a banner that asked, “ Will you marry me?” wow I was in shocked. When
I turned to look at John he had pulled the ring out of his pocket and pushed it toward me. He anxiously waited for answer while I sat there
speechless. He finally interrupted the chaos that was going through my mind by saying, “well?” I stumbled across the words, “ Of course.”
That was such a great day. I knew, without a doubt, that this was the man that I am supposed to marry. This is the man that I will grow
with, spiritually, emotionally, and physically. Praise God for sending such a wonderful person into my life.
Orientation
Complication
Resolution
Re-Orientation
Text 4
Reading passage entitled “The Smartest Animal” taken from Unit 6B in the English Alive textbook
The Smartest Animal
Once there was a farmer from Laos. Every morning and every evening, he ploughed his field with his buffalo. One day, a tiger saw the
farmer and his buffalo working in the field. The tiger was very surprised to see a big animal listening to a small animal. The tiger wanted to know
more about the big animal and the small animal. After the man went home, the tiger spoke to the buffalo; “ You’re so big and strong. Why do
you do everything the man tells you?” the buffalo answered ; “ Oh, the man is very intelligent”.
The tiger asked; “ can you tell me how intelligent he is?”. “ No, I can’t tell you”, said the buffalo; “ but you can ask him” so the next day
the tiger asked to the man; “ can I see your intelligence?” but the man answered; “ it at home”. “can you go and get it?” asked the tiger. “Yes”
said the man; “but I’m afraid you will kill my buffalo when I’m gone. Can I tie you to a tree?”
After the man tied the tiger to the tree, he didn’t go home to get his intelligence. He took his plough and hit the tiger. Then he said; “ now
you know about my intelligence even you haven’t seen it.
Orientation
Resolution Complication
Re-Orientation
APPENDIX 2
The Linguistic Features of Functional Text
Text 1 Poster, untitled taken from unit 3A in the English Alive textbook
Text 2 Poster, entitled “ I Also Need Sleeping” taken from unit 3A in the English
Alive textbook
Message, to give instruction, warning,
or advice
Message, to give instruction, warning,
or advice Picture
Headings
Text 3
Poster, entitled “I need to grow and be mature” taken from unit 3A in the English Alive textbook
Message, to give instruction, warning,
or advice Picture
Headings
Text 4
Poster, entitled “Kids in Sports” taken from unit 10A in the English Alive textbook
Message, to give instruction, warning,
or advice Picture
Headings
APPENDIX 3
The generic structure of Report Text
Text 1
Reading passage entitled “Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP” Taken from Unit 1A in the English Alive textbook
Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP
Technically speaking, VoIP is method for taking analog audio signals and turning them into digital data to be transmitted over the
internet. Economically speaking, it’s a way of reducing the cost of a long-distance call to110
th
its current cost. How is this possible? Most phone lines use what is called circuit switched network. Once
communication is established, the line is kept open for the two communicating people until the phone is hung up. You pay for the whole
duration although you actually use the line for sending audio signals only half the time the other half you’re listening to the person speaking. In
addition, when speaking, there are intervals when you don’t say anything at all, for example when you are taking a breathe. With VoIP, the audio
signals are rid of these silent intervals, and then changed into one digital file. The file is chopped into small packets and sent over the internet.
While circuit switching keeps the line continuously. Open, packet switching opens the connection for a brief moment only when there is a
packets to be sent or retrieved. Furthermore, instead of sending the packets over one dedicated line, packet switching sends them through
different networks, each time letting the network find the least congested and cheapest line.
VoIP calls can be made from PC to PC using software Yahoo Messenger, Google Talk, Skype, etc.. A sound card, a headset, and a fast
Internet connection not a dial-up; there’s no charge except for the normal ISP bill. You can also call from a home phone using an analog
telephone adaptor, or from a special IP phone, with VoIP services from a VoIP provide; thus long distance rates are much reduced, and browsing
and downloading services are included.
General classification
Description Title
With lower prices and flexibility as the upshot, the VoIP services can easily win over conventional phone customers. In fact, more and
more phone companies offer, VoIP services to their customers, especially for business, for example, XL, Telkomsel, or Info Asia Telecom.
On the other hand, VoIP has a major flaw; reliability. VoIP phones depend on electricity, no communication. VoIP is also susceptible to
Internet problems like packet loss resulting in garbled voice, delay, viruses, and hackings. In addition, infrastructure and regulation in
Indonesia still hamper the development of VoIP and its providers. Internet access in Indonesia is still too expensive, not to mention slow.
Besides, government regulations restrict the linking of VoIP networks to Telkom’s.
Hopefully, in the future all of these problems can be solved so that customers can get the most out of this technology.
Description
Text 2
Reading passage entitled “Conversational Involvement” Taken from Unit 1B in the English Alive textbook
Conversational Involvement
In her book “ You Just Don’t Understand”, the sociolinguistic researcher, Deborah Tennen, discusses the notion that people from some
cultures value high involvement conversation pattern, while others value high considerateness patterns.
Many people from high cultures that prefer high involvement styles tend to when 1 talk more; 2 interrupt more; 3 expect to be
interrupted; 4 talk more loudly at times; 5 talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring high considerateness styles. Many high
involvement speakers enjoy arguments and might even think that others are not interested if they are not ready to engage in heated discussion.
On the other hand, people from cultures that favor high considerateness styles tend to 1 speak one time; 2 use polite listening
sounds; 3 refrain from interrupting; and 4 give plenty positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners. Most teachers of
English as a Second Language ESL in multi cultural classrooms have observed that some students become very involved in classroom
conversation and discussion, whereas others tend to participate only in hesitant manner. The challenge for the teacher is not to allow the high
involvement group to dominate discussion.
The cultures that Tennen characterizes as having high involvement conversational styles includes Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South
American, Arab and African. In general, the various communication styles in Asian cultures e.g. Chinese and Japanese would be
characterized
as high
considerateness. Mainstream
American conversation styles would be also be characterized as high
considerateness although it differs significantly from the various Asian patterns. There are important regional and ethnic differences in
conversation styles within the United States.
General classification
Description Title
Text 3
Reading passage entitled “Secretary” Taken from Unit 5A in the English Alive textbook
Secretary
Secretary comes from a word secret means being kept from the knowledge of others. From this word it is clear that a secretary is an
employee or official responsible for the secret of an office or organization. An office or other organizations need a head or a chief as
well as a secretary to its secretarial work. A good secretary makes secretarial work flow intensively and interworked correlation is created
among them. On the contrary, a false secretary well creates a disorganized atmosphere in an office or anywhere she is.
A secretary being employed in an office is different from that being charged in a society or other organization. The former is an
employee dealing with secretarial work for a particular member of the staff. It’s usually called private secretary. And the letter is an official
having charge of secretarial work for a particular member of a society, club, or other organization. It’s normally called honorary secretary.
The secretary
deals with
daily office
activities like
correspondences, keeping record, making argument and appointments for a particular staff. The secretary being employed in an office is completely
responsible for managing all secretarial work and distributing the work to the staff. In other word, she or he is in charge of handling office work
effectively.
