DATA ANALYSIS

DATA ANALYSIS

A. Introduction

Data analysis aims to answer the problem statements as follows: the first, what types of vocative expression are employed by the characters in the film entitled „Aliens In The Attic‟? The second, how do the characters employ certain types of vocative expressions in the film entitled „Aliens In The Attic‟? The third,

what the objectives of vocative expressions are employed by the characters in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”?.

There are three sub-chapters in this chapter. The first sub-chapter is the types of vocative expression which are found in the data. The second sub-chapter is the interpretation of the use of the types of vocative expression and the objectives of type of vocative expressions used by the characters in the film

„Aliens In The Attic‟. The third sub-chapter is the discussion.

B. Analysis

B1. Types of vocative expressions

From the data, the researcher found 24 data containing vocative expressions which are delivered by the characters in the film “Alien In The Attic”.

The six types of vocative expressions used in the conversations are as follows:

4. Dissociative Non-Referential Calling

: 3 data

5. Associative Non-Referential Addressing

: 2 data

6. Dissociative Non-Referential Addressing : 12 data

B2. The interpretation of vocative expression types

1. Associative Referential Calling

Datum 16/AR/CALL

(Stuart, Nina, and Nate just arrived from the market, they are surprised why

sheriff come to their villa with the kids) Nina : Is everything okay? (Nina walks toward her kids) (Sheriff explains the reason why he comes to this place) Sheriff : No, ma'am. I'd say making a fraudulent call to 911 about an alien

invasion is most definitely not okay. Stuart : You called 911? (Stuart does not believe that their kids call 911) (Because the situation gets worse, Nate explains to Sherriff to make this problem

to make easy by giving a warning) Nate

: Come on, buddy. I'm sure you can let these kids off with a warning. Look at 'em.

(Sherriff does not accept Nate’s opinion, so that Sheriff looks for his mistakes

which he has done by saying the mistakes one by one) Sheriff : 1, not your buddy. 2, notice that your vehicle is missing a front license

plate. 3, how about I write you up a ticket? Nate : How about you don't? haha… (Nate rejects the ticket while smiles to

Sherrif)

In the dialogue above, Nina as the speaker while Nate as the hearer. The speaker utters a locutionary act “Nate, stop talking”. Therefore, from the locutionary act uttered by the speaker, it can be said that the illocutionary act performed is commanding that the hearer must stop talking. The