THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH ADVERBIALS OF MANNER INTO INDONESIAN IN AGAINST ALL ODDS.

i

IN

AGAINST ALL ODDS

I GUSTI AYU AGUNG SINTHA SATWIKA

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

2016

ii

IN

AGAINST ALL ODDS

I GUSTI AYU AGUNG SINTHA SATWIKA NIM 1390161019

MASTER PROGRAM

LINGUISTIC PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

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Thesis for obtaining a Master Degree

In the Master Program, Linguistic Program in Translation Studies Postgraduate Program, Udayana University

I GUSTI AYU AGUNG SINTHA SATWIKA 1390161019

MASTER PROGRAM

LINGUISTIC PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

v

The Board of Examiners according to Decree of Rector of Udayana University, No: 1661/UN14.4/HK/2016 Date: April 22nd 2016

Chairman : Prof. Drs. Ketut Artawa, M.A., Ph.D. Members :

1. Dr. Dra. N.L.K. Mas Indrawati, Dip. TEFL, M.A. 2. Prof. Dr. I Wayan Pastika, M.S.

3. Drs. I Nyoman Udayana, M.Litt., Ph.D. 4. Dr. N.L. Nyoman Seri Malini, M.Hum.

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Saya yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini :

Nama : I Gusti Ayu Agung Sintha Satwika NIM : 1390161019

Program Studi : S2 Linguistik ( Terjemahan )

Judul Tesis : The Translation of English Adverbials of Manner into Indonesian in Against All Odds

Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah Tesis ini bebas plagiat.

Apabila dikemudian hari terbukti plagiat dalam karya ilmiah ini, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai Peraturan Mendiknas RI No. 17 Tahun 2010 dan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.

Denpasar, 24 April 2016

vii

blessing; therefore the study entitled The Translation of English Adverbials of

Manner into Indonesian in Against All Odds could be completed. This thesis was

composed as a partial fulfillment to obtain a Master Degree in Master Program,

Linguistic Program in Translation Studies, Postgraduate Program, Udayana

University.

In this opportunity I would like to thank Prof. Dr. dr. Ketut Suastika, Sp.

PD. KEMD as the Rector of Udayana University, Prof. Dr. dr. A.A Raka Sudewi,

Sp.S (K) as the Director of Postgraduate Program, Prof. Dr. Drs. Ida Bagus Putra

Yadnya, M.A. as the Head of Master Program in Linguistics Department, and all

of the lectures in Master Program in the Department of Linguistics for giving me

the opportunity to be a student of master program in translation studies.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to Prof. Drs. Ketut Artawa,M.A.,

Ph.D. as my first supervisor and to Dr. Dra. N.L.K. Mas Indrawati, Dip. TEFL,

M.A. as my second supervisor for their support, guidance, and advice in finishing

this study. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to the members of

examiners board, consisting of Prof. Dr. I Wayan Pastika, M.S., Drs. I Nyoman

Udayana, M.Litt., Ph.D., and Dr. N.L. Nyoman Seri Malini, M.Hum. for the

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My special appreciation of gratitude should go to my beloved parents and

sisters for the endless love and support. Besides, I would like to thank Restu

Sumaranama, Arnita Yanti, and all my friends in translation studies (2013

generation) for the friendship and the time we have shared together.

.

Denpasar, 24th April 2016

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padanan serta menganalisis prosedur terjemahan yang diaplikasikan dalam menerjemahkan adverbial cara dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia.

Penelitian ini merupakan studi kepustakaan. Teknik observasi diaplikasikan dalam pengumpulan data. Data dalam penelitian ini dianalisis secara kualitatif. Data penelitian ini diambil dari biografi berjudul Against All Odds dan terjemahannya dalam bahasa Indonesia Menepis Segala Rintangan. Teori adverbial cara bahasa Inggris oleh Quirk (1973), teori adverbial cara bahasa Indonesia oleh Effendi (2004), serta teori prosedur penerjemahan oleh Vinay and Dalbernet (pada Venuti:2000) digunakan untuk menganalisis hasil terjemahan dari adverbial cara bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa adverbial cara bahasa Inggris dinyatakan oleh adverbia, frasa adverbia, frasa preposisi, dan klausa. Padanan adverbial cara bahasa Inggris dalam bahasa Indonesia dinyatakan oleh adverbia murni, adverbia deadjectival, verba, frasa preposisi dengan preposisi dengan, secara, atau tanpa, frasa nomina, frasa adverbia, frasa adjektiva serta klausa. Selain itu, ditemukan bahwa prosedur penerjemahan yang diterapkan adalah peminjaman, literal, kesepadanan, dan transposisi. Prosedur peminjaman dan literal diaplikasikan untuk mempertahankan makna dan bentuk asli seperti pada bahasa sumber. Sedangkan, prosedur kesepadanan dan transposisi diterapkan karena terdapat perbedaan sistem linguistik antara bahasa sumber dan bahasa target.

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and analyzing the translation procedures applied in translating English adverbials of manner into Indonesian.

This study is considered as library research. In collecting data, observation technique was applied. The data of this study was analyzed qualitatively. The data was taken from biography entitled Against All Odds and its Indonesian version

Menepis Segala Rintangan. The theory of English adverbials of manner by Quirk

(1973), Indonesian adverbials of manner by Effendy (2004), and translation procedure theory from Vinay and Dalbernet (in Venuti: 2000) were applied in analyzing the translation of English adverbials of manner into Indonesian.

The result of this research showed that the English adverbials of manner can be stated by adverb, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, and clause. On this study, it was found that the equivalent of English adverbials of manner in their Indonesian translation is stated by pure adverb, deadjectival adverb, verb, prepositional phrase with preposition dengan, secara, or tanpa, noun phrase, adverb phrase, adjective phrase, and clause. Besides, it was found that there are some translation procedures applied, namely borrowing, literal, equivalence, and transposition. The borrowing and literal procedures were applied in order to preserve the original message of the sentence by keeping the form as in the source language. While the application of equivalence and transposition procedure was done due to the difference linguistic system between source language and target language.

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PREREQUISITE OF MASTER DEGREE ... ii

APPROVAL SHEET ... iii

THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vi

ABSTRAK ... viii

ABSTRACT ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of Study ... 1

1.2 Problems of Study ... 4

1.3 Objectives of Study... 4

1.3.1 General Objectives... 4

1.3.2 Specific Objectives ... 4

1.3.3 Academic Objectives ... 5

1.4 Significance of Study ... 5

1.4.1 Theoretical Significance ... 5

1.4.2 Practical Significance ... 5

1.5 Scope of Study ... 6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, AND RESEARCH MODEL ... 7

2.1 Literature Review ... 7

2.2 Concepts ... 15

2.2.1 Concept of Translation ... 16

2.2.2 Concept of Equivalence ... 17

2.2.3 Concept of Adverbials... 18

2.3 Theoretical Frameworks... 19

2.3.1 Adverbials of Manner in English ... 19

2.3.2 Adverbials of Manner in Indonesian ... 24

2.3.3 Translation Procedures ... 37

2.4 Research Model ... 42

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 45

3.1 Research Approach ... 45

3.2 Data Source ... 45

3.3 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ... 46

3.4 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ... 46

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4.1.1 English Adverbial of Manner in the Form of Adverb ... 50 4.1.1.1 English Adverbial of Manner Adverb Translated into

Deadjectival Adverb ... 50 4.1.1.2 English Adverbial of Manner Adverb Translated into Verb ... 52 4.1.1.3 English Adverbial of Manner Adverb Translated into Preposition

tanpa+ Noun ... 53 4.1.2 English Adverbial of Manner in the Form of Adverb Phrase ... 54 4.1.2.1 English Adverbial of Manner (-ly) Translated into Adverb ... 55 4.1.2.2 English Adverbial of Manner (-ly) Translated into

Deadjectival Adverb... 60 4.1.2.3 English Adverbial of Manner (-ly) Translated into Verb ... 61 4.1.2.4 English Adverbial of Manner (-ly) Translated into

