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a. Definitions
According to Dube, the term of ir ony “involves both an incongruity and
the opposite of what one expects” quoted in Koesnosoebroto, 1988 p. 135. Booth 1974 calls irony as the good mark on distinguishing a good literary work in
twentieth century. Similarly, Jay 2003 states that irony is a figurative language which creates the opposite meaning of the literal meaning. On 2011, Burgers,
Mulken and Schellens argue that irony can be defined as an “utterance with a
literal evaluation that is implicitly contrar y to its intended evaluation” p. 186. In
A Glossary of Literature Terms , irony is the root sense in making discrepancies,
or of a dissembling, what is revealed and what the case really is Abrams, 2012 p. 184.
Rockliffe 2006, pp. 28-32 in Tristan Corbiere and the Poetics of Irony explains that irony has classically been one of rhetorical trope
– though it is different from rhetoric
– involving a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant. Booth 1974 calls this is traditional verbal irony because it makes the
readers rejecting literal meaning of what is said. Besides, according to Booth 1974, irony takes place
because of “either some incongruity among the words or between the words and something else that he knows
”. Irony is not intended to hide the truth, but the texture of irony shows diversity of contradictory selves
which may exist in utterances. Rockliffe 2006, p. 38 describes irony as a transformation which is not
semantic because it does not change the meaning; but “as the matrix will always
have a positive or negative orientation, the transformation can consist ‘of nothing PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11 more than such a permutation of the markers, turning a mimesis which is normally
positive into a code of universal condemnation ”. As Booth 1974 says, irony
provides a new perspective as a reflection or looking back upon an old inferior one. Corbiere argues that in Rockliffe, 2006 p. 41, using irony, does not change
reality into a myth or just cover it with beauty, but makes contradiction of what his essence is, and expresses the resultant irritation with precise concrete meaning
behind. As Hutcheon as in Rockliffe, 2006, pp. 42, 48
points out, “Irony is a relational strategy in the sense that it operates not only between meanings said,
unsaid but between people ironists, interpreters, targets ”. This sort of irony can
be related to terms by Sperber and Wilson 1962 of which it is a quotation of existing material in such a way in expressing an attitude in relation to it, as well
as conveying something by the meaning. Irony itself is an indirect means of communicating and relaying an evaluation pp. 59-60. In addition, according to
Hutcheon, irony has “a cutting edge and thus an emotive force for it could affect
others through its use ” p. 49.
b. Types of Irony
Irony can be distinguished into verbal irony, dramatic irony, irony of situation, and irony of fate or cosmic irony according to Perrine 1974, p. 215.
As what Pettineo 2012 states as “the most common types of irony discussed in
textbooks or anthologies ” in his dissertation p. 7, it is classified into verbal irony,
dramatic irony and situational irony. Similarly, Arp and Johnson 2012 consider PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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