Adverbial of Manner in Indonesian

c Clause The clause of manner is introduced by exactly as, just as, for examples; Please do it exactly as I instructed ‘in the way that…’. If an as- clause is placed initially, the correlative form so, in formal literary English, may introduce the main clause: Just as a month is attracted by a light, so he was fascinated by her.Such examples provide a transition to the adverbial clause of comparison, introduced by as if, as though: He looks as if he is going to be ill. If there is doubt or ‘unreality’, the modal past is used: He treated me just as if he had never met me. Clauses of comparison sometimes show subject operator inversion: The present owner collects paintings, as did several of his ancestor.

2.3.2 Adverbial of Manner in Indonesian

According to Effendi 2004:59, adverbials of manner are acceptable to answer how an action or process is done, stated by the predicative verb on the declarative affirmative clause. In the following example, word or adverb phrase is acceptable as the answer to how bagaimana question, for examples: 192 Ekonominya berkembang dengan pesat a. Bagaimana ekonominya berkembang? b. Dengan pesat Word unit or adverbial phrase is acceptable as the focus contrasted with other focus in interrogative clause which stated choice quality of comparison. The unit dengan sopan in the following clause can meet this criterion. 204 a. Dia menegur bawahannya dengan sopan b. Apakah dia menegur bawahannya dengan sopan atau apakah dia menegur bawahannya dengan kasar? Words or adverbial phrase is acceptable as the answer of question which indicated by howmanner and it is not acceptable to answer the question stated by how instrumentmeans of how an action or event occurred stated by predicative verb in a declarative affirmative clause Effendi, 2004:66 Effendi 2004:68 stated that adverbials of manner in a clause or sentence can be realized by 1 word, 2 phrase, in the form of prepositional phrase or other types of phrase, and 3 clause. 1. Word Words that can realize adverbials of manner are lexical units categorized as adverb, adjective, verb, or abstract noun, whether they are in the forms of base words or derivational. a. Base adverb, for example, in 236, 236 Tiga empat orang di antara mereka langsung menyerbu dan mengurungku b. Derivational adverb, namely deadjectival 237-239, deverbal 240, denominal 241-242, depronominal 243, and departikel adverb 244 237 Aku cepat-cepat mandi dan bersisir 238 Dia sudah berusaha sekeras-kerasnya, tetapi tetap gagal 239 Tokoh itu terang-terangan menentang pemerintah 240 … keduanya berjuang mati-matian 241 Dia sering bekerja angin-anginan 242 Dia maju selangkah lagi 243 … terlalu kaku rasanya berjalan sendiri-sendiri, … 244 Lebih baik kuserahkan cuma-cuma kepada sembarang lelaki di jalan, …. c. Adjective, for example, in 245 and 246 245 Degup jantungku memukul-mukul keras 246 Mereka berjalan santai, … d. Verb, for example, in 247 and 248, 247 Dia tampil meyakinkan di hadapan peserta diskusi itu 248 Sarannya disampaikan tertulis kepada ketua panitia e Abstract noun, for example, in 249 and 250 249 Syukurlah, dia dapat bertindak kebapakan dalam menghadapi perselisihan itu. 250 Mereka menaggapi kritiknya kekanak-kanakan. 2. Phrase Phrase that can realize adverbials of manner are prepositional phrase with prepositions dengan, tanpa, secara, melalui, or lewat, and phrases of other types, namely adverb phrase, adjective phrase, verb phrase, or abstract noun phrase.  Prepositional Phrase dengantanpa This phrase is realized by dengan with adjective phrase, verb, adverb, or abstract noun as the head in realizing adverbials of manner. The preposition tanpa conveys the meaning ‘without’ a Preposition dengantanpa + adjective phrase as the head, for example, as can be seen in 251 – 253. 