Prepositional Phrase (dengan+Adjective) ... 63 4.1.2.5 English Adverbial of Manner (-ly) Translated into

Prepositional Phrase (dengan+Adverb) ... 67 4.1.2.6 English Adverbial of Manner (-ly) Translated into

Prepositional Phrase (secara+Verb) ... 69 4.1.2.7 English Adverbial of Manner (-ly) Translated into

Prepositional Phrase (secara+Adjective) ... 70 4.1.2.8 English Adverbials of Manner (-ly) Translated into

Noun Phrase ... 72 4.1.2.9 English Adverbial of Manner (-ly) Translated into Clause ... 73 4.1.2.10 English Adverbial of Manner as…as….Translated into

Adverb ... 74 4.1.3 English Adverbial of Manner in the Form of

Prepositional Phrase ... 75 4.1.3.1 English Adverbial of Manner with Translated into Adverb ... 75 4.1.3.2 English Adverbial of Manner with Translated into

Preposition dengan + Adjective ... 78 4.1.3.3 English Adverbial of Manner with Translated into

Preposition dengan+ Adjective Phrase ... 79 4.1.3.4 English Adverbial of Manner with Translated into

Preposition dengan+ Noun Phrase ... 80 4.1.3.5 English Adverbial of Manner with Translated into

Noun Phrase ... 81 4.1.3.6 English Adverbial of Manner with Translated into

Adverb Phrase ... 83 4.1.3.7 English Adverbial of Manner in Translated into Verb ... 85 4.1.3.8 English Adverbial of Manner in Translated into Adverb Phrase ... 86 4.1.3.9 English Adverbial of Manner in Translated into

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4.2 Procedures of Translation Applied in Translating English

Adverbials of Manner into Indonesian ... 96

4.2.1 Direct Translation Method ... 96

4.2.1.1 Borrowing Procedure ... 96

4.2.1.2 Literal Procedure ... 98

4.2.2 Oblique Translation Method ... 99

4.2.2.1 Equivalence Procedure ... 99

4.2.2.2 Transposition Procedure... 101

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 103

5.1 Conclusion ... 103

5.2 Suggestion ... 104

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 105

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Language has a significant role in communication among the nations in

the world. It functions as a bridge for connecting one nation to another, and

translation is considered to have the role in linking one language to another. To be

able to transfer the meaning from the target language to the source language, a

translator should equip himself with knowledge of the lexicon, grammatical

structure, communication situation, and cultural context of both the source and

target text. Larson (1998:3) stated that translation is basically a change in form.

Translation then consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,

communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text,

analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same

meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the

receptor language and its cultural context. In terms of the form of a language, it

refers to actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., whether it is

spoken or written.

In relation to translation, Nida (1974:3) stated that something which can be

said in one language can be said in another, unless the form is essential element of

the message. From this statement, it can be concluded that the awareness and

understanding the linguistic systems of the languages are considered to be

important in transferring the message from the source language into the target

Grammatical structure of languages can be considered a significant factor

in translation, for example, in translating a text from English into Indonesian.

Both English and Indonesian are different from each other, either on their

phonological or grammatical aspects. Concerning these linguistic facts, Bell

(1991) stated that languages are different from each other. They are different in

form of having distinct codes and rules regulating the construction of grammatical

structures of language. The lexical meaning of the source language and target

language will not be exactly the same. Besides, both languages have different

cultural backgrounds. Therefore, it is very difficult to find the lexical equivalent

of one language in another language.

Quirk (1985) stated that a sentence or clause may alternatively be seen as

comprising five units called elements of sentence or clause structure: subject,

verb, complement, object, and adverbial, here abbreviated to S, V, C, O, A.

According to him, adverbial is normally an adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, or

adverbial clause. Adverbials may be single words or phrases that provide

information about when, where, how, or why things happen. Adverbial can have

some variation in terms of forms, functions, or meanings. For example time,

place, and manner in clause or sentence can be stated by adverbial, and it can be

in the form of noun phrase, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, or clause, and in

general, the adverbial is capable of occurring in more than one position in the

clause.

Adverbial can be divided into some categories; one of them is called

adverbial of manner. In English, some adverbials of manner are formed by an

adjective, and the suffix (-ly), for example, quiet-quietly, careful-carefully, etc. In

Indonesian, adverb of manner can be in the form single word such as secepatnya,

sebaliknya, sepenuhnya, etc. Besides, it can be in the form of phrases. In

prepositional phrase it consists of preposition dengan, secara, or tanpa; adjective

in adjective phrase; or noun in noun phrase (Alwi et.al 2008:370-371).

From this explanation, it can be seen that word and phrase which

functionas adverbials can be in various forms and meaning. In translating the

adverbial stating manner from English into Indonesian, there will be some

differences in terms of the grammatical structure and lexical item since each

language has its own form of adverbial. Therefore, this research is necessary to be

done and it is very challenging and interesting to conduct a research on the topic

of the translation of adverbial of manner from English into Indonesian found in a

biography book of a Balinese prince entitled Against All Odds by Pucci (2004)

with its Indonesian version Menepis Segala Rintangan by Adidharma (2004).

The biography was chosen as the data source of this study because they

were typical compared with other biography. There are lots of variations on the

translation of adverbials of manner. The journey of life of the prominent figure

from Bali can be seen on these biographies since his childhood during Dutch

colonial period until he became the first doctor from Bali who worked for the

United Nation. The life of Balinese people, what they did on that period, and the

adventures of Dr. Djelantik in doing his duty on that period are related to the

1.2 Problems of Study

Two problems were raised in this study according to the background

mentioned above. The problems can be formulated as follows:

1. What were the Indonesian translation equivalents of the English adverbials

of manner in Against All Odds?

2. What translation procedures were applied in the translation of the English

adverbials of manner into Indonesian in Against All Odds?

1.3 Objectives of Study

The objectives of this study are mainly divided into two, namely general

objective and specific objective. Each of them is described as follows.

1.3.1 General Objectives

The general objectives for this research are:

1. to give more contribution to the references of translation studies

2. to enrich the perspective in terms of translation and linguistic structure of

adverbials of manner

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

According to the problems above, the specific objectives of this study

were conducted for the following purposes:

1. to investigate the translation equivalent of English adverbials of manner in

Indonesian

2. to reveal what translation procedures were applied in translating English

1.3.3 Academic Objective

This study could be considered a requirement for a master student in order

to obtain the master degree in translation. This study could give contribution to

students or researchers when conducting translation studies. This study would

encourage the students or researchers to apply related theories for revealing and

describing the equivalence and the translation procedure applied in translating

adverbials of manner of different languages.

1.4 Significance ofStudy

This study was conducted in order to give two significances; they are

theoretical and practical significances.

1.4.1 Theoretical Significance

This study is expected to give contribution to the translation studies,

especially in terms of the translation of the English adverbials of manner into

Indonesian. Theoretically, this study is intended to give clear explanation in terms

of variation of the equivalence and procedures in translating adverbials of manner

from English into Indonesian.

1.4.2 Practical Significance

Practically, this study is expected to provide significant assistance to the

translation research in the future; since the variation of the translation equivalence

as well as the translation procedures are deeply discussed. This study can be

considered as a reference to the researchers in order to reveal the equivalence,

English into Indonesian. Besides, this study is expected to give positive

contribution to the development of translation, as the part of linguistic studies

since the equivalence as well as the translation procedures in translating the

adverbial of manner from English into Indonesian is deeply discussed. Moreover,

the result of this study is hoped to assist those who need references in conducting

the similar research.

1.5 Scope of Study

Scope of the study is made in order to manage the discussion not to cross

the main topic; the scope of study can be formulated as follows:

1. The linguistic unit discussed in this study is limited to the adverbials of

manner only

2. The translation unit of this study is in the level of word, phrase, and clause

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS,

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL

2.1 Literature Review

Review of literature of this study is made based on several studies and

articles. Those studies and articles conducted by previous researchers are related

to this study. They are theses and articles viewed as references for this research.