General classification
Description Title
APPENDIX 4
The generic structure of Analytical Exposition
Text 1
Reading passage entitled “Friendster” Taken from Unit 2B in the English Alive textbook
Friendster
Friendster is a website on the internet that helps make friends. All you need to do is sign up, and create an account
by filling in the required data. It’s free of charge. Unlike most website, Friendster doesn’t sell people e-mail address, so you
don’t have to worry of receiving unwanted junk e-mail. Basically, Friendster works on the theory of six degrees of
separation, and if you added one friend, you automatically have accessed to all of the people that are connected to that
friend. From here, you an tap into a huge network of people. Fantastic Easy, cheap, but amusing.
First, a self-professed Friendster-junkie is almost like having a personal web page but with fewer hassles. Second,
teenagers’ opinions are usually ignored by the adult community. For this reason teenagers love the website so
much since it provides a source of creative outlet. You can write whatever you wish-even your life story, on your page.
Third, in Friendster, there is also bulletin board where you can post any notices or messages for your friends to see.
For those who are shy, Friendster is a good means of communication. In this cas, people tend to have a lot less
inhibitions when they remain ‘face-less’
Thesis
Arguments
From all of that, it can be clearly seen that Friendster is a modern media for all people. Especially youngsters, to
communicate freely without being hesitated of being humiliated by others, because we don’t need to show up our
personal information. For a quite person, you might learn it easier to talk to new people through messaging where you
true identity remains hidden.
Reiteration
Text 2
Reading passage entitled “Use of Formalin and Other Additives in Foods” Taken from Unit 4B in the English Alive textbook
Use of Formalin and Other Additives in Foods
The use of formalin and other dangerous preservatives in foods has been a serious problem for three reasons.
Firstly, formalin is not for human beings, but it is for biological specimen and experiments. Formalin in Biology is
a 10 solution of formaldehyde in water which is usually used as a disinfectant or to preserve biological specimens.
Thus, it is not for food preservative. Of course when it is used for food preservative, it will be very dangerous to human’s
body.
The second reason is that there is no tight control form the government. This condition make the people’s health is
really in a threat. When the control is weak and the use of formalin was spread wide all over the Indonesian regions,
and these days it has really happened, the citizens’ body will be badly contaminated with the poisons. Fish or food traders
still sell theirs products which contain formalin and dangerous preservatives. Can you imagine that our digestive
system absorbs the substance that should be for the human and animal corpses?
The third is that the difficult economy seems not to end. This can make this situation worse. We all know today’s
economy is very difficult. People buy daily products and fulfill their need with high costs. Things are getting more and
more expensive consequently, the food production cost increases. For example, the preservation process for fish will
be much cheaper if the producers use formalin. They know the danger of formalin, but they don’t care about the other’s
health. What is in their mind is only how to get profit.
Considering the reasons, we can make a conclusion that the use of formalin and other preservatives is really a serious
problem if it is not resolved immediately.
Thesis
Reiteration Arguments
Text 3
Reading passage entitled “Use Street Vendors: Survival Strategy or Entrepreneurship?” Taken from Unit 5B in the English Alive textbook
Street Vendors: Survival Strategy or Entrepreneurship?
In the cold early morning, Matra smokes a cigarette and drinks a cup of coffee before starting his day as a vegetable
hawker. In 10 minutes, he is ready to pedal his cart. He goes to the big traditional market in PuloGadung in
East Jakarta every 3 am. A jacket, a cap and a cart are the only things he has to accompany him. His wife and children
support him by blessing him from a village outside Jakarta. He lives in a modest boarding home.
As usual, he meets retailers selling fruits, fish, meat and chicken. Joking, chatting and bargaining are part of the
conversation. Having spent two hours there, he moves to housing blocks in KelapaGading sub districts. He screams
loudly, “ sayur, sayur….” vegetables, vegetables.. to attract customer. Sometimes he meets new people, but most of his
customers are the regulars who always buy vegetables, fruits, meat and fish from him. Interesting conversation often take
place between them.
Sometimes his regular customers owe Matra money, and sometimes Matra owes his customers there is trust
between them. Matra knows it is his opportunity to connect with his customers.
At 12 o’clock when he gets hungry, his stops at warteg and eats his lunch. He offers the stall owner his goods.
Sometimes they will bargain. A meal of rice, tofu and vegetable is his ordinary lunch. After taking rice for an hour,
he continues selling the product until 3 p.m.
At around 3 p.m. he returns to his modest boarding home. He cleans that cart and keeps the leftover vegetables in
the refrigerator provided by the boarding manager. He takes a bath and then chat with friends. The conversation continues in
the dinging room while they have dinner.
By 8 o’clock, he is already asleep, dreaming about his hope for life. And in the cold early morning, his starts again-
the ordinary life of a hawker living in the informal sector.
Thesis
Like Matra, most vendors living in urbanized areas are poorly educated and want to improve their lives. They come
from outside Jakarta, such as from Bekasi and Karawang in West Java, or Pati and Blora in Central java, and some are
weekly commuters.
Since they cannot afford to buy land in Jakarta, those who are already married usually rent a house, while those
who are still single share a room with other vendors. Research shows some vendors work for a boss and are
not individual entrepreneurs. They are given certain among of money as capital and no time limit in which they have to pay
it back. Most of them pay back their loan, with 2 percents interest, within a week, after obtaining a nap profit of between
Rp. 150.000,- and Rp. 400.000,- per 2 weeks.
Hawkers will also rent their vegetables carts from a boss, which is better for them as weekly commuters. Who will
take care of the carts if they go back to their hometowns? It does mean though they will have to pay interest rates
on their loan at the end of the week. If they cannot pay within a week, they will pay the following week. Those who can pay
will borrow money again. It is a recurring cycle, and Matra is only one of many who live it. He has been in the business for
10 years now.
It seems he and his friends have no other choice. There are no jobs for low-educated people like him, and Matra does
not have a rice field in his village where he could work. Fortunately, his neighbor and boss, who built up his own
wealth in Jakarta, offered him a job as a hawker.
Matra wants his children to have a good education and good jobs. He is ready to work hard, and by doing so he can
save at least Rp. 600.000 per month to deliver to his family. It is a large amount of money for people living in their village.
But for the hawkers who live with their family in Jakarta, Rp. 600.000 is not enough. Fortunately, they have
their own strategy to deal with hardship. Some of their wives open stalls or small shops, while others work as maids or
housekeepers.
There are lessons to be learnt from hawkers. There are many “Matras” in big cities like Jakarta. As vegetable
vendors, their work can be considered a form of self employment that the government should support by creating
incentives for them.
Reiteration Arguments
Thesis
Do hawkers know about the micro-finance credit scheme for small entrepreneurs? If do, why do not use the
government-funded scheme? Why do they prefer to loan money from their boss?
These are questions the government should answer to empower
small entrepreneurs,
in order
to reduce
unemployment in the country. Otherwise, their routine activity is just a survival strategy.