251 Dengan keras Kolonel itu memberikan perintah kepada semua prajurit yang berkerubung, … 252 Mereka terus menarik tali itu dengan sekuat tenaga 253 Dia mengambil tas orang itu tanpa sadar b Preposition dengantanpa + verb phrase as the head, for example: 254 Tangannya tetap kutahan, kubuka genggamannya dengan paksa 255 Ia memperlakukan bawahannya dengan pilih kasih 256 Petugas itu bertindak tanpa memihak c Preposition dengantanpa + adverb phrase as the head, for example’ 257 Berita itu harus dikirimkan dengan segera 258 Dia datang dengan tiba-tiba benar 259 Dia menghina teman-temannya tanpa terang-terangan d Preposition dengantanpa + abstract noun phrase as the head, for example: 261 Heni dengan kesabaran luar biasa meredakan kemarahan anaknya 262 Raja itu memerintah tanpa batas  Prepositional Phrase secara This phrase is realized by the preposition secara with adjective, verb, adverb, or abstract noun phrase as the head in realizing adverbials of manner. a Preposition secara + adjective phrase as the head, for example, 263 Sektor ini secara luwes dapat menyerap beragam tingkat pendidikan tenaga kerja … 264 Seorang teroris bersenjata, hari Jumat secara membabi buta melepaskan tembakan … b Preposition secara + verb phrase as the head, for example, 265 Negara adikuasa itu tidak berhak membawa secara paksa seseorang untuk diadili menurut hukumnya c Preposition secara + adverb phrase as the head, for example, 267 Secara diam-diam saya juga sudah melakukan riset tentang hal itu 268 Sindiran itu secara tidak langsung ditujukan kepadanya d Preposition secara + abstract noun phrase as the head. Adverbials of manner realized by the preposition secara + concrete noun phrase is not found, for example, 269 Seorang sarjana yang mempunya profesi bidang ilmu belum tentu mendekati masalah ilmunya secara keilmuan 270 Kedatangan tokoh itu disambut secara adat Bali  Prepositional Phrase melaluilewat This phrase formed by preposition melaluilewat plus abstract noun phrase as the head in realizing adverbials of manner can be seen in the following example. 271 Kemerdekaan dapat kita rebut melalui perjuangan hidup mati lewat  Other types of phrases The phrase formed by se- or demi as the unit of combination to realize adverbials of manner can be seen in the examples below. 272 … mereka bisa mendikte harga beli GKP sesuka hati 273 Para pemain bisa mengatur kondisi fisiknya sebaik mungkin karena … 274 Tapi… tiba-tiba suara menderu, mendesing, datang secepat kilat dari langit 275 Setelah kira-kira satu jam menunggu, kami dipanggil seorang demi seorang masuk ke ruangan yang terbagi-bagi 3. Clause Adverbials of manner can be realized by clause with subject detachment, preceded by the conjunction dengan or tanpa. The subject can be conveyed in paraphrasing adverbial clause as can be seen in the following examples. 276 Dia pergi ke sawah dengan berjalan kaki ‘dengan cara ia berjalan kaki’ 277 Lalu ia menghidupkan sepeda motornya dengan menekan starter ‘dengan cara ia menekan starter’ 278 Tidak lama kemudian rombongan pesawat-pesawat itu akan kembali mendarat satu-satu dengan melepaskan payung pengerem di ekornya … Effendi 2004:118 stated that, according to the realization of their forms and orientations, Indonesian adverbials of manner can be divided into three subtypes, namely Adverbials of Manner Agentive Oriented AmA, Adverbials of Manner Event Oriented AmE, and Adverbials of Manner Domain Oriented AmD. In this study, the discussion is only focused on the adverbials of manner agentive and event oriented since the data which indicate the orientation in terms of domain were not found. a. Adverbials of Manner Agentive Oriented AmA This type of adverbials of manner can be realized by words in various word classes, such as adjective, adverb, verb, or abstract noun; prepositional phrase dengan or secara of which the heads are adjective, adverb, verb, abstract noun; or other types of phrase namely adjective phrase, adverb phrase, verb phrase, or abstract noun phrase. Those words stating ‘feeling’, ‘thought’, or ‘attitude’ are considered adverbials of manner agentive