From those references, it was found that some useful information can be used to

support this study.

The first master thesis reviewed in this study was conducted by Susana

(2013) entitled Shifts in Translation of Locative Prepositional Phrase with

Reference to Steve Jobs Biography. His study discussed the categorization of

locative prepositional phrases, the shifts, as well as loss and gain of information.

There were some theories applied in his study in order to investigate the problems;

namely, the prepositional phrase theory proposed by Quirk (1973) applied in

investigating the first problem, the second problem was analyzed by using the

theory of shifts proposed by Catford (1965), and the theory of loss and gain of

information proposed by Nida in Venuti (2001) was applied to discuss the third

problem. Susana found that the equivalence and shift of the locative prepositional

phrase could be depicted with tree diagram in order to find out the components

involved inside. In terms of the equivalence of English locative prepositional

phrase into Indonesian, he found that the preposition at in English prepositional

phrase may be equivalent with the preposition di and pada in Indonesian. Besides,

while the preposition from may be equivalent with the preposition dalam in

Indonesian. In his study, it was found that the shifts of locative prepositional

phrase occurred in the level of category shifts. The category shifts could be

divided into structure, class, unit, and intra system shift. It was shown in his

writing that shifts occurred because the process of establishing the translation

equivalence between two different language systems, namely English and

Indonesian. Lastly, he revealed that in translating locative prepositional phrase,

loss, gain, and skewing of information could occur.

Generally, the problem he discussed is related to this study. It can be seen

on how the form of prepositional phrase was described and explained clearly. The

prepositional phrase was discussed as well in this present study since adverbials of

manner could be realized by this phrase. Besides, the data of his study and this

study were analyzed by applying qualitative method and explained descriptively.

However, his writing and this study has some differences in terms of unit of

discussion. Prepositional phrases may form adverbials of manner, but his work

focused on those denoting adverbial of place. Therefore, this thesis is different

from his study. The problems of his study could be clearly investigated by

applying the shift, prepositional phrase, and loss and gain of information theory. It

is a good thesis; however, it has a weakness in terms of presenting the data

analysis. This study mentioned that the data were limited to the locative

prepositional phrase and it involved two languages, English as the source

language and Indonesian as the target language. Unfortunately, there were some

scope of his study. The data should be limited only to the locative prepositional

phrase in order to make the analysis more focused. Therefore, it will be more

easily understood.

The second master thesis that is reviewed here was written by Dewi in

2013 entitled Translation Technique Applied in Translation of Premodified Noun

Phrases in“Lalitavistara”. This study was aimed at finding out the kind of premodified noun phrase, the meaning equivalence, as well as the translation

technique applied in translating the English premodified noun phrases into

Indonesian. In her study, the English premodified noun phrases were analyzed by

applying the theory proposed by Quirk (1985), while the theory proposed by

Chaer (2009) was used to analyze the Indonesian noun phrase. Besides, the

equivalent theory from Baker (1992) was applied to investigate the translation

equivalent. In analyzing the translation technique, the theory from Molina and

Albir was chosen.In her study, it was shown that the noun phrases premodified by

adjectives were constructed by one to four premodifiers. The grammatical

equivalence was considered the only way of analyzing the meaning of those noun

phrases. From the result of her study, it could be seen that literal translation was

the most common technique used.

Dewi’s writing could support this research because her writing applied the noun phrase theory in order to explain the form or the structure of the noun

phrase.The application of theories from the experts and how she used those

theories on her analysis was necessarily known since the adverbials of manner as

study is different from this present study in some aspects. Her study applied the

theory from Molina and Albir in analyzing the translation technique in her study

from English into Indonesian, while this research applied the translation

procedures theory proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet from English into Indonesian

Besides, the unit of analysis of this study is different from her study. Her study

focused on the premodified noun phrase while this study focused on the adverbial

of manner. This is a good thesis and it gave contribution to this present study. Her

explanation in applying theories on her analysis was very clear.

The third thesis reviewed from Pendit (2012) entitled The Translation of

English Adverbs of Manner (-ly) into Indonesian in the Novel Breaking Dawn and

Awal yang Baru. This study was aimed at explaining the translation equivalence,

the translation procedures, and shifts of the English adverbs of manner (-ly). She

applied the theory proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet (2000) in Munday (2001) in

revealing the translation procedures in the translation of adverbs of manner (-ly).

In order to find out the equivalence of the English-Indonesian adverbs of manner,

the theory from Huddleston (1984) and Alwi (2008) were applied. In her writing,

she analyzed the shifts of adverbs of manner (-ly) by describing the lexicon in

applying the theory of shifts from Catford (1965). From her study, it could be seen

that the English adverbs of manner (-ly) could be translated into Indonesian in the

form of words, phrases, and clauses. In terms of translation procedures, the

transposition and borrowing procedures were applied in translating those adverbs.

The transposition procedures were proved because there were changes in word

procedure found in her analysis showed that the data were directly transferred into

the target language. Regarding to the data, it was shown that the data only focused

on adverb (-ly).

The study from Pendit (2012) was relevant to this present study and gave

much contribution because she focused her study on the equivalence of the adverb

of manner (-ly) using the theories from Huddleston and Alwi. It is needed to know

how she applied the theories from the experts and how it worked in her analyses.

This research was concerned with the similar topics with her thesis in terms of

revealing the equivalence and translation procedures of adverbs of manner.

However, this study is different from her study in some points as described as

follows.The data of her study were taken from novels, the data source was

constructed from 2 languages; they are English-Indonesian, while the data of this

study were taken from a biography book entitled Against All Odds. Besides, the

unit of analysis of her study and this research were different. She focused her

analysis on the adverbs of manner (-ly) while this thesis focused on word, phrase,

clause which stating manner in a sentence. Those word, phrase, and clause

provide the information on how things happen or done in a clause or sentence.

The difference could also be seen in terms of the problems of the study. In her

study, there were three problems discussed, namely translation equivalent,

procedures, and shift while this study discussed two problems, they were the

equivalence of English adverbials of manner in their Indonesian translation and

the translation procedures applied in translating the English adverbials of manner

Quirk, Effendi, as well as Vinay and Dalbernet, were used to analyze the

equivalence of the English adverbials of manner in its Indonesian translation as

well as the translation procedures. From this explanation it could be seen that this

research is different from her study.

The fourth master thesis reviewed was written by Saientisna (2011)

entitled English Adverbials of Time and Their Translation in Indonesian. In this

thesis, the theory proposed by Quirk, Alwi, Vinay and Dalbernet were applied to

analyze the equivalence and the translation procedures in her analysis. The

discussion of her study was limited to the analysis of the translation of adverbials

of time, and it consisted of word, phrase, and clause indicating times. The forms

of adverbials of time could be seen in her study, they were the adverbials of time

formed by adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, and also clauses. In the result of

her research, it was shown that the functions of adverbials of time could be

divided into three, they are: stating frequency, duration, and relationship in time.

Besides, in terms of the translation the literal, modulation, and transposition were

mostly used.

The study from Saientisna (2011) is relevant to this research because she

focused her study on finding out the form, meaning, and translation procedures in

analyzing the adverbials of time from English into Indonesian. It is needed to

know how she applied the theories from the experts and how it worked in her

analysis since this study also focused on the translation procedures used to

translate the adverbials. However, this study is different from her study in some

data source was constructed from 2 languages; they are English and Indonesian,

while the data of this study were taken from a biography book entitled Against All

Odds by Idanna Pucci. This book consists of two languages, English and

Indonesian. Besides, her study focused on the translation of adverbials of time,

while the focus of this study was the translation of adverbials of manner. From

this explanation it can be seen that those aspects made her study and this research

different.

