CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS,
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL
2.1 Literature Review
Review of literature of this study is made based on several studies and articles. Those studies and articles conducted by previous researchers are related
to this study. They are theses and articles viewed as references for this research. From those references, it was found that some useful information can be used to
support this study. The first master thesis reviewed in this study was conducted by Susana
2013 entitled Shifts in Translation of Locative Prepositional Phrase with Reference to Steve Jobs Biography. His study discussed the categorization of
locative prepositional phrases, the shifts, as well as loss and gain of information. There were some theories applied in his study in order to investigate the problems;
namely, the prepositional phrase theory proposed by Quirk 1973 applied in investigating the first problem, the second problem was analyzed by using the
theory of shifts proposed by Catford 1965, and the theory of loss and gain of information proposed by Nida in Venuti 2001 was applied to discuss the third
problem. Susana found that the equivalence and shift of the locative prepositional phrase could be depicted with tree diagram in order to find out the components
involved inside. In terms of the equivalence of English locative prepositional phrase into Indonesian, he found that the preposition at in English prepositional
phrase may be equivalent with the preposition di and pada in Indonesian. Besides, the preposition in may be equivalent with the preposition di, dalam, or even dari,
while the preposition from may be equivalent with the preposition dalam in Indonesian. In his study, it was found that the shifts of locative prepositional
phrase occurred in the level of category shifts. The category shifts could be divided into structure, class, unit, and intra system shift. It was shown in his
writing that shifts occurred because the process of establishing the translation equivalence between two different language systems, namely English and
Indonesian. Lastly, he revealed that in translating locative prepositional phrase, loss, gain, and skewing of information could occur.
Generally, the problem he discussed is related to this study. It can be seen on how the form of prepositional phrase was described and explained clearly. The
prepositional phrase was discussed as well in this present study since adverbials of manner could be realized by this phrase. Besides, the data of his study and this
study were analyzed by applying qualitative method and explained descriptively. However, his writing and this study has some differences in terms of unit of
discussion. Prepositional phrases may form adverbials of manner, but his work focused on those denoting adverbial of place. Therefore, this thesis is different
from his study. The problems of his study could be clearly investigated by applying the shift, prepositional phrase, and loss and gain of information theory. It
is a good thesis; however, it has a weakness in terms of presenting the data analysis. This study mentioned that the data were limited to the locative
prepositional phrase and it involved two languages, English as the source language and Indonesian as the target language. Unfortunately, there were some
data which could be categorized as sentences which can be considered out of the
scope of his study. The data should be limited only to the locative prepositional phrase in order to make the analysis more focused. Therefore, it will be more
easily understood. The second master thesis that is reviewed here was written by Dewi in
2013 entitled Translation Technique Applied in Translation of Premodified Noun Phrases in
“Lalitavistara”. This study was aimed at finding out the kind of premodified noun phrase, the meaning equivalence, as well as the translation
technique applied in translating the English premodified noun phrases into Indonesian. In her study, the English premodified noun phrases were analyzed by
applying the theory proposed by Quirk 1985, while the theory proposed by Chaer 2009 was used to analyze the Indonesian noun phrase. Besides, the
equivalent theory from Baker 1992 was applied to investigate the translation equivalent. In analyzing the translation technique, the theory from Molina and
Albir was chosen.In her study, it was shown that the noun phrases premodified by adjectives were constructed by one to four premodifiers. The grammatical
equivalence was considered the only way of analyzing the meaning of those noun phrases. From the result of her study, it could be seen that literal translation was
the most common technique used. Dewi
’s writing could support this research because her writing applied the noun phrase theory in order to explain the form or the structure of the noun
phrase.The application of theories from the experts and how she used those theories on her analysis was necessarily known since the adverbials of manner as
the topic of this study can be realized by noun phrase as well. However, Dew i’s
study is different from this present study in some aspects. Her study applied the theory from Molina and Albir in analyzing the translation technique in her study
from English into Indonesian, while this research applied the translation procedures theory proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet from English into Indonesian
Besides, the unit of analysis of this study is different from her study. Her study focused on the premodified noun phrase while this study focused on the adverbial
of manner. This is a good thesis and it gave contribution to this present study. Her explanation in applying theories on her analysis was very clear.