oriented.The realization of AmA can be described as follows. a Words Adj. 427 Lalu dia bersiul-siul senang, seakan pukulan-pukulan yang tadi diterimanya sudah tak diingatnya sama sekali 428 “Kalau orangnya sehat, dia mesti takut”, katanya ramah Adv. 429 Tawanan perang itu diperlakukan sewenang-wenang V. 430 Semula Darman menjawab ragu Abs. N. 431 Untunglah dia dapat bertindak keibuan dalam melayani mereka b. Prepositional Phrase  Dengan Secara + Adj. Phrase : 432 Dengan gembira Dick mempersilahkan aku datang ke tempatnya 433 Aku dengan tabah mempertahankan kemurahan hati guru tari dari seksi Bali itu 434 Sementara itu, kalangan cendikiawan, gereja, dan pengusaha menyambut secara antusias pengunduran dari masalah itu 435 Surat wasiat itu ditandatanganinya secara sadar  DenganSecara + Adv. Phrase : 436 Dia bersikap biasa, melayani percakapan dengan tidak canggung- canggung 437 Dia secara hati-hati benar menyampaikan berita duka itu kepada orang tuanya  Dengan Secara + V. Phrase : 438 Dengan tidak ragu-ragu aku selalu membalas pandangannya atau senyumannya 439 Secara berani dibeberkannya kecurangan tokoh politik itu di depan umum  Dengan Secara + Abs. N Phrase : 440 Seharusnya dia mengatasi pertikaian mereka secara kebapakan 441 Apapun resikonya, tantangan itu harus kauhadapai secara kesatria c Phrase AmA can be realized by other types of phrases, namely: Adj. Phrase :Mereka berjuang gagah perkasa ketika mempertahankan kemerdekaan dari rongrongan penjahat Adv. Phrase : … mereka bisa mendikte harga beli GKP sesuka hati V. Phrase : Mereka bekerja suka rela demi kepentingan umum Abs. N. Phrase: Mereka menghadapi kritik itu kekanak-kanakan Words, prepositional phrases, or other types of phrase can be considered ‘simple forms’ of clauses which realize AmA as can be seen in the possibility of paraphrase structure. 446 a. Semula Darman menjawab ragu b. Semula Darman menjawab ‘dengan menunjukkan keraguan’ 447 a. Aku dengan tabah mempertahankan kemurahan hati guru tari … b. Aku, ‘dengan menunjukkan ketabahan’, mempertahankan kemurahan hati guru tari … 449 a. Mereka bekerja suka rela demi kepentingan umum b. Mereka bekerja ‘dengan menunjukkan kesukarelaan’demi kepentingan umum The adjectives realizing AmA in sentences are the adjectives which refer to feelingemotion happy, excited, enthusiastic, behavior or attitude friendly, brave, tough, doubtful, thought or cognition aware. The references of those adjectives are qualities taken as subjective ‘action’ as a reaction because of something or what happens in something Effendi, 2004:123. The presence of the preposition dengan or secara is not always with adjective or other word classes to realize AmA. This preposition is not considered obligatory to realize AmA in a clause or sentence Effendi, 2004: 125. The syntactic fact in terms of the presence of the preposition dengan or secara can be seen as follows. 457 Dia mendengarkan berita itu dengan gembira dengan sedih dengan resah The adjectives in the examples above refer to feeling. This reference can be tested by putting perasaan before the adjective Effendi, 2004: 126 i perasaan gembira sedih resah The presence of adjectives with the reference above is acceptable with the preposition dengan; however, it is not acceptable with the preposition secara. For example: Dia mendengarkan berita itu secara gembira secara sedih secara resah 458. Dia menghadiri pertemuan itu dengan sadar dengan tekun secara sadar secara tekun The adjectives in clause 458 above do not refer to feeling. The adjective sadar refers to cognition while tekun refers to mannerismattitude as can be tested by putting the cognitive pikiran and attitude perangai before the adjective Effendi, 2004: 127 ii pikiran sadar tekun iii perangai sadar tekun The adjectives can be presented with the preposition dengan or secara in a clause or sentence. Feeling or attitude can also be stated by adverb and verb. The occurrence of the preposition dengan or