Two articles were reviewed as well as those theses. Those articles were

considered relevant to this study. The articles discussed about translation in terms

of adverbs as an interesting topic to be discussed. The first article reviewed was

entitled “Adverbs in the Mussau-Emira Verb Phrases”. This article was taken from the Journal of Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea. This writing was

from John Brownie (2013). From this article, in Mussau Emira language, it could

be seen that the addition ofthe prefix /a-/ could occur with both nouns and verbs

resulting in a derived adverb. A derived form with the adverbializer prefix

/a-/attached to a noun could be considered an open class. For example,

korokorongana ‘strong, strength’ becomes akorokorongana ‘strongly’. Some

cases of the prefix /a-/ attached to a verb could also be analyzed as adverbs rather

than causative constructions. For example, toka ‘sit, live’ becomes atoka

‘enduringly’ or atoka ‘cause to sit’. These derived adverbs appear to function as

modifiers within the verb phrase rather than in the clause or higher level. Those

non-derived adverbs. It was stated that non-derived adverb functions within the verb

phrase.

Brownie’s article about adverbs in Mussau-Emira language is considered relevant to this study because this study focused on derived adverbs which

function as adverbials of manner. This study indicated that adverbials of manner

could be in the form of derived adverbs. In this article, the brief explanation in

terms of the derived adverbs, distribution of adverbs, and the variation of adverb

in Mussau-Emira language could be obtained. It could be considered his focus of

study, while the focus of this research was not only the equivalence of English

adverbials of manner in their Indonesian translation, but was also concerned with

the translation procedures applied to translate the English adverbials of manner

into Indonesian. Besides, the data source of his study was monolingual

(Mussau-Emira) while in this research; the data source is bilingual, English and Indonesian.

The second article reviewed in this study was written by Linquist (2007)

entitled “The Spread and Development of a New Type of Adverb in American and British English”. This article is concerned with the new type of adverb formed with the suffix-wise. In this article, it was shown that the adverbs were at least

twice as frequent in the spoken corpora as in the written. They were increasing in

both American and British English, and that the originally American adverb type

is now more frequent in British English. Its spread seems to be motivated by both

functional and social factors. In newspapers, a high proportion occured in

represented speech, and the major domains were sports, art and entertainment, and

some extent, has been generalized to adjectives and adverbs. In his article, it was

stated that adverbs formed by the suffix -wise have a long history in the language,

but in the past sixty or seventy years a new type of -wise adverbs, viewpoint

adverbs, has appeared, for example:

1. Cut in half and then in slices crosswise, brush with oil and season, then

grill for five minutes on either side. Alternatively, cut in half lengthwise,

brush with oil and season

2. His leg took nine years to mend, and he still walks a bit crab-wise

3. Football-wise we’ve been very good and in possession we looked strong,

but our problem is that we’re not performing well without the ball

In example (1), the adverb specifies the dimension or direction of an action; in (2),

the manner in which the action is carried out; and in (3), the point of view from

which the statement is made. The adverbs in (1) and (2) are thus manner adverbs,

whereas the adverb in (3), the new type, is a viewpoint adverb.

This article supported this research because his writing explains the new

terms of adverb marked by suffix-wise. Since the topic of this thesis is the

translation of adverbial of manner from English into Indonesian, this article is

considered related to this research. Generally, the English adverb was derived

from adjective and it was added by suffix –ly, and from this study, the new formation of adverb could be obtained, which it is very useful to this research.

2.2 Concepts

The concepts in this present study are really important to give the

make some terms and conceptions related to this research clearly explained. There

are some concepts used in this study; they are translation, equivalence, and

adverbial

2.2.1 Translation

The definitions of translation are made in different ways to express the

idea but most of them have similar idea about translation. Here are some

definitions of translation.

According to Catford in his book entitled A Linguistic Theory of

Translation, translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of

substituting a text in one language for a text in another (Catford 1965:1). He also

said that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source

language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language).

The goal of the translator is to keep the meaning constant. The receptor language

form should be changed so that the source language meaning is not distorted.

Since quite a different form in another language may express a meaning expressed

by particular form in one language, it is often necessary to change form when

translating.

Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language

into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first

language into the form of second language by way of semantic structure. It is

meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant. Only the form

Translation is defined as a process of intercultural communication, whose

end product is a text which is capable of functioning appropriately in a specific

context and situation of use, Baker (1998:118)

From the definitions of translation above, it could be concluded that the

focus of the translation is the process; it indicates how the translation is done by

the translator. Besides, translation focuses on the product, and this product is

produced by the translator.

2.2.2 Equivalence

The translation equivalence occurrs when a source language and a target

language text or item are relatable to (at least some of) the features of the

substance (Catford, 1965:50). It means that in order to get the equivalence in

translation, the item from the source language text which is translated into target

language text should be relevant to the features of the essence. Equivalence is one

of the aspects that should be well organized in translating the SL text into TL text.

Equivalence is taken to be the basis on which source language (SL) textual

material is replaced by target language (TL) textual material (Cartford 1978: 20).

The translation equivalence occurs when a source language and a target language

text or item are relatable to (at least some of) the features of the substance

Nida (1964:159) proposes formal and dynamic equivalence. Formal

equivalence: Focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content.

Dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of equivalent effect. The concern

of this translation is not to the matching of receptor-language message with the

2.2.3 Adverbial

Quirk (1973:12) stated that a sentence or clause may alternatively be seen

as comprising five units called elements of sentence or clause structure: subject,

verb, complement, object, and adverbial, here abbreviated to S, V, C, O, A.

According to him, adverbial is normally an adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, or

adverbial clause. It may also be noun phrase, and, in general, the adverbial is

capable of occurring in more than one position in the clause.Quirk, (1973)

concluded that an adverbial:

(a) is an adverb phrase, adverbial clause, noun phrase, or prepositional phrase;

(b) is generally mobile, ie capable of occurring in more than one position in

the clause;

(c) is generally optional, ie may be added to or removed from a sentence

without affecting its acceptability, but the obligatory adverbial of the SVA

and SVOA patterns

According to Quirk (1973) Adverbial can be divided into three classes,

namely adjunct, disjunct, and conjunct. Adjuncts are integrated within the

structure of the clause to at least some extent. It can be seen in the following

examples.

He spoke to me about it briefly. Disjunct and adjunct, on the other hand, are not

integrated within the clause. Semantically, disjuncts express an evaluation of what

is being said, either with respect to the form of the communication or to its

content, Eg:

They are probably at home.

Semantically, conjuncts have a connective function. They indicate the connection

between what is being said and what was said before. Eg:

We have complained several times, yet he does nothing about it If they open all the windows, then I’m leaving

Items can belong to more than one class. For example, naturally is an adjunct in

They aren’t walking naturally (‘in a natural manner’) and a disjunct in Naturally, they are walking (‘of course’). Adjuncts have some subclasses; one of them is process adjunct. Process adjuncts define in some way the process denoted by the

verbs. They can be divided into three semantic subclasses; one of them is manner

adjunct.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

The theories of this thesis were based on the ideas proposed by the experts

in the field of syntax and translation studies. Those theories are grammatical

theory which deals with adverbials of manner, as well as the translation procedure

2.3.1 Adverbial of Manner in English

Quirk (1973) stated that according to class of adverbials, Adverbials of

manner could be categorized as adjuncts. The example of adverbials of manner in

a sentence could be seen in the following example:

John (S) carefully (A) searched (V) the room (O)

It is clear that sentence or clause has a subclass of adverbials. Because the verbs

with which they can occur allow the progressive, the aspect of on-going activity, it

Process Adjuncts define in some way the process denoted by the verb.

Common pro-forms for process adjuncts are in that way, that way (informal), like

that. Process adjunct co-occurs with dynamic verbs, but not with stative verbs:

He likes them *skillfully

He owns it * awkwardly

Process adjunct favour final position, since they usually receive the

information focus. Indeed, no other position is likely if the process adjunct is

obligatory for the verb:

They live frugally They treated his friend badly

*They frugally live *They badly treated his friend

Since the passive is often used when the need is felt to focus attention on

the verb, process adjunct are commonly placed in middle position rather than final

when the verb is in passive:

Tear gas was indiscriminately sprayed on the protesters

Process adjunct realized by units other than adverb phrase often occur initially,

that position being preferred if the focus of information is required in another part

of sentence: By pressing this button you can stop the machine.