The third thesis reviewed from Pendit 2012 entitled The Translation of English Adverbs of Manner -ly into Indonesian in the Novel Breaking Dawn and
Awal yang Baru. This study was aimed at explaining the translation equivalence, the translation procedures, and shifts of the English adverbs of manner -ly. She
applied the theory proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet 2000 in Munday 2001 in revealing the translation procedures in the translation of adverbs of manner -ly.
In order to find out the equivalence of the English-Indonesian adverbs of manner, the theory from Huddleston 1984 and Alwi 2008 were applied. In her writing,
she analyzed the shifts of adverbs of manner -ly by describing the lexicon in applying the theory of shifts from Catford 1965. From her study, it could be seen
that the English adverbs of manner -ly could be translated into Indonesian in the form of words, phrases, and clauses. In terms of translation procedures, the
transposition and borrowing procedures were applied in translating those adverbs. The transposition procedures were proved because there were changes in word
rank from SL adverbs of manner into Indonesian. Besides, the borrowing
procedure found in her analysis showed that the data were directly transferred into the target language. Regarding to the data, it was shown that the data only focused
on adverb -ly. The study from Pendit 2012 was relevant to this present study and gave
much contribution because she focused her study on the equivalence of the adverb of manner -ly using the theories from Huddleston and Alwi. It is needed to know
how she applied the theories from the experts and how it worked in her analyses. This research was concerned with the similar topics with her thesis in terms of
revealing the equivalence and translation procedures of adverbs of manner. However, this study is different from her study in some points as described as
follows.The data of her study were taken from novels, the data source was constructed from 2 languages; they are English-Indonesian, while the data of this
study were taken from a biography book entitled Against All Odds. Besides, the unit of analysis of her study and this research were different. She focused her
analysis on the adverbs of manner -ly while this thesis focused on word, phrase, clause which stating manner in a sentence. Those word, phrase, and clause
provide the information on how things happen or done in a clause or sentence. The difference could also be seen in terms of the problems of the study. In her
study, there were three problems discussed, namely translation equivalent, procedures, and shift while this study discussed two problems, they were the
equivalence of English adverbials of manner in their Indonesian translation and the translation procedures applied in translating the English adverbials of manner
into Indonesian. Besides, in analyzing the problems of this study the theory from
Quirk, Effendi, as well as Vinay and Dalbernet, were used to analyze the equivalence of the English adverbials of manner in its Indonesian translation as
well as the translation procedures. From this explanation it could be seen that this research is different from her study.
The fourth master thesis reviewed was written by Saientisna 2011 entitled English Adverbials of Time and Their Translation in Indonesian. In this
thesis, the theory proposed by Quirk, Alwi, Vinay and Dalbernet were applied to analyze the equivalence and the translation procedures in her analysis. The
discussion of her study was limited to the analysis of the translation of adverbials of time, and it consisted of word, phrase, and clause indicating times. The forms
of adverbials of time could be seen in her study, they were the adverbials of time formed by adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, and also clauses. In the result of
her research, it was shown that the functions of adverbials of time could be divided into three, they are: stating frequency, duration, and relationship in time.
Besides, in terms of the translation the literal, modulation, and transposition were mostly used.