secara to realize AmA should be considered, whether it is appropriate to be applied in a sentence or not Effendi, 2004: 129 464 dengan menyesal saya terpaksa memberitahukan hal ini kepadamu secara 465 dengan mati-matian Suparto mempertahankan rumahnya yang akan secara digusur itu 466 Kami menerima tawaran itu dengan terpaksa karena tidak ada pilihan secara The verb menyesal in 464 refers to feeling. It can occur with the preposition dengan; however, it cannot occur with the preposition secara to realize AmA. Meanwhile, the adverb mati-matian in 465 and the verb terpaksa in 466 refer to attitude and they can occur with the preposition dengan or secara to realize AmA. From this explanation, it can be concluded that to realize AmA, the preposition dengan is acceptable if it occurs with adjective phrase, adverb phrase, or verb phrase in which feeling is considered their semantic feature; however, secara is not acceptable; therefore, this preposition cannot be applied to those word classes or phrases of which feeling is as their semantic feature Effendi, 2004: 131. To realize AmA, the preposition dengan or secara is acceptable if it occurs with adjective phrase, adverb phrase, or verb phrase in which attitude is considered their semantic feature. Words, prepositional phrases, or other types of phrases can be considered ‘simple forms’ of clauses which realize AmA as can be seen in the possibility of paraphrase structure Effendi, 2004: 122. 446 a. Semula Darman menjawab ragu b. Semula Darman menjawab ‘dengan menunjukkan keraguan’ 447 a. Aku dengan tabah mempertahankan kemurahan hati guru tari … b. Aku, ‘dengan menunjukkan ketabahan’, mempertahankan kemurahan hati guru tari … 449 a. Mereka bekerja suka rela demi kepentingan umum b. Mereka bekerja ‘dengan menunjukkan kesukarelaan’ demi kepentingan umum b. Adverbials of Manner Event Oriented AmE Adverbials of Manner Event Oriented AmE are oriented towards event, whether it is considered action or process which is stated by the predicative verb in a clause or sentence. AmE can be realized by a word, categorized as adjective, adverb, verb, or abstract noun, or b prepositional phrase with dengan, secara, melalui, or lewat as the preposition of the phrase and adjective, adverb, verb, or abstract noun which does not refer to ‘feeling’, ‘thought’, ‘attitude’ or ‘domain’ as the head of phrase; other phrase types, namely adjective phrase, adverb phrase, or verb phrase Effendi, 2004: 119. a Words Adj. : 530 Degup jantungnya memukul-mukul keras 531 Sementara itu, pendidikan pun melesat pesat Adv. : 533 Samar-samar diluar terdengar langkah-langkah menaiki tangga 534 Carilah buku itu secepat-cepatnya V. : 535 Mereka bekerja bergiliran 536 Wanita itu berbicara tersendat-sendat b. Prepositional Phrase  Dengan Secara + Adj. Phrase : 537 .. dan dapat kami lihat dengan jelas 540 Mudah-mudahan acara-acara seperti ini benar-benar spontan dan dipilih secara acak  DenganSecara + Adv. Phrase : 538 Surat itu harus dikirim dengan segera 541 Katakan saja secara langsung usulmu itu kepadanya  Dengan Secara + V. Phrase : 539 Tangannya tetap kutahan,, kubuka genggamannya dengan paksa c Phrase AmE can be realized by other types of phrases, namely: Adj. Phrase : 543 Dia sudah berbicara panjang lebar mengenai kasus itu Adv. Phrase : 544 Para pemain bisa mengatur kondisi fisiknya sebaik mungkin V. Phrase : 545 Dia berjalan tertatih-tatih sekali The adjectives, adverbs, verbs, prepositional phrase, and other types of phrases as mentioned above do not refer to feelingemotion or thought, and they are not oriented to agentive but predicate. The prepositions dengan and secara which realize AmE cannot be determined by word class; however, it can be determined by the intention of the speaker and the acceptability. The prepositions dengan and secara are used to indicate manner which is related to action or process stated by the predicative verb Effendi, 2004: 145.

2.3.3 Translation Procedure