According to Quirk (1973) adverbials of manner can be realized by (a) by

adverb phrases, having an adverb as head; (b) by noun phrase; (c) by prepositional

phrases-that is, structures consisting of a noun phrase dominated by a preposition;

(a) Adverb Phrase

The adverb functions directly in an adverb phrase which is head or sole

realization. It was found convenient to refer to the syntactic functions of a

particular adverb or type of adverb, since it is generally the adverb that dictates

the syntactic functions of an adverb phrase._{The majority of adverbs have the}

derivational suffix(-ly). The creation of adverbs from adjectives by adding the –ly

suffix is closely related to the dynamic quality in the adjective, for example:

cheerful ~ cheerfully suspicious ~ suspiciously

jealous ~ jealously reasonable ~ reasonably

But it is not found in French ~ Frenchly, etc. it appears that –ly adverbs are not formed from typically stative adjective classes, such as adjectives denoting:

dimension: big ~ *bigly tall ~*tally

colour : red ~*redly blonde ~ *blondely

age : old ~ *oldly young ~ *youngly

Certain items that function as adjectives are also used to define in some

way the process denoted by the verb; this is a typical use of adverbs, eg: loud and

clear in He spoke loud and clear. In some cases, the adjective form and

corresponding –ly adverb can be used interchangeably, with little or no semantic differences, except that many people find the adjective form objectionable:

He spoke loud and clear /loudly and clearly Drive slow/slowly

The principal syntactic difference between the use of adjective and adverb

forms is that the adjective form, if admissible at all, is restricted to a position after

the verb or (if present) the object:

He slowly drove the car into the garage He drove the car slowly into the garage *He slow drove the car into the garage (?) He drove the car slow into the garage

(b) Noun Phrase and Prepositional Phrase

The structures of adverbials of manner realized by prepositional phrase are

formed by a noun phrase dominated by a preposition. Therefore, the structure

explanation of adverbials of manner in the form noun and prepositional phrase is

not separated.

Manner adjuncts are realized mostly by adverb phrases and prepositional

phrases, but also by noun phrase and clauses.

The phrase with way, manner, and style, as head tends to have the definite

article:

She cooks the chicken the way I like

in the /a way I like

As the above example illustrates, we can regard such phrases as having omitted

the preposition in. It is considered as part of inversed voice since the noun phrase

cannot occur by itself without the verb phrase; for example: I like the way cannot

An adverb manner adjunct can usually be paraphrased by in a… manner or

in a … way with its adjective base in the vacant position. Where adverb forms exist, it is usually preferred over a corresponding prepositional phrase with

manner or way. Hence, ‘He always writes carelessly’ is more usual than ‘He

always writes in a careless manner/way’.

Adverbs as heads of manner phrase adjunct are an open class. The main

method of forming manner adverbs is by adding a –ly suffix to an adjective. Three minor methods are by adding –wise, -style, or –fashion to a noun, eg: snake-wise, cowboy-style, peasant-fashion. With these forms, the prepositional paraphrase

would include postmodification; in the manner of a snake, in the style of cowboys,

in the fashion of peasant.

As means ~ agentive, the adverbials of manner realized by prepositional

phrase are described by the form: with, in…manner, like; as can be seen in following examples:

Manner: with, in… manner, like

We were received with the utmost courtesy The task was done in a workmanlike manner The army swept through the city like a pestilence

Note that like with intensive verbs, as in Life is like a dream, refers not to manner

but to resemblance. As distinct from like, preposition as refers to actual role;

He spoke like a lawyer (‘after the manner of…’)

(c) Clause

The clause of manner is introduced by (exactly) as, (just) as, for examples;

Please do it (exactly) as I instructed (‘in the way that…’). If an as- clause is placed initially, the correlative form so, in formal literary English, may introduce

the main clause: (Just) as a month is attracted by a light, (so) he was fascinated

by her.Such examples provide a transition to the adverbial clause of comparison,

introduced by as if, as though: He looks as if he is going to be ill. If there is doubt

or ‘unreality’, the modal past is used:He treated me (just) as if he had never met me. Clauses of comparison sometimes show subject operator inversion: The

present owner collects paintings, as did several of his ancestor.

2.3.2 Adverbial of Manner in Indonesian

According to Effendi (2004:59), adverbials of manner are acceptable to

answer how an action or process is done, stated by the predicative verb on the

declarative affirmative clause. In the following example, word or adverb phrase is

acceptable as the answer to how (bagaimana) question, for examples:

(192) Ekonominya berkembang dengan pesat a. Bagaimana ekonominya berkembang? b. Dengan pesat

Word unit or adverbial phrase is acceptable as the focus contrasted with

other focus in interrogative clause which stated choice (quality of comparison).

The unit dengan sopan in the following clause can meet this criterion.

b. Apakah dia menegur bawahannya dengan sopan atau (apakah dia menegur bawahannya) dengan kasar?

Words or adverbial phrase is acceptable as the answer of question which

indicated by how(manner) and it is not acceptable to answer the question stated by

how (instrument/means) of how an action or event occurred stated by predicative

verb in a declarative affirmative clause (Effendi, 2004:66)

Effendi (2004:68) stated that adverbials of manner in a clause or sentence

can be realized by (1) word, (2) phrase, in the form of prepositional phrase or

other types of phrase, and (3) clause.

1. Word

Words that can realize adverbials of manner are lexical units categorized

as adverb, adjective, verb, or abstract noun, whether they are in the forms of base

words or derivational.

a. Base adverb, for example, in (236),

(236) Tiga empat orang di antara mereka langsung menyerbu dan mengurungku

b. Derivational adverb, namely deadjectival (237-239), deverbal (240),

denominal (241-242), depronominal (243), and departikel adverb (244)

(237) Aku cepat-cepat mandi dan bersisir

(238) Dia sudah berusaha sekeras-kerasnya, tetapi tetap gagal

(239) Tokoh itu terang-terangan menentang pemerintah

(240) /…/ keduanya berjuang mati-matian

(241) Dia sering bekerja angin-anginan

(243) /…/ terlalu kaku rasanya berjalan sendiri-sendiri, /…/

(244) Lebih baik kuserahkan cuma-cuma kepada sembarang lelaki di jalan, /…/.

c. Adjective, for example, in (245) and (246)

(245) Degup jantungku memukul-mukul keras

(246) Mereka berjalan santai, /…/

d. Verb, for example, in (247) and (248),

(247) Dia tampil meyakinkan di hadapan peserta diskusi itu

(248) Sarannya disampaikan tertulis kepada ketua panitia

(e) Abstract noun, for example, in (249) and (250)

(249) Syukurlah, dia dapat bertindak kebapakan dalam menghadapi perselisihan

itu.

(250) Mereka menaggapi kritiknya kekanak-kanakan.

2. Phrase

Phrase that can realize adverbials of manner are prepositional phrase with

prepositions dengan, tanpa, secara, melalui, or lewat, and phrases of other types,

namely adverb phrase, adjective phrase, verb phrase, or abstract noun phrase.

 Prepositional Phrase dengan/tanpa

This phrase is realized by dengan with adjective (phrase), verb, adverb, or

abstract noun as the head in realizing adverbials of manner. The preposition tanpa

conveys the meaning ‘without’

(a) Preposition dengan/tanpa + adjective (phrase) as the head, for example, as

(251) Dengan keras Kolonel itu memberikan perintah kepada semua prajurit

yang berkerubung, /…/

(252) Mereka terus menarik tali itu dengan sekuat tenaga

(253) Dia mengambil tas orang itu tanpa sadar

(b) Preposition dengan/tanpa + verb (phrase) as the head, for example:

(254) Tangannya tetap kutahan, kubuka genggamannya dengan paksa

(255) Ia memperlakukan bawahannya dengan pilih kasih

(256) Petugas itu bertindak tanpa memihak

(c) Preposition dengan/tanpa+ adverb (phrase) as the head, for example’

(257) Berita itu harus dikirimkan dengan segera

(258) Dia datang dengan tiba-tiba benar

(259) Dia menghina teman-temannya tanpa terang-terangan

(d) Preposition dengan/tanpa + abstract noun (phrase) as the head, for

example:

(261) Heni dengan kesabaran luar biasa meredakan kemarahan anaknya

(262) Raja itu memerintah tanpa batas

 Prepositional Phrase secara

This phrase is realized by the preposition secara with adjective, verb,

adverb, or abstract noun (phrase) as the head in realizing adverbials of manner.