Reiteration
60
APPENDIX 5
The generic structure of Spoof Text
Text 1
Reading passage entitled “School Daze” Taken from Unit 7A in the English Alive textbook
School Daze
It was at the end of the school year, and a kindergarten teacher was receiving gifts from her students the florist’s son
handed her a gift. She shook it, held it overhead, and said, “ I bet I know what it is. Flowers” “ That’s right”, the boy said. “
But how did you know?” “Oh, just a wild guest,” she said. The next pupil was the candy shop owner’s daughter. The
teacher held her gilt overhead, shook it, and said, “ I bet I can guess what it is. “ A box of sweets”.“ That’s right, but how
did you know?” asked the girl. “ Oh, just a lucky guess,” said the teacher.
The next gilt was from the son of the liquor store owner. The teacher held the package overhead, but it was
leaking. She touched a drop of the leakage with her finger and licked it. “ is it wine?” she asked. “No, the boy replied, with
some excitement. The teacher repeated the process, taking a larger drop of the leakage to her tongue. “Is it champagne?”
she asked. “No, the boy replied, with more excitement. The teacher took one more taste before declaring, “I give up, what
it is?”
With great happiness, the boy replied, “It’s a puppy”
Orientation
Events
Re-orientation
Text 2
Reading passage entitled “The Zoo Job Story” Taken from Unit 7B in the English Alive textbook
The Zoo Job Story
One day a clown was visiting the zoo and attempted to earn some money by making a street performance. He acted
and mimed perfectly some animal acts. As soon as he started to drive a crowd, a zoo keeper grabbed him and dragged him
into his office.
The zoo keeper explained to the clown that the zoo’s most popular gorilla had died suddenly and thee keeper was
fear that attendance at the zoo would fall off. So he offered the clown a job to dress up as the gorilla until the zoo could
get another one. The clown accepted this great opportunity. So the next morning the clown put on the gorilla suit and
entered the case before the crowd came. He felt that it was a great job. He could sleep all he wanted, played and made fun
of people and he drove bigger crowds than he ever did as a clown.
He pretended to be a gorilla successfully. However, eventually the crowds were tired of him for just swinging on
tires. He began to notice that the people were paying more attention to the lion in the next cage. Not wanting to lose the
attention of the audience, he decided to make a spectacular performance. He climbed to the top of his cage, crawled
across the partition, and dangled from the top to the lion’s cage. Of course, this made the lion furious, but the crowd
people loved it. At the end of the day the zoo keeper came and gives him a rise of being such a good attraction. Well, this
went on for some time, he kept taunting the lion, the audience crowd grew a larger, and his salary kept going up. Then one
terrible day happened. When he was dangling over the furious lion, he slipped and fell into the lion cage. The clown was
really in big terrible situation. He was terrified.
events Orientation
Sooner the lion gathered itself and prepared to pounce. The clown was so scared. He could do nothing and he began
to run around and round the cage with the lion close and closer behind. Finally, the lion could catch him. The clown
started screaming and yielding. “Help me, help me”, but the lion was quick and pounces. The clown soon found himself
flat on his back looking up at the angry lion and suddenly he heard a voice from the lion’s mouth, “shut up you idiot Do
you want to get us both fired?”
Re-orientation
Text 3
Reading passage entitled “The Zoo Job Story” Taken from Unit 10B in the English Alive textbook
Nasereddin’s Coat
One day Nasreddin had been invited to the dinner party. He went to the party by wearing old clothes. When he arrived
in the party, nobody looked at him and nobody gave him a seat. He got no food in the party so he went home and change
his clothes. Next he put on his best clothes. He wore his newest coat and went to the party again. The host at once got
up and came to meet him. The host offered him the best table and gave him a good seat and served him the best food.
Nasreddin sat and put off his coat. He put his coat and said; “Eat the food, coat” the hosts and guests were very
surprised and asked Nasreddin; “what are you doing?” Nasreddin replied calmly; “When I came here with my old
clothes, nobody looked at me. Then I went home and put on my best clothes. I came back in my newest coat and you all
give me this best food and drink. So, you give food to my coat instead of me”. Getting Nasreddin’s answer, they just shook
the head.
Orientation
Events
Re-orientation
64
APPENDIX 6
The generic structure of Hortatory Exposition
Text 1
Reading passage entitled “Cash or Charge” Taken from Unit 8A in the English Alive textbook
Cash or Charge
“Cash or charge?” the cashier asks. “ charge, please,” Mrs. Delia says, giving her credit card to the cashier. Mrs. Delia
relies on paying with this kind of payment. She pays cash only when she buys things cost under Rp. 50.000, she has been using
credit card for years, and she never gets any difficulty with it. She keeps careful track of what she has bought by credit card.
She always checks that she doesn’t exceed her spending limit, and pays her monthly dues on time.
Credit cards have not only benefits but also risks. A credit card serves as legal payment. It is issued by a bank to an
individual for a set period of time. To become eligible or a credit card, we must usually have a bank account and meet the
required minimum annual income. Based on our income, the issuer sets a credit limit, which we should not exceed.
The most practical benefit of the credit card is that cardholders do not need to carry cash with them. Cards come in
handy. With credit card, we can pay for things in an emergency, without having to wait for our end-of-month paycheck. Besides,
most credit card services have insurance plans. If we pay for our airfare with a credit card, we are automatically insured against
travel accidents, not just on the flight, but during the whole trip. Some cards issuers offer purchase insurance. In case of lost,
theft or accidental damage of the good bought, the cardholders can submit a claim so that he or she will not be charged for the
items.
However, with all its benefit, having a credit card involves some risks. One is the cardholder’s tendency to spend more
Thesis
Arguments
Recommendation
money than he or she should, or can afford to. Using credit card as payment also means buy-now- pay-later. Actually, when you
use credit card, you buy on credit, which means that you have to pay interest. The interest charged will add up when you fail to
make regular monthly payments. Another risk is being overcharged: you have to pay for things you have not bought. In
this situation, you have to send in a claim stating that you did not make the purchase charged to your account.
Take a good care of your credit card. A damaged card may hinder the processing of your transactions. In case of loss or
theft, immediately call the 24-hour customer service. They will block your card and you will get a replacement. You don’t want
to be in spot when you are paying for something, do you ?credit cards are, indeed, very convenient as far as we use it wisely and
efficiently.
Recommendation
Text 2
Reading passage entitled “Be Always Alert” Taken from Unit 8B in the English Alive textbook
Be Always Alert
Recent studies have revealed that our approach to life determines the state of our health. Our diet, habits, personality,
as well as our environment are some important factors that can influence our health positively or negatively.
We know that our everyday choice of food is vital to our health. A poor diet of fatty foods, such as red meat, dairy
products, cakes, biscuits, ice cream, and food containing artificial preservatives, like canned food, may cause health
problems.
Eating too much can result obesity. The more overweight a person is, the more likely he or she will suffer from illness,
among others high blood pressure. People who lead an inactive life and don’t like exercising regularly are also more apt to
become obese than those who like jog, take a brisk walls, climb stairs, or even go disco dancing.
Bad habits, such as smoking and heavy drinking, can also lead to many health problems. A smoker’s chances of
developing heart disease are at least twice those of a non smoker. Smoking can also cause other serious illnesses,
especially lung cancer. For those who choose to drink alcohol, a little amount can do no harm. But a person who drinks
excessively could be prone to high blood pressure and strokes.
