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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter explains some theories related to the study. I divide this cha pter into four parts, namely theoretical review, theory of feminism, criticism,
and theoretical framework. The theoretical review consists of the theory of critical approach, theory of character and characterization. The theory of feminism is used
in this study because it deals with feminism. The criticism contains some comments about Andrews and her work. Theoretical framework gives guidance to
focus on analysis the subject of the study.
2. 1 Theoretical Review
In this part, I discuss the theories of literature to support and guide my analysis toward the novel. The theories are the theory of critical approach and the
theory of character and characterization.
2. 1. 1 The Theory of Critical Approach
People give comment on the work of literature in order to gain deeper understanding about it. They may express their response either in written or
spoken form. In this study, the critical approach is used in order to be the guidance in analyzing the novel and to gain a deeper understanding about it. In this study,
the critical approach helps to express the idea toward the novel. It also helps to get a better understanding a literary work, in this case a novel. According
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to Kennedy and Gioia 1999: 1932-1974,the critic toward literary workis not an abstract. It is natural for human to give response to the work of literature. They
also suggest that literary criticism is related to human thought, since it gives an opportunity to people to express their idea or critic on it 1999: 1931. The critical
approach will be the guidance in analyzing the novel. I use gender criticism by Kennedy and Gioia and feminist criticism by Humm.
Feminist criticism gives more adequate attention to women writers, a space to the women critic, and space to the idea of women theorists Humm,
1986: 4-5. According to Humm, feminist criticism shares three basic assumptions. The first is that literature and crit icism are ideological since writing
manipulates gender for symbolic purposes. This means that gender influences the writing style and the ideology of each gender can be seen from a literary work.
The style shows the ideology of each gender. For this reason, feminist criticism needs to include general interpretations of the cultural theory or ideology of each
individual writer 1986: 6-7. The second major assumption is that there are sex- related writing strategies. Men and women use language in different ways on
writing their literary work. They use different vocabularies and different kinds of sentences 1986: 7-8. The last assumption is that even if some male critics
acknowledge the first two criticism above, the continuing traditions of which it is a part, uses male norms to exclude or undervalue female writing and scholarship.
Showalter in Kennedy’s book states that feminist criticism can be divided into two distinct varieties. The first type is concerned with wome n as a reader.
This means that women is the consumers of male literary products. The
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second type is concerned with wome n as a writer. It means that women as the producer of a literary work with the history, themes, genres, and structures of
literature by woman Kennedy, 1999: 1960. This study is the second type of feminist criticism in which the author is a woman.
In this study, I use the feminist criticism because the growth of feminism cannot be separated from feminist criticism. It gives more space for women
writers to express their idea about feminism.
2. 1 . 2 Theory of Character and Characterization
Kategori