(a) Preposition secara + adjective (phrase) as the head, for example,

(263) Sektor ini secara luwes dapat menyerap beragam tingkat pendidikan

(264) Seorang teroris bersenjata, hari Jumat secara membabi buta melepaskan

tembakan /…/

(b) Preposition secara + verb (phrase) as the head, for example,

(265) Negara adikuasa itu tidak berhak membawa secara paksa seseorang untuk

diadili menurut hukumnya

(c) Preposition secara + adverb (phrase) as the head, for example,

(267) Secara diam-diam saya juga sudah melakukan riset tentang hal itu

(268) Sindiran itu secara tidak langsung ditujukan kepadanya

(d) Preposition secara + abstract noun (phrase) as the head. Adverbials of

manner realized by the preposition secara + concrete noun (phrase) is not

found, for example,

(269) Seorang sarjana yang mempunya profesi bidang ilmu belum tentu

mendekati masalah ilmunya secara keilmuan

(270) Kedatangan tokoh itu disambut secara adat Bali

 Prepositional Phrase melalui/lewat

This phrase formed by preposition melalui/lewat plus abstract noun

(phrase) as the head in realizing adverbials of manner can be seen in the following

example.

(271) Kemerdekaan dapat kita rebut melalui perjuangan hidup mati

lewat

 Other types of phrases

The phrase formed by se- or demi as the unit of combination to realize

(272) /…/ mereka bisa mendikte harga beli GKP sesuka hati

(273) Para pemain bisa mengatur kondisi fisiknya sebaik mungkin karena /…/

(274) Tapi… tiba-tiba suara menderu, mendesing, datang secepat kilat dari langit

(275) Setelah kira-kira satu jam menunggu, kami dipanggil seorang demi

seorang masuk ke ruangan yang terbagi-bagi

3. Clause

Adverbials of manner can be realized by clause with subject detachment,

preceded by the conjunction dengan or tanpa. The subject can be conveyed in

paraphrasing adverbial clause as can be seen in the following examples.

(276) Dia pergi ke sawah dengan berjalan kaki

‘dengan cara ia berjalan kaki’ (277) Lalu ia menghidupkan sepeda motornya

dengan menekan starter

‘dengan cara ia menekan starter’

(278) Tidak lama kemudian rombongan pesawat-pesawat itu akan kembali

mendarat satu-satu dengan melepaskan payung pengerem di ekornya /…/

Effendi (2004:118) stated that, according to the realization of their forms

and orientations, Indonesian adverbials of manner can be divided into three

subtypes, namely Adverbials of Manner Agentive Oriented (AmA), Adverbials of

Manner Event Oriented (AmE), and Adverbials of Manner Domain Oriented

agentive and event oriented since the data which indicate the orientation in terms

of domain were not found.

a. Adverbials of Manner Agentive Oriented (AmA)

This type of adverbials of manner can be realized by words in various

word classes, such as adjective, adverb, verb, or abstract noun; prepositional

phrase dengan or secara of which the heads are adjective, adverb, verb, abstract

noun; or other types of phrase namely adjective phrase, adverb phrase, verb

phrase, or abstract noun phrase. Those words stating ‘feeling’, ‘thought’, or

‘attitude’ are considered adverbials of manner agentive oriented.The realization of AmA can be described as follows.

(a) Words

Adj. (427) Lalu dia bersiul-siul senang, seakan pukulan-pukulan

yang tadi diterimanya sudah tak diingatnya sama sekali

(428)“Kalau orangnya sehat, dia mesti takut”, katanya ramah

Adv. (429) Tawanan perang itu diperlakukan sewenang-wenang

V. (430) Semula Darman menjawab ragu

Abs. N. (431) Untunglah dia dapat bertindak keibuan dalam melayani mereka

(b). Prepositional Phrase

 Dengan/ Secara + Adj. Phrase :

(432) Dengan gembira Dick mempersilahkan aku datang ke tempatnya

(433) Aku dengan tabah mempertahankan kemurahan hati guru tari dari seksi

(434) Sementara itu, kalangan cendikiawan, gereja, dan pengusaha menyambut

secara antusias pengunduran dari masalah itu

(435) Surat wasiat itu ditandatanganinya secara sadar

 Dengan/Secara + Adv. Phrase :

(436) Dia bersikap biasa, melayani percakapan dengan tidak

canggung-canggung

(437) Dia secara hati-hati benar menyampaikan berita duka itu kepada orang

tuanya

 Dengan/ Secara + V. Phrase :

(438) Dengan tidak ragu-ragu aku selalu membalas pandangannya atau

senyumannya

(439) Secara berani dibeberkannya kecurangan tokoh politik itu di depan umum

 Dengan/ Secara + Abs. N Phrase :

(440) Seharusnya dia mengatasi pertikaian mereka secara kebapakan

(441) Apapun resikonya, tantangan itu harus kauhadapai secara kesatria

(c) Phrase

AmA can be realized by other types of phrases, namely:

Adj. Phrase :Mereka berjuang gagah perkasa ketika mempertahankan

kemerdekaan dari rongrongan penjahat

Adv. Phrase : /…/ mereka bisa mendikte harga beli GKP sesuka hati

V. Phrase : Mereka bekerja suka rela demi kepentingan umum

Words, prepositional phrases, or other types of phrase can be considered

‘simple forms’ of clauses which realize AmA as can be seen in the possibility of paraphrase structure.

(446) a. Semula Darman menjawab ragu

b. Semula Darman menjawab ‘dengan menunjukkan keraguan’

(447) a. Aku dengan tabah mempertahankan kemurahan hati guru tari /…/

b. Aku, ‘dengan menunjukkan ketabahan’, mempertahankan kemurahan

hati guru tari /…/

(449) a. Mereka bekerja suka rela demi kepentingan umum

b. Mereka bekerja ‘dengan menunjukkan kesukarelaan’demi kepentingan umum

The adjectives realizing AmA in sentences are the adjectives which refer

to feeling/emotion (happy, excited, enthusiastic), behavior or attitude (friendly,

brave, tough, doubtful), thought or cognition (aware). The references of those

adjectives are qualities taken as subjective ‘action’ as a reaction because of something or what happens in something (Effendi, 2004:123).

The presence of the preposition dengan or secara is not always with

adjective or other word classes to realize AmA. This preposition is not considered

obligatory to realize AmA in a clause or sentence (Effendi, 2004: 125). The

syntactic fact in terms of the presence of the preposition dengan or secara can be

(457) Dia mendengarkan berita itu dengan gembira

dengan sedih

dengan resah

The adjectives in the examples above refer to feeling. This reference can be tested

by putting perasaan before the adjective (Effendi, 2004: 126)

(i) perasaan gembira

sedih

resah

The presence of adjectives with the reference above is acceptable with the

preposition dengan; however, it is not acceptable with the preposition secara. For

example:

Dia mendengarkan berita itu secara gembira secara sedih secara resah

(458). Dia menghadiri pertemuan itu dengan sadar

dengan tekun

secara sadar

secara tekun

The adjectives in clause (458) above do not refer to feeling. The adjective sadar

refers to cognition while tekun refers to mannerism/attitude as can be tested by

putting the cognitive (pikiran) and attitude (perangai) before the adjective

(ii) pikiran sadar

*tekun

(iii) perangai *sadar

tekun

The adjectives can be presented with the preposition dengan or secara in a clause

or sentence. Feeling or attitude can also be stated by adverb and verb. The

occurrence of the preposition dengan or secara to realize AmA should be

considered, whether it is appropriate to be applied in a sentence or not (Effendi,

2004: 129)

(464) dengan menyesal saya terpaksa memberitahukan hal ini kepadamu

*secara

(465) dengan mati-matian Suparto mempertahankan rumahnya yang akan

secara digusur itu

(466) Kami menerima tawaran itu dengan terpaksa karena tidak ada pilihan

secara

The verb menyesal in (464) refers to feeling. It can occur with the preposition

dengan; however, it cannot occur with the preposition secara to realize AmA.