Much worse than smoking and drinking is an addiction to drugs. Since addicts tend to become preoccupied with the daily
ritual of obtaining and taking drugs, they often do not take care of themselves and may suffer from depressions, malnutrition,
infections, and diseases or injuries. Drug additions, can ruin person’s life, both physically and mentally.
Researchers also say that our personal character can have a significant effect on the way we live. Having an impatient, bad
tempered or ambitious personality can generate a lot of stress. On the other hand, a calm, patient nature will lessen the tensions
of life.
Do you feel that your life is an unending series of challenges? You may think that you have to keep on top at all
times; if not, things may get out of control. To get things done,
Thesis
Arguments
Arguments
you push things forward. You bring work home, even on the weekends. Not necessary You have to find time to take care of
yourself, to exercise, or to spend weekends leisurely with your family or friends to avoid getting stress.
And finally, our environment also influences also influences our state of health to some extent. We are bound to
get sick more easily if we live in polluted environment. We surely think if we are disciplined enough to lead a
healthy lifestyle, manage our life healthily, we have a good chance of being fit and staying fit for many years to come. If
necessary, we must be strict to our selves fighting for the desire that may fall us down to harmful situation.
Recommendation
Text 3
Reading passage entitled “We Should Change the Payment” Taken from Unit 9A in the English Alive textbook
We Should Change the Payment System
Nowadays, the payment gradually changes. Most people use debit cards instead of cash to make payment. They think it is
more effective, efficient, easier, and simpler. However, there are still arguments about the use of debit cards as a method of
payment.
Well, if use the card, you will say that the card is so practical. You don’t need to count meticulously how much you
should pay. When paying using cash, people are afraid of making mistakes in counting the banknote for both the payment
and the change. With debit cards, the mistake is made smaller.
Moreover, you should know that the debit cards are safer than money. Suppose you bring a lot of money when travelling,
if it was lost or stolen. You would be left with nothing in your hands. However, if you brought a debit card, you just should
phone the bank which issues the card to block it.
On the other hand, people who disagree on the use of debit card will say that its use is so limited. When you buy something
in a traditional market, or a vendor, for example, can you pay using a credit card? Of course not.
Another thing is that, if you want to use the card, you should make a purchase at minimum amount. If you make less
than the minimum transaction, you cannot make use of the card. For those reasons we think that the credit cards are not only
fully effective as means of payment. We should trace the incoming and ongoing money in our accounts. Besides, we have
to control our habit of ‘buying first, paying later’ habit. Otherwise, without being realized we are charged a lot. You
don’t have to use credit cards if it is not necessary.
Arguments Thesis
Recommendation
Text 4
Reading passage entitled “Japan’s Firm Develop Cars for Elderly” Taken from Unit 9B in the English Alive textbook
Japan’s Firm Develop Cars for Elderly
TOKYO: A Japanese carmaker is developing an electric vehicle that can help elderly drivers with braking and steering
by detecting slow responses and a lack of attentiveness, officials said.
Autech Japan Inc., affiliated with Nissan Motor Co. Ltd., aims to launch the Micro Utility Vehicle in Japan in 2006 in co-
operation with Tokyo University and other institutions. The vehicle would be equipped with sensors and cameras
that would examine movements of the driver’s arms, legs, and eyes and detect shortcomings in his or her driving skills. “It is
necessary to provide an easy-to-drive, safe means of transport for elderly people to enable their social participation”, Autech
and its collaborators said in a project plan. The number of senior driver’s is expected to surge given Japan’s rapidly graying
society.
Autech has already developed an electric-powered prototype one-seater, which runs at a maximum speed of 60
kilometers per hour. –AFP
Taken from Jakarta Post, Tuesday , May 5
th
, 2004
Arguments Thesis
APPENDIX 7
The Linguistic Features of Narrative Text
Text 1 Reading passage Untitled taken from Unit 2A Task 6 in the
English Alive textbook
It had been a tiring day I spent most energy I had to do school
activities. Arriving at home, without taking a bath and had drink
Iflopped down on the sofa in front of the TV. I started flipping
through the channels and suddenly there she was. My jaw dropped open. It was clearly written on the screen – that convinced me the
video jockey was ArinNarendra. Those eyes and her pearly-white
teeth. It was really her. I jot down the VJ’s email address which also appeared on the screen. “ Does she still remember me?” I tried to
convince myself that “she does”. We were very close when we were also neighbor. She lived next door. I didn’t understand why her family
suddenly moved without giving me a chance to say goodbye. My father said it was due to her father’s promotion to handle other branch
office in other city. Since then, I had never seen Arin anymore, and I
didn’t think seriously about it.
I couldn’t sleep that night, so I decided to email to her. I quickly turned on
my computer. It was not easy. I spent two hours before I
finally found the words to write. My fingers were trembling. How relief I was when finally I read the word ‘done’ on the screen. The
next was the time when I was always been tortured waiting the reply
from her. “Oh God, I want the time goes by very quickly”. I
remembered when I made a silly joke to make her nice face. I threw a stone toward her mango. After hearing the sound of thudding noise-
Specific Character
Adjective Provide
description
Verb Showing
Action
Verb Showing
Action Time
Connect
Time Connect
Adjective Provide
description
the fall of the stone to the ground, preceded by the sound of leaves rustling, not long after she came into the house feeling annoyed. And
I?ha..ha..ha, I enjoyed this tense situation behind the curtain of my
house window. The next morning, of course I pretended knowing
each other, and did a lot of school activities together. No mention we helped and shared each other.
For two days , I checked my email every two hours even if I had
to stop at the nearest internet café somewhere on high way. Then this short e-mail this morning. “Dimas, how can I forget you? You are the
one who threw stones to the mango tree in front of my house, just to tempt me”. Start from her first e-mail, I get a lot from her. At least
once in two days. We are close again. We are not just friend but more than that. We are lovers.
Time Connect
Verb Showing
Action
Text 2 Reading passage entitled “Actor-like English Instructor” taken
from Unit 3B Task 8 in the English Alive textbook
Actor-like English Instructor
My English instructor was very handsome and charming. His
styles in teaching make the students starred at him and keep away from him reluctantly. I was one of his fans. He was very popular
among the students. His personality is as nice as his appearance. He
was friendly, helpful, punctual, creative, and above all, professional.
He always knew what he was doing in class. He looked like an actor. Thousands of girls must have fallen in love with him, included me. It
was the last meeting of my English class before the promotion test. Many of my friends said that they were disappointed of not meeting
again with Mr. Dion. Some of them, especially me were different. I
myself felt blue, sad and uncertain. Next meeting, different teacher
would come to my class and not Mr. Dion anymore. He wanted to resign for his personal purpose.
A minute later the bell rang and Mr. Dion walked in my heart
didn’t beat rhythmically. He smiled and said “Okay class, as I told
you before, this will be my last meeting with you. I am leaving for Malaysia for another job”. “Oh…Mr. Dion, take me anywhere you
go,” my heart cried out. “ And before I go I will give each of you a card. The card contains a message I want you to remember, OK?” He
started distributing small cards, each with a student’s name on it.
