From the statement, it can be concluded that the metaphor and metonymy analysis can cover various kinds of linguistic component. The metaphoric relation
of a unit is chosen based on the similarity and the metonymic relation of a unit is chosen based on the contiguity or the order of a unit. This is also stated in the
study of metaphor and metonymy in Shmuel Yosef Agnon‟s A Guest for The
Night by Naomi B. Sokoloff:
Roman Jakobsons now classic distinction between metaphor and metonymy defines two primary modes of linguistic thought: on the one hand relations
of similarity and dissimilarity, and on the other relations of contiguity or, we might say, dependence and independence. Though they find their most
condensed expression in the tropes metaphor and metonymy, these same principles govern phonemic, lexical, and phraseological levels of language,
and they operate as well in larger segments of discourse. A piece of fiction or poetry, for example, may develop along lines of association by likeness
or through links of sequence and consequence. Sokoloff, 1984:97 It is stated that the work of fiction is developed by association by likeness or
by links of sequence and consequence. This principle is used in the analysis of each verbal music.
The analysis of metaphor and metonymy is also able to connect the different parts of a narrative, although those two parts seems disconnected. Therefore, the
analysis of metaphor and metonymy suits this study that wants to search the relations of two parts of the story, the revival meeting and the jazz performance.
It encourages the reader to search for parallels between disjoint segments of narrative and so to make sense out of other-wise perplexing and seemingly
incoherent texts. Sokoloff, 1984:99
C. Review on Historical Background
Some historical information is also featured in this study. Those are the historical background of revival meeting and the jazz-blues music
3. Review on Revival Meeting
The revival meeting is a religious ceremony mainly based on Christianity. The job of the persons conducting the revival meeting is to spread the good news
in the gospel. The gospel tells us that Christ is the Son of God come into the world, to
save man from sin and death, to transform the meaning of his life by revealing to him the love of God, and to make him a son of the Father,
suffused totally by charity, living and acting under the domination of the Spirit. Latourelle. 1972: 48-49
Fromt the statement above, it can be seen that the purpose of revival meeting is mainly trying to invite people to the path of salvation by following
Christ. The Christianity also aims to enlighten the people of the freedom achieved by various kind of struggle:
As I shall try to show below this is of fundamental importance with regard to the Christian understanding of, and sharing in, the present struggles to be
human, that is, to achieve freedom from oppression, from physical degradation and from being overwhelmed in an environment seemingly out
of control. Jenkins, 1974: 34 However, in African American society the practice of revival meeting is
more specialized because they combined the ritual with their former African culture. The clear distinguishing is the feature of call-and-response pattern as
stated: The lyrics of the spirituals generally came from biblical stories, but the
rhythm and sound of the songs emerged from a mixed African and
American musical heritage. The call-and-response pattern of the spirituals, as well as their complex rhythmical structure, drew from roots in African
and African American music. Harvey, 2011:60
The statement above shows that the revival meeting for African American can be considered to a more specific culture because it does not merely based on
Christianity. As the result of the combination of the cultures, the ritual is somehow stronger, for example:
“as in the revival meetings, some participants were overcome with
the spirit and fell unsconscious.” Perreti, 2009:29.
4. Review on Blues-Jazz Music
Jazz is widely known as a highly expressive style of music. Roger Kamien in his book, Music: An Appreciation
, defined jazz as “music rooted in improvisation and characterized by syncopated rhythm, a steady beat, and
distinctive tone colors and technique of performance.” Kamien, 1988: 538 The jazz music in African Americans also has a close relationship with
another musical culture of African Americans as it may also have call-and- response pattern featured in the revival meeting and spiritual songs. “The call and
response pattern of jazz was derived more directly from black American church services in which the congregation vocally responds to the preacher‟s call”
Kamien, 1988: 539 While the blues is actually is the root of Jazz. The bluesjazz is considered
to be created first time by the African American, as the result of the unification of American musical instruments with the influence of African music.
Among the most important sources of jazz is a type of music known as the blues. The term refers to a form of vocal and instrumental music and to a
style of performance. The blues grew out of black folk music, such as work songs, spirituals, and the field hollers of slaves. Kamien, 1988: 546
While the spiritual songs mainly feature the theme of Christianity, the blues itself may cover various themes. The lyric of the blues can be about many aspects
of life. It is said the most important thing about the blues is about the theme, but how the blues can make the musician feel better or can express their feeling.
Focused on love, sex, grueling work, and death, the lyrics of blues songs are direst and vivid yet at the same time complex
—simple-seeming often, a blues lyric expresses sorrow, anguish or outright despair. But defiant, and
unabashedly paradoxical. In the blues one can locate humiliation and prideful boasting, beaten down restraint and lusty exaggeration. One can
even speak of some blues songs as happysad. The composer‟s and the
singer‟s goal is to feel between, touched by joy and hope, by describing and working through wounded feelings and thereby gaining a measure of control
over them. Barnett, 2005: 535
D. Theoretical Framework
The theories above are used to reveal the significance of the verbal music in the story. First the general theory of verbal music is used in order to know the
description of the revival meeting and the jazz performance and the theory of how verbal music works is used to analyze the horizontal and vertical features or the
structure of each verbal music. The theory of metaphor and metonymy in structural analysis is used to identify the verbal music so that it can be compared
and to find the relationship. The last two reviews of blues-jazz music and the revival meeting are used in order to provide the basic understanding of jazz and
the revival meeting and also become a guidance.