Meanwhile, the adverb mati-matian in (465) and the verb terpaksa in (466) refer

to attitude and they can occur with the preposition dengan or secara to realize

AmA. From this explanation, it can be concluded that to realize AmA, the

preposition dengan is acceptable if it occurs with adjective (phrase), adverb

(phrase), or verb (phrase) in which feeling is considered their semantic feature;

those word classes or phrases of which feeling is as their semantic feature

(Effendi, 2004: 131). To realize AmA, the preposition dengan or secara is

acceptable if it occurs with adjective (phrase), adverb (phrase), or verb (phrase) in

which attitude is considered their semantic feature.

Words, prepositional phrases, or other types of phrases can be considered

‘simple forms’ of clauses which realize AmA as can be seen in the possibility of paraphrase structure (Effendi, 2004: 122).

(446) a. Semula Darman menjawab ragu

b. Semula Darman menjawab ‘dengan menunjukkan keraguan’

(447) a. Aku dengan tabah mempertahankan kemurahan hati guru tari /…/

b. Aku, ‘dengan menunjukkan ketabahan’, mempertahankan kemurahan

hati guru tari /…/

(449) a. Mereka bekerja suka rela demi kepentingan umum

b. Mereka bekerja ‘dengan menunjukkan kesukarelaan’ demi kepentingan umum

b. Adverbials of Manner Event Oriented (AmE)

Adverbials of Manner Event Oriented (AmE) are oriented towards event,

whether it is considered action or process which is stated by the predicative verb

in a clause or sentence. AmE can be realized by (a) word, categorized as adjective,

adverb, verb, or abstract noun, or (b) prepositional phrase with dengan, secara,

melalui, or lewat as the preposition of the phrase and adjective, adverb, verb, or

the head of phrase; other phrase types, namely adjective phrase, adverb phrase, or

verb phrase (Effendi, 2004: 119).

(a) Words

Adj. : (530) Degup jantungnya memukul-mukul keras

(531) Sementara itu, pendidikan pun melesat pesat

Adv. : (533) Samar-samar diluar terdengar langkah-langkah menaiki tangga

(534) Carilah buku itu secepat-cepatnya

V. : (535) Mereka bekerja bergiliran

(536) Wanita itu berbicara tersendat-sendat

(b). Prepositional Phrase

 Dengan/ Secara + Adj. Phrase :

(537) /../ dan dapat kami lihat dengan jelas

(540) Mudah-mudahan acara-acara seperti ini benar-benar spontan dan dipilih

secara acak

 Dengan/Secara + Adv. Phrase :

(538) Surat itu harus dikirim dengan segera

(541) Katakan saja secara langsung usulmu itu kepadanya

 Dengan/ Secara + V. Phrase :

(539) Tangannya tetap kutahan,, kubuka genggamannya dengan paksa

(c) Phrase

AmE can be realized by other types of phrases, namely:

Adj. Phrase : (543) Dia sudah berbicara panjang lebar mengenai kasus itu

V. Phrase : (545) Dia berjalan tertatih-tatih sekali

The adjectives, adverbs, verbs, prepositional phrase, and other types of

phrases as mentioned above do not refer to feeling/emotion or thought, and they

are not oriented to agentive but predicate. The prepositions dengan and secara

which realize AmE cannot be determined by word class; however, it can be

determined by the intention of the speaker and the acceptability. The prepositions

dengan and secara are used to indicate manner which is related to action or

process stated by the predicative verb (Effendi, 2004: 145).

2.3.3 Translation Procedure

As stated previously, this study is focused on the translation of English

adverbials of manner into Indonesian. In analyzing the translation of adverbials of

manner, the methods of translation which have been applied by the translator in

Against All Odds into Menepis Segala Rintangan are considered important in this

present study.

Vinay and Darbernet in Venuti (2000) stated that translators can choose

from two methods of translating, namely direct, or literal translation and oblique

translation. There are seven procedures, the first three procedures are direct and

the other procedures are oblique.

1. Borrowing

Borrowing is the simplest of all the translation methods in terms of

introducing the flavor of the source language culture into a translation; foreign

terms may be used, for example: dollar and party from American English,

setting, the expression such as the coroner is probably better translated into

French by borrowing the English term coroner, rather than trying to find a more or

less satisfying equivalent title from amongst the French magistrature, for example,

Le coroner prit la parole. It is stated that the decision to borrow a source language

word or expression to introduce an element of local color is a matter of style and

consequently the message.

2. Calque

A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an

expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. The

result is a lexical calque, i.e, a calque, which respects the syntactic structure of the

TL, while introducing a new mode of expression, for example, an English

sentence Compliments of the Season! is translated into French Compliments de la

saison! Besides, the structure of calque introduces a new construction into the

language. For example: Science-fiction in English is translated into French

Science-fiction.

As with borrowings, there are many fixed calques which after a period of

time become an integral part of language. Like borrowings, these too undergo a

semantic change, turning them into faux amis. Translators are more interested in

new calques which can serve to fill a lacuna without having to use an actual

borrowing (cf. “economiquementfaible”, a French calque taken from German language. In such cases, it may be preferable to create a new lexical form using

3. Literal Translation

Literal translation is a direct transfer of SL text into grammatical and

idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translator’s task is limited to

observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL.

In principle, a literal translation is a unique solution which is reversible

and complete in it. It is most common when translating between two languages of

the same family, for example, between French and Italian, and even more so when

they also share the same culture. If literal translations arise between French and

English, it is because common metalinguistic concepts also reveal physical

coexistence, i.e. periods of bilingualism, with the conscious or unconscious

imitation which is attached to certain intellectuals or political prestige, and such

like. They can also be justified by a certain convergence of thought and

sometimes of structure, which are certainly present among the European

languages (cf. the creation of the definite article, the concepts of culture and

civilization), and which have motivated interesting research in general semantics.

4. Transposition

Transposition involves replacing one word class with another without

changing the meaning of the message. Transposition can also be applied within a

language, for example: “II aannoncequ’ilreviendrait”, can be re-expressed by transposing a subordinate verb with a noun, thus: “II aannonce son retour”. In contrast to the first expression which we call the base expression, we refer to

second one as the transposed expression. There are two distinct types of

The following example has to be translated literally, but must also be

transposed:

French English

Des son lever… As soon as he gets up/got up…

As soon as he gets up… Des son lever…

In the example above, the English allows no choice between the two

forms, the base form being the only one possible. Inversely, however, when

translating back into French, there is a choice between applying calque or

transposition, because French permits either construction. In contrast, the two

following phrases can be both transposed:

French English

Apresqu’il sere revenue… After he comes back

Apres son retour… After his return

From a stylistic point of view, the base and the transposed expression do

not necessarily have the same value. Translators must, therefore, choose to carry

out a transposition if the translation thus obtained fits better into the utterance, or

allows a particular nuance of style to be retained. Indeed, the transposed form is

generally more literary in character. A special and frequently used case of

transposition is that of interchange.

5. Modulation

Modulation is a variation of the form of the message obtained by a change

in the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal or even

unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL. As with transposition, modulation

can be divided as well into free and optional modulation and those that are fixed

or obligatory. A classical example of an obligatory modulation is the phrase, “The

time when …” which must be translated as “Le moment ou…”. The type of modulation which turns a negative SL expression into a positive TL expression is

more often than not optional, even though this is closely linked with the structure

of each language, for example:

English French

It is not difficult to show … Ilest facile de demontrer…

The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of the degree. In

the case of fixed modulation, translators with a good knowledge of both languages

freely use this method, as they will be aware of the frequency of use, the overall

acceptance and the confirmation provided by a dictionary or grammar of the

preferred expression.