Everyone was curious and excited.
Specific Character
Adjective Provide
description
Time Connect
Verb Showing
Action
“Tommy, Erlita, Emma, Iwan ,Dea…,” that’s me I took it quickly, and put it among the pages of my book. I didn’t know what to do.
Read? No I didn’t want my friends knew the change of my face, if his words disappointed me. I had not enough time to think about it. When
suddenly Mr. Dion said goodbye and shook everybody’s hand,
including mine. His hand was very soft but his shake was really firm. Then he left.
“ Dea , my sweetheart I have tried to write my impressions of you on this card, but no word came up. I decided to say it personally, in a
special moment while having dinner. If you don’t mind come to ‘Gajah’ restaurant, tomorrow night at 8.00 p.m. let me know first if
you will come. Dion: 081227953332 the day after this number will be de-activated”.
I loudly cried. “ No, it’s too late. How stupid I am”. With tear falling down unbearably, I drove my car leaving my house hurriedly
without knowing where to go. Suddenly, I remember his other mobile
phone number I got in the first meeting of the class. He mentioned it unintentionally when Maya asked his phone number during the ‘ice
breaking’ activity. And I happened wrote it. I dialed the numbers, and
I almost died to hear the voice from other side, “hello…is that you Dea?” “OH…”
Verb Showing
Action
Time Connect
Verb Showing
Action
Text 3 Reading passage entitled “Marriage Proposal” taken from Unit
6A Task 9 in the English Alivetextbook
Marriage Proposal
At most American girls, I have grown up dreaming of my wedding day. I pictured myself in a stunning, white gown, standing next to
someone who resembled Ken, the male Barbie. I would vision a crowd of friends and family that were there to see me enter into a
never ending fairytale. For some reason, I always left the most important part out. Which is, having the man that God created just for
me ask me to marry him.
I experienced a life defining moment on September 21, 2002. That was the day that John, also known as the most perfect person in the
world, asked me to marry him. The weather that day was so nice that
it forced us to skip class and spend the afternoon sitting on the bench
in park. I did notice that John’s smile was little wider than normal, and I assumed he was up to something. I had no idea what he was about to
do through. When he asked if he could give me a foot massage, I was
positive that something was about to happen. I went along with him,
and anxious to see what he had in store. About twenty minutes patted
before he casually asked what was hanging in my dorm room
window that was facing by back. When I turned to look at my third
floor window I read a banner that asked, “ Will you marry me?” wow
I was in shocked. When I turned to look at John he had pulled the ring
out of his pocket and pushed it toward me. He anxiously waited
for answer while I sat there speechless. He finally interrupted the
Verb Showing
Action Specific
Character
Adjective Provide
description
Time Connect
Specific Character
Time Connect
Verb Showing
Action
Time Connect
+ ,
chaos that was going through my mind by saying, “well?” I stumbled across the words, “ Of course.”
That was such a great day. I knew, without a doubt, that this was the man that I am supposed to marry. This is the man that I will grow
with, spiritually, emotionally, and physically. Praise God for sending such a wonderful person into my life.
-
Text 4 Reading passage entitled “The Smartest Animal” taken from
Unit 6B Task 8 in the English Alivetextbook
The Smartest Animal
Once there was a farmer from Laos. Every morning and every evening
, he ploughed his field with his buffalo. One day, a tiger saw
the farmer and his buffalo working in the field. The tiger was very
surprised
to see a big animal listening to a small animal. The tiger wanted to know more about the big animal and the small animal. After
the man went home, the tiger spoke to the buffalo; “You’re so big and strong. Why do you do everything the man tells you?” the buffalo
answered;“Oh, the man is very intelligent”. The tiger asked; “can you tell me how intelligent he is?”“No, I
can’t tell you”, said the buffalo; “but you can ask him” so the next day
the tiger asked to the man; “can I see your intelligence?” but the man answered; “it at home”. “Can you go and get it?” asked the tiger.
“Yes” said the man; “but I’m afraid you will kill my buffalo when I’m gone. Can I tie you to a tree?”
After the man tied the tiger to the tree, he didn’t go home to get his intelligence. He took his plough and hit the tiger. Then he said; “now
you know about my intelligence even you haven’t seen it.
Adjective Provide
description Specific
Character Verb
Showing Action
Time Connect
. .
APPENDIX 8
The Linguistic Features of Functional Text
Text 1 Poster, untitled taken from unit 3A Task 7 in the English Alive textbook
Text 2 Poster, entitled “ I Also Need Sleeping” taken from unit 3A Task 7 in
the English Alive textbook Present tense
Imperative sentence
Imperativ e sentence
Present tense
Text 3
Poster, entitled “I need to grow and be mature” taken from unit 3A Task 8 in the English Alive textbook
Present tense
Imperative sentence
0 1
Text 3
Poster, entitled “I need to grow and be mature” taken from unit 10A Task 9 in the English Alive textbook
Present tense Imperative
sentence
80
APPENDIX 9
The Linguistic Features of Report Text
Text 1 Reading passage entitled “Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP”
taken from Unit 1A Task 16 in the English Alive textbook
Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP
Technically speaking, VoIP is method for taking analog audio signals
and turning them into digital data to be transmitted over the internet. Economically speaking, it’s a way of reducing the cost of a long-distance
call to110
th
its current cost. How is this possible? Most phone lines use what is called circuit switched network. Once communication is
established, the line is kept open for the two communicating people until
the phone is hung up. You pay for the whole duration although you
actually use the line for sending audio signals only half the time the other
half you’re listening to the person speaking. In addition, when
speaking, there are intervals when you don’t say anything at all, for example when you are taking a breathe. With VoIP, the audio signals are
rid of these silent intervals, and then changed into one digital file. The file is chopped into small packets and sent over the internet. While circuit
switching keeps the line continuously. Open, packet switching opens the connection for a brief moment only when there is a packets to be sent or
retrieved. Furthermore, instead of sending the packets over one
Introduce General
Aspect
Using Simple Present Tense
Logical Connection
dedicated line, packet switching sends them through different networks,
each time letting the network find the least congested and cheapest line. VoIP calls can be made from PC to PC using software Yahoo
Messenger, Google Talk, Skype, etc.. A sound card, a headset, and a fast Internet connection not a dial-up; there’s no charge except for the
normal ISP bill. You can also call from a home phone using an analog telephone adaptor, or from a special IP phone, with VoIP services from a
VoIP provide; thus long distance rates are much reduced, and browsing and downloading services are included.
With lower prices and flexibility as the upshot, the VoIP services can easily win over conventional phone customers. In fact, more and more
phone companies offer, VoIP services to their customers, especially for business, for example, XL, Telkomsel, or Info Asia Telecom.
On the other hand , VoIP has a major flaw; reliability. VoIP phones
depend on electricity, no communication. VoIP is also susceptible to
Internet problems like packet loss resulting in garbled voice, delay, viruses, and hackings. In addition, infrastructure and regulation in
Indonesia still hamper the development of VoIP and its providers. Internet access in Indonesia is still too expensive, not to mention slow.
