a. Information Gap
Information gap is a technique in which one person has information that the other lacks Nunan, 2003: 56. In this activity the students must share the
information using the target language. By exchanging or sharing the information they will attain the complete information.
b. Jigsaw Activities
Jigsaw activites are activities which have two or multidirectional information gap, in which each person in a pair or group has some information the
other persons or groups need Nunan, 2003: 56. The difference between information gap and jigsaw activities is in the number of persons who share the
information. In the information gap, it is done in pair, while in jigsaw activities it can be done in pairs, between pairs or groups.
c. Role-plays
Littlewood 1981: 49 says “in role-playing learners are asked to imagine themselves in a situation that could occur outside the classroom. They are asked to
adopt a specific role in this situation as if the situation really existed.” Role-plays give learners practice speaking the target language before they do so in a real
environment. The role relationships among the students as they play their parts also call for them to develop their sociolinguistic competence. Through well-
prepared role-plays, the teacher can encourage the students to experiment and innovate with the language, and create a supportive atmosphere that allows them
to make mistakes without fear of embarrassment. This will contribute to their self- confidence as speakers and to their motivation to learn more.
d. Simulation
“Simulation is a technique in which props and documents provide a somewhat realistic environment for language practice” Nunan, 2003: 57. The
students use the given props and documents to practice speaking as if they have a conversation in a real situation. Simulation is often done as a practice before the
real activity happens. Simulations are more elaborate than role-plays.
e. Contact Assignments
“This technique involves sending the students out of the classroom with a stated purpose to talk to people in the target language” Nunan, 2003: 58. In
designing a contact assignment, the teacher must be sure that the required information cannot be gotten by reading available written information. This
technique can be done in a form of interviewing foreigners who become the information source.
f. Language Games
Kategori