The study from Saientisna 2011 is relevant to this research because she focused her study on finding out the form, meaning, and translation procedures in
analyzing the adverbials of time from English into Indonesian. It is needed to know how she applied the theories from the experts and how it worked in her
analysis since this study also focused on the translation procedures used to translate the adverbials. However, this study is different from her study in some
points as described as follows. The data of her study were taken from novels, the
data source was constructed from 2 languages; they are English and Indonesian, while the data of this study were taken from a biography book entitled Against All
Odds by Idanna Pucci. This book consists of two languages, English and Indonesian. Besides, her study focused on the translation of adverbials of time,
while the focus of this study was the translation of adverbials of manner. From this explanation it can be seen that those aspects made her study and this research
different. Two articles were reviewed as well as those theses. Those articles were
considered relevant to this study. The articles discussed about translation in terms of adverbs as an interesting topic to be discussed. The first article reviewed was
entitled “Adverbs in the Mussau-Emira Verb Phrases”. This article was taken
from the Journal of Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea. This writing was from John Brownie 2013. From this article, in Mussau Emira language, it could
be seen that the addition ofthe prefix a- could occur with both nouns and verbs resulting in a derived adverb. A derived form with the adverbializer prefix a-
attached to a noun could be considered an open class. For example, korokorongana
‘strong, strength’ becomes akorokorongana ‘strongly’. Some cases of the prefix a- attached to a verb could also be analyzed as adverbs rather
than causative constructions. For example, toka ‘sit, live’ becomes atoka
‘enduringly’ or atoka ‘cause to sit’. These derived adverbs appear to function as modifiers within the verb phrase rather than in the clause or higher level. Those
higher level functions were filled with the temporal, locative and other non-
derived adverbs. It was stated that derived adverb functions within the verb phrase.
Brownie ’s article about adverbs in Mussau-Emira language is considered
relevant to this study because this study focused on derived adverbs which function as adverbials of manner. This study indicated that adverbials of manner
could be in the form of derived adverbs. In this article, the brief explanation in terms of the derived adverbs, distribution of adverbs, and the variation of adverb
in Mussau-Emira language could be obtained. It could be considered his focus of study, while the focus of this research was not only the equivalence of English
adverbials of manner in their Indonesian translation, but was also concerned with the translation procedures applied to translate the English adverbials of manner
into Indonesian. Besides, the data source of his study was monolingual Mussau- Emira while in this research; the data source is bilingual, English and Indonesian.
The second article reviewed in this study was written by Linquist 2007 entitled
“The Spread and Development of a New Type of Adverb in American and British English
”. This article is concerned with the new type of adverb formed with the suffix-wise. In this article, it was shown that the adverbs were at least
twice as frequent in the spoken corpora as in the written. They were increasing in both American and British English, and that the originally American adverb type
is now more frequent in British English. Its spread seems to be motivated by both functional and social factors. In newspapers, a high proportion occured in
represented speech, and the major domains were sports, art and entertainment, and “living.” It has extended its range of bases from nouns to noun phrases and, to
some extent, has been generalized to adjectives and adverbs. In his article, it was stated that adverbs formed by the suffix -wise have a long history in the language,
but in the past sixty or seventy years a new type of -wise adverbs, viewpoint adverbs, has appeared, for example:
1. Cut in half and then in slices crosswise, brush with oil and season, then
grill for five minutes on either side. Alternatively, cut in half lengthwise, brush with oil and season
2. His leg took nine years to mend, and he still walks a bit crab-wise
3. Football-wise
we’ve been very good and in possession we looked strong, but our
problem is that we’re not performing well without the ball In example 1, the adverb specifies the dimension or direction of an action; in 2,
the manner in which the action is carried out; and in 3, the point of view from which the statement is made. The adverbs in 1 and 2 are thus manner adverbs,
whereas the adverb in 3, the new type, is a viewpoint adverb. This article supported this research because his writing explains the new
terms of adverb marked by suffix-wise. Since the topic of this thesis is the translation of adverbial of manner from English into Indonesian, this article is
considered related to this research. Generally, the English adverb was derived from adjective and it was added by suffix
–ly, and from this study, the new formation of adverb could be obtained, which it is very useful to this research.
2.2 Concepts
Kategori