Besides, government regulations restrict the linking of VoIP networks to
Telkom’s. Hopefully, in the future all of these problems can be solved so that
customers can get the most out of this technology.
Using Simple Present Tense
Logical Connection
Text 2 Reading passage entitled “Voice Conversational Involvement”
taken from Unit 1B Task 15 in the English Alive textbook
Conversational Involvement
In her book “You Just Don’t Understand”, the sociolinguistic
researcher, Deborah Tennen, discussesthe notion that people from some cultures value high involvement conversation pattern, while others
value high considerateness patterns.
Many people from high cultures that prefer high involvement styles
tend to when 1 talk more; 2 interrupt more; 3 expect to be
interrupted; 4 talk more loudly at times; 5 talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring high considerateness styles. Many high
involvement speakers enjoy arguments and might even think that others are not interested if they are not ready to engage in heated discussion.
On the other hand , people from cultures that favor high
considerateness styles tend to 1 speak one time; 2 use polite listening sounds; 3 refrain from interrupting; and 4 give plenty positive and
respectful responses to their conversation partners. Most teachers of English as a Second Language ESL in multi cultural classrooms have
observed that some students become very involved in classroom conversation and discussion, whereas others tend to participate only in
hesitant manner. The challenge for the teacher is not to allow the high involvement group to dominate discussion.
Introduce General
Aspect
Using Simple Present Tense
Logical Connection
The cultures that Tennen characterizes as having high involvement conversational styles includes Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South
American, Arab and African. In general, the various communication styles in Asian cultures e.g. Chinese and Japanese would be
characterized as
high considerateness.
Mainstream American
conversation styles would be also is characterized as high considerateness although it differs significantly from the various Asian patterns. There are
important regional and ethnic differences in conversation styles within the United States.
Text 3 Reading passage entitled “Secretary” taken from Unit 5A Task
18 in the English Alive textbook
Secretary
Secretary comes from a word secret means being kept from the
knowledge of others. From this word it is clear that a secretary is an employee or official responsible for the secret of an office or
organization. An office or other organizations need a head or a chief as well as a secretary to its secretarial work. A good secretary makes
secretarial work flow intensively and interworked correlation is created
among them. On the contrary, a false secretary well creates a
disorganized atmosphere in an office or anywhere she is. A secretary being employed in an office is different from that being
charged in a society or other organization. The former is an employee dealing with secretarial work for a particular member of the staff. It’s
usually called private secretary. And the letter is an official having charge of secretarial work for a particular member of a society, club, or other
organization. It’s normally called honorary secretary.
The secretary deals with daily office activities like correspondences,
keeping record, making argument and appointments for a particular staff. The secretary being employed in an office is completely responsible for
managing all secretarial work and distributing the work to the staff. In other word
, she or he is in charge of handling office work effectively.
Introduce General
Aspect
Using Simple Present Tense
Logical Connection
85
APPENDIX 10
The Linguistic Features of Analytical Exposition
Text 1 Reading passage entitled “Friendster” taken from Unit 2B Task
9 in the English Alive textbook
Friendster Friendster
is a website on the internet that helps make friends. All
you need to do is sign up, and create an account by filling in the required
data. It’s free of charge. Unlike most website, Friendster doesn’t sell
people e-mail address, so you don’t have to worry of receiving
unwanted junk e-mail. Basically, Friendster works on the theory of six degrees of separation, and if you added one friend, you automatically
have accessed to all of the people that are connected to that friend. From here, you can tapinto a huge network of people. Fantastic Easy, cheap,
but amusing.
First , a self-professed Friendster-junkie is almost like having a
personal web page but with fewer hassles. Second, teenagers’ opinions are usually ignored by the adult community
. For this reason teenagers love the website so much since it provides a source of creative outlet. You
can write whatever you wish-even your life story, on your page.
Third , in Friendster, there is also bulletin board where you can post
any notices or messages for your friends to see. For those who are shy,
Friendster is a good means of communication. In this case, people tend to have
a lot less inhibitions when they remain ‘face-less’
General Aspect
Action Verbs
Modal verbs
adverb s
Connectives Thinking
verbs
Thinking verbs
From all of that , it can be clearly seen that Friendster is a modern
media for all people. Especially youngsters, to communicate freely without being hesitated of being humiliated by others, because we don’t
need to show up our personal information. For a quite person, you might learn
it easier to talk to new people through messaging where you true identity remains hidden.
Connectives
Modal verbs
adverb s
Text 2 Reading passage entitled “Use of Formalin and other Additives in
Foods” taken from Unit 4B Task 18 in the English Alive textbook
Use of Formalin and other Additives in Foods
The use of formalin and other dangerous preservatives in foods has
been a serious problem for three reasons.
Firstly , formalin is not for human beings, but it is for biological
specimen and experiments. Formalin in Biology is a 10 solution of formaldehyde in water which is usually used as a disinfectant or to
preserve biological specimens. Thus, it is not for food preservative. Of
course when it is used for food preservative, it will be very dangerous to
human’s body.
The second reason is that there is no tight control form the
government. This condition make the people’s health is really in a threat. When the control is weak and the use of formalin was spread wide all
over the Indonesian regions, and these days it has really happened, the citizens’ body will be badly
contaminated with the poisons. Fish or food traders still sell their products which contain formalin and dangerous
preservatives. Can you imagine that our digestive system absorbs the substance that should be for the human and animal corpses?
The third is that the difficult economy seems not to end. This can
make this situation worse. We all know today’s economy is very
difficult. People buy daily products and fulfill their need with high costs. Things are getting more and more expensive consequently, the food
production cost increases. For example, the preservation process for fish will be much cheaper if the producers use formalin. They know the
General Aspect
Connectives
Modal verbs
danger of formalin, but they don’t care about the other’s health. What is in their mind is only how to get profit.
Considering the reasons, we can make a conclusion
that the use of formalin and other preservatives is really a serious problem if it is not
resolved immediately.
Thinking verbs
Text 3 Reading passage entitled “Street Vendors: Survival Strategy or Entrepreneurship?”
taken from Unit 5B Task 12 in the English Alive textbook
Street Vendors: Survival Strategy or Entrepreneurship?
In the cold early morning, Matra smokes a cigarette and drinks a cup
of coffee before starting his day as a vegetable hawker. In 10 minutes, he is ready to pedal his cart.
He goes to the big traditional market in PuloGadung in East Jakarta every 3 am. A jacket, a cap and a cart are the only things he has to
accompany him. His wife and children support him by blessing him from a village outside Jakarta. He lives in a modest boarding home.
As usual, he meets retailers selling fruits, fish, meat and chicken. Joking, chatting and bargaining are part of the conversation. Having spent
two hours there, he moves to housing blocks in KelapaGading sub districts. He screams loudly, “ sayur, sayur….” vegetables, vegetables..
to attract customer. Sometimes he meets new people, but most of his customers are the regulars who always buy vegetables, fruits, meat and
fish from him. Interesting conversation often take place between them.