6. Equivalence

We have repeatedly stressed that one and the same situation can be

rendered by two texts using completely different stylistic and structural methods.

In such cases we are dealing with the method which procedures equivalent texts.

The classical example of equivalence is given by the reaction of an

amateur who accidentally hits his finger with a hammer: if he were French, his cry

of pain would be transcribed as “Aie!”, but if he were English this would be

interpreted as “Ouch”! Another striking case of equivalences are the many

cocorico cock-a-doodle-do

miaou miaow

hi-han heehaw

These simple examples illustrate a particular feature of equivalences; more often

than not they are of syntagmatic nature, and affect the whole the message. As a

result, most equivalents are fixed, and belong to a phraseological repertoire of

idioms, clichés, proverbs, nominal, or adjectival phrases, etc.

7. Adaptation

This method is used in those cases where the type of situation being

referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such cases

translators have to create a new situation that can be considered being equivalent.

Adaptation, can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a

situational equivalence. The method of adaptation is well known amongst

simultaneous interpreters: there is the story of an interpreter who, having adapted

“cricket” into “Tour de France” in a context referring to a particularly popular sport was put on the spot when the French delegate then thanked the speaker for

having referred to such a typically French sport. The interpreter then had to

reverse the adaptation and speak of cricket to his English client.

2.4 Research Model

This research is described to give an illustration in terms of the

relationship of the topic, problems, concepts, and theoretical framework in order

This study was conducted by applying the English Adverbials of Manner,

Indonesian Adverbials of Manner, and Translation Procedures theories. These

theories are used to find out the Indonesian translation equivalents of the English

adverbial of manner and how the English adverbials of manner translated into

Indonesian. This study is considered a library research of which the data were The Translation of English Adverbials of Manner into

Indonesian in Against All Odds

The Translation Equivalent of the English Adverbial of

Manner in Indonesian

Theory of English Adverbials of Manner (Quirk, 1973) and

Indonesian Adverbials of Manner (Effendi, 2004)

Library Research (Observation)

Theory of Translation Procedures by Vinay and Dalbernet (2000) Adverbials of Manner

Translation Procedures used to translate the English Adverbial of Manner

into Indonesian Source language (English)

Against All Odds (Biography)

Target Language (Indonesian)

Menepis Segala Rintangan

(Biography)

Qualitative Method

3. Literal Translation

Literal translation is a direct transfer of SL text into grammatical and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translator’s task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL.

In principle, a literal translation is a unique solution which is reversible and complete in it. It is most common when translating between two languages of the same family, for example, between French and Italian, and even more so when they also share the same culture. If literal translations arise between French and English, it is because common metalinguistic concepts also reveal physical coexistence, i.e. periods of bilingualism, with the conscious or unconscious imitation which is attached to certain intellectuals or political prestige, and such like. They can also be justified by a certain convergence of thought and sometimes of structure, which are certainly present among the European languages (cf. the creation of the definite article, the concepts of culture and civilization), and which have motivated interesting research in general semantics.

4. Transposition

Transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. Transposition can also be applied within a language, for example: “II aannoncequ’ilreviendrait”, can be re-expressed by transposing a subordinate verb with a noun, thus: “II aannonce son retour”. In contrast to the first expression which we call the base expression, we refer to second one as the transposed expression. There are two distinct types of transposition, namely obligatory and optional transposition.

The following example has to be translated literally, but must also be transposed:

French English

Des son lever… As soon as he gets up/got up… As soon as he gets up… Des son lever…

In the example above, the English allows no choice between the two forms, the base form being the only one possible. Inversely, however, when translating back into French, there is a choice between applying calque or transposition, because French permits either construction. In contrast, the two following phrases can be both transposed:

French English

Apresqu’il sere revenue… After he comes back Apres son retour… After his return

From a stylistic point of view, the base and the transposed expression do not necessarily have the same value. Translators must, therefore, choose to carry out a transposition if the translation thus obtained fits better into the utterance, or allows a particular nuance of style to be retained. Indeed, the transposed form is generally more literary in character. A special and frequently used case of transposition is that of interchange.

5. Modulation

Modulation is a variation of the form of the message obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal or even transposed, translation results in grammatically correct utterance, it is considered

unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL. As with transposition, modulation can be divided as well into free and optional modulation and those that are fixed or obligatory. A classical example of an obligatory modulation is the phrase, “The time when …” which must be translated as “Le moment ou…”. The type of modulation which turns a negative SL expression into a positive TL expression is more often than not optional, even though this is closely linked with the structure of each language, for example:

English French

It is not difficult to show … Ilest facile de demontrer…

The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of the degree. In the case of fixed modulation, translators with a good knowledge of both languages freely use this method, as they will be aware of the frequency of use, the overall acceptance and the confirmation provided by a dictionary or grammar of the preferred expression.

6. Equivalence

We have repeatedly stressed that one and the same situation can be rendered by two texts using completely different stylistic and structural methods. In such cases we are dealing with the method which procedures equivalent texts.

The classical example of equivalence is given by the reaction of an amateur who accidentally hits his finger with a hammer: if he were French, his cry of pain would be transcribed as “Aie!”, but if he were English this would be interpreted as “Ouch”! Another striking case of equivalences are the many onomatopeia of animal sounds, for example:

cocorico cock-a-doodle-do

miaou miaow

hi-han heehaw

These simple examples illustrate a particular feature of equivalences; more often than not they are of syntagmatic nature, and affect the whole the message. As a result, most equivalents are fixed, and belong to a phraseological repertoire of idioms, clichés, proverbs, nominal, or adjectival phrases, etc.

7. Adaptation

This method is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such cases translators have to create a new situation that can be considered being equivalent. Adaptation, can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence. The method of adaptation is well known amongst simultaneous interpreters: there is the story of an interpreter who, having adapted “cricket” into “Tour de France” in a context referring to a particularly popular sport was put on the spot when the French delegate then thanked the speaker for having referred to such a typically French sport. The interpreter then had to reverse the adaptation and speak of cricket to his English client.

2.4 Research Model

This research is described to give an illustration in terms of the relationship of the topic, problems, concepts, and theoretical framework in order to get the findings. The research model of this future study can be seen as follow

This study was conducted by applying the English Adverbials of Manner, Indonesian Adverbials of Manner, and Translation Procedures theories. These theories are used to find out the Indonesian translation equivalents of the English adverbial of manner and how the English adverbials of manner translated into Indonesian. This study is considered a library research of which the data were

The Translation of English Adverbials of Manner into Indonesian in Against All Odds

The Translation Equivalent of the English Adverbial of

Manner in Indonesian

Theory of English Adverbials of Manner (Quirk, 1973) and

Indonesian Adverbials of Manner (Effendi, 2004)

Library Research (Observation)

Theory of Translation Procedures by Vinay and Dalbernet (2000) Adverbials of Manner

Translation Procedures used to translate the English Adverbial of Manner

into Indonesian Source language (English)

Against All Odds (Biography)

Target Language (Indonesian) Menepis Segala Rintangan

(Biography)

Qualitative Method

collected by applying observation technique. The qualitative method was applied in analyzing the data in order to obtain the result of study in terms of the equivalents of English adverbials of manner in their Indonesian translation as well as the procedures used in translating those adverbial from English into Indonesian. The English and Indonesian adverbials of manner theories were applied to investigate the translation equivalent of English adverbials of manner in Indonesian in order to give and explain a clear description. Therefore, classification of the Indonesian translation equivalent of English adverbials of manner in the first problem can be analyzed.The translation procedures of English adverbials of manner into Indonesian were analyzed using the translation procedures theory proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet (2000). There is a discussion in terms of how the message of adverbials of manner is transferred from English into Indonesian since in translating a bilingual text; there will be no exact translation. Therefore, it is considered important to investigate the translation procedures applied by the translator.