Sometimes his regular customers owe Matra money, and sometimes Matra owes his customers there is trust between them. Matra knows it is
his opportunity to connect with his customers. At 12 o’clock when he gets hungry, his stops at warteg and eats his
lunch. He offers the stall owner his goods. Sometimes they will bargain. A meal of rice, tofu and vegetable is his ordinary lunch. After taking rice
for an hour, he continues selling the product until 3 p.m.
At around 3 p.m. he returns to his modest boarding home. He cleans that cart and keeps the leftover vegetables in the refrigerator provided by
the boarding manager. He takes a bath and then chat with friends. The conversation continues in the dinging room while they have dinner.
By 8 o’clock, he is already asleep, dreaming about his hope for life. And in the cold early morning, his starts again-the ordinary life of a
hawker living in the informal sector. Like Matra, most vendors living in urbanized areas are poorly
educated and want to improve their lives. They come from outside Jakarta, such as from Bekasi and Karawang in West Java, or Pati and
Blora in Central java, and some are weekly commuters.
General Aspect
2 3
Since they cannot afford to buy land in Jakarta, those who are already married usually rent a house, while those who are still single share a room
with other vendors.
Research shows some vendors work for a boss and are not individual
entrepreneurs. They are given certain among of money as capital and no time limit in which they have to pay it back. Most of them pay back their
loan, with 2 percents interest, within a week, after obtaining a nap profit of between Rp. 150.000,- and Rp. 400.000,- per 2 weeks.
Hawkers will also rent their vegetables carts from a boss, which is
better for them as weekly commuters. Who will take care of the carts if they go back to their hometowns?
It does mean though they will have to pay interest rates on their loan at
the end of the week. If they cannot pay within a week, they will pay the following week. Those who can pay will borrow money again. It is a
recurring cycle, and Matra is only one of many who live it. He has been in the business for 10 years now.
It seems he and his friends have no other choice . There are no jobs
for low-educated people like him, and Matra does not have a rice field in his village where he could work. Fortunately, his neighbor and boss, who
built up his own wealth in Jakarta, offered him a job as a hawker.
Matra wants his children to have a good education and good jobs. He is ready to work hard, and by doing so he can save at least Rp. 600.000
per month to deliver to his family. It is a large amount of money for people living in their village.
But for the hawkers who live with their family in Jakarta, Rp. 600.000 is not enough. Fortunately, they have their own strategy to deal with
hardship. Some of their wives open stalls or small shops, while others work as maids or housekeepers.
There are lessons to be learnt from hawkers. There are many “Matras” in big cities like Jakarta. As vegetable vendors, their work can be
considered a form of self employment that the government should support by creating incentives for them.
Do hawkers know about the micro-finance credit scheme for small entrepreneurs? If do, why do not use the government-funded scheme?
Why do they prefer to loan money from their boss?
These are questions the government should answer to empower
small entrepreneurs, in order to reduce unemployment in the country. Otherwise, their routine activity is just a survival strategy.
Action Verbs
Modal verbs
Thinking verbs
Thinking verbs
Action Verbs
4 5
APPENDIX 11
The Linguistic Features of Spoof Text
Text 1 Reading passage entitled “School Daze” taken from Unit 7A
Task 9 in the English Alive textbook
School Daze It was at the end of the school year, and a kindergarten
teacher was receiving gifts from her students the florist’s son
handed her a gift. She shook it, held it overhead, and said, “I bet I know what it is. Flowers” “That’s right”, the boy said.
“But how did you know?” “Oh, just a wild guest,” she said. The next pupil was the candy shop owner’s daughter. The
teacher held her gilt overhead, shook it, and said, “I bet I can guess what it is. “ A box of sweets”. “That’s right, but how
did you know?” asked the girl. “Oh, just a lucky guess,” said the teacher.
The next gilt was from the son of the liquor store
owner. The teacher held the package overhead, but it was leaking. She touched a drop of the leakage with her finger
and licked it. “is it wine?” she asked. “No, the boy replied, with some excitement. The teacher repeated the process,
taking a larger drop of the leakage to her tongue. “Is it champagne?” she asked. “No, the boy replied, with more
excitement. The teacher took one more taste before declaring, “I give up, what it is?”
With great happiness, the boy replied, “It’s a puppy”
Focusing on peopleanimal
certain things
Action verb
Chronological order
Action verb
6 7
Text 2 Reading passage entitled “The Zoo Job Story” taken from Unit 7B
Task 11 in the English Alive textbook
The Zoo Job Story
One day a clown was visiting the zoo and attempted to earn some money by making a street performance. He acted and mimed
perfectly some animal acts. As soon as he started to drive a crowd, a
zoo keeper grabbed him and dragged him into his office. The zoo keeper
explained to the clown that the zoo’s most popular gorilla had died suddenly and the keeper was fear that
attendance at the zoo would fall off. So he offered the clown a job to dress up as the gorilla until the zoo could get another one. The
clown accepted this great opportunity. So the next morning the clown put on the gorilla suit and entered the cage before the crowd
came. He felt that it was a great job. He could sleep all he wanted, played and made fun of people and he drove bigger crowds than he
ever did as a clown. He pretended to be a gorilla successfully. However, eventually
the crowds were tired of him for just swinging on tires. He began to
notice that the people were paying more attention to the lion in the
next cage. Not wanting to lose the attention of the audience, he
decided to make a spectacular performance. He climbed to the top of his cage, crawled across the partition, and dangled from the top
to the lion’s cage. Of course, this made the lion furious, but the
crowd people loved it. At the end of the day the zoo keeper came
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8 9
and gives him a rise of being such a good attraction. Well, this went on for some time, he kept taunting the lion, the audience crowd
grew a larger, and his salary kept going up. Then one terrible day happened. When he was dangling over the furious lion, he slipped
and fell into the lion cage. The clown was really in big terrible situation. He was terrified.
Sooner the lion gathered itself and prepared to pounce. The
clown was so scared. He could do nothing and he began to run around and round the cage with the lion close and closer behind.
Finally , the lion could catch him. The clown started screaming and
yielding. “Help me, help me”, but the lion was quick and pounces. The clown soon found himself flat on his back looking up at the
angry lion and suddenly he heard a voice from the lion’s mouth, “shut up you idiot Do you want to get us both fired?”
Chronological order
Adverb time or place
: ;
Text 3 Reading passage entitled “Nasreddin’s Coat” taken from Unit 10B
Task 8 in the English Alive textbook
Nasereddin’s Coat
One day Nasreddinhad been invited to the dinner party. He
went to the party by wearing old clothes. When he arrived in the
party, nobody looked at him and nobody gave him a seat. He got no food in the party so he went home and change his clothes. Next he
put on his best clothes. He wore his newest coat and went to the
party again. The host at once got up and came to meet him. The
host offered him the best table and gave him a good seat and served him the best food.
Nasreddinsat and put off his coat. He put his coat and said; “Eat
the food, coat” the hosts and guests were very surprised and asked Nasreddin; “what are you doing?” Nasreddin replied calmly;
“When I came here with my old clothes, nobody looked at me. Then I went home and put on my best clothes. I came back in my
newest coat and you all give me this best food and drink. So, you give food to my coat instead of me”. Getting Nasreddin’s answer,
they just shook the head.
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=
APPENDIX 12
The Linguistic Features of Hortatory Exposition
Text 1 Reading passage entitled “Cash or Charge” taken from Unit
8A Task 12 in the English Alive textbook
Cash or Charge
“Cash or charge?” the cashier asks. “Charge, please,” Mrs. Delia says, giving her credit card to the cashier. Mrs. Delia relies on paying
with this kind of payment. She pays cash only when she buys things
cost under Rp. 50.000, she has been using credit card for years, and
she never gets any difficulty with it. She keeps careful track of what
she has bought by credit card. She always checks that she doesn’t
exceed her spending limit, and pays her monthly dues on time. Credit cards have not only benefits but also risks. A credit card
serves as legal payment. It is issued by a bank to an individual for a
set period of time. To become eligible or a credit card, we must
usually have a bank account and meet the required minimum annual income. Based on our income, the issuer sets a credit limit, which we
should not exceed.
The most practical benefit of the credit card is that cardholders donot need to carry cash with them. Cards come in handy. With credit
card, we can pay for things in an emergency, without having to wait for our end-of-month paycheck. Besides, most credit card services
have insurance plans. If we pay for our airfare with a credit card, we are automatically insured against travel accidents, not just on the
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flight, but during the whole trip. Some cards issuers offer purchase insurance. In case of lost, theft or accidental damage of the good
bought, the cardholders can submit a claim so that he or she will not be charged for the items.
However , with all its benefit, having a credit card involves some
risks. One is the cardholder’s tendency to spend more money than he or she should, or can afford to. Using credit card as payment also
means buy-now- pay-later. Actually, when you use credit card, you
buy on credit, which means that you have to pay interest. The
interest charged will add up when you fail to make regular monthly payments. Another risk is being overcharged: you have to pay for
things you have not bought. In this situation, you have to send in a
claim stating that you did not make the purchase charged to your account.
Take a good care of your credit card. A damaged card may hinder the processing of your transactions. In case of loss or theft,
immediately call the 24-hour customer service. They will block your
card and you will get a replacement. You don’t want to be in spot when you are paying for something, do you? Credit cards are, indeed,
very convenient as far as we use it wisely and efficiently.
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?
Text 2 Reading passage entitled “Be Always Alert” taken from Unit
8B Task 10 in the English Alive textbook
Be Always Alert
Recent studies have revealed that our approach to life determines
the state of our health. Our diet, habits, personality, as well as our
environment are some important factors that can influence our health positively or negatively.
We know that our everyday choice of food is vital to our health. A poor diet of fatty foods, such as red meat, dairy products, cakes,
biscuits, ice cream, and food containing artificial preservatives, like
canned food, may cause health problems.
Eating too much can result obesity. The more overweight a person is, the more likely he or she will suffer from illness, among others
high blood pressure. People who lead an inactive life and don’t like exercising regularly are also more apt to become obese than those who
like jog, take a brisk walls, climb stairs, or even go disco dancing.
Bad habits, such as smoking and heavy drinking, can also lead to
many health problems. A smoker’s chances of developing heart
disease are at least twice those of a non smoker. Smoking can also cause other serious illnesses, especially lung cancer. For those who
choose to drink alcohol, a little amount can do no harm. But a person who drinks excessively could be prone to high blood pressure and
strokes.
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A
Much worse than smoking and drinking is an addiction to drugs. Since addicts tend to become preoccupied with the daily ritual of
obtaining and taking drugs, they often do not take care of themselves and may suffer from depressions, malnutrition, infections, and
diseases or injuries. Drug additions, can ruin person’s life, both physically and mentally.
Researchers also say that our personal character can have a
significant effect on the way we live. Having an impatient, bad
tempered or ambitious personality can generate a lot of stress. On the other hand
, a calm, patient nature will lessen the tensions of life. Do you feel that your life is an unending series of challenges? You
may think that you have to keep on top at all times; if not, things may get out of control. To get things done, you push things forward. You
bring work home, even on the weekends. Not necessary You have to find time to take care of yourself
, to exercise, or to spend weekends leisurely with your family or friends to avoid getting stress.
And finally , our environment also influences also influences our
state of health to some extent. We are bound to get sick more easily if we live in polluted environment.
We surely think if we are disciplined enough to lead a healthy lifestyle, manage our life healthily, we have a good chance of being fit
and staying fit for many years to come. If necessary, we must be strict to our selves
fighting for the desire that may fall us down to harmful situation.
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BB
Text 3 Reading passage entitled “We Should Change the Payment
System” taken from Unit 9A Task 8 in the English Alive textbook
We Should Change the Payment System
Nowadays, the payment gradually changes. Most people use debitcards
instead of cash to make payment. They think it is more
effective, efficient, easier, and simpler. However, there are still
arguments about the use of debit cards as a method of payment. Well, if use the card, you will say that the card is so practical. You
don’t need to count meticulously how much you should pay. When paying using cash, people are afraid of making mistakes in counting
the banknote for both the payment and the change. With debit cards, the mistake is made smaller.
Moreover , you should know that the debit cards are safer than
money. Suppose you bring a lot of money when travelling, if it was
lost or stolen. You would be left with nothing in your hands. However, if you brought a debit card, you just should phone the bank
which issues the card to block it. On the other hand, people who disagree on the use of debit card
will say that its use is so limited. When you buy something in a traditional market, or a vendor, for example, can you pay using a
credit card? Of course not.
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CD D
Another thing is that, if you want to use the card, you should makea purchase
at minimum amount. If you make less than the minimum transaction, you cannot make use of the card.
For those reasons we think that the credit cards are not only fully
effective as means of payment. We should trace the incoming and ongoing money
in our accounts. Besides, we have to control our habit
of ‘buying first, paying later’ habit. Otherwise, without being
realized we are charged a lot. You don’t have to use credit cards if it
is not necessary.
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EF E
Text 4 Reading passage entitled “Japan’s Firm Develop Cars Eldery”
taken from Unit 9B Task 13 in the English Alive textbook
Japan’s Firm Develop Cars for Elderly
TOKYO: A Japanese carmaker is developingan electric vehicle
that can help elderly drivers with braking and steering by detecting slow responses and a lack of attentiveness, officials said.
Autech Japan Inc., affiliated with Nissan Motor Co. Ltd., aims to launch the Micro Utility Vehicle in Japan in 2006 in co-operation with
Tokyo University and other institutions.
The vehicle would be equipped with sensors and cameras that would examine
movements of the driver’s arms, legs, and eyes and detect shortcomings in his or her driving skills. “It is necessary to
provide an easy-to-drive, safe means of transport for elderly people to enable their social participation”, Autech and its collaborators said in
a project plan. The number of senior driver’s is expected to surge given Japan’s rapidly graying society.
Autech has already developed an electric-powered prototype one- seater, which runs at a maximum speed of 60 kilometers per hour. –
AFP.
Taken from Jakarta Post, Tuesday , May 5
th
, 2004
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GH I
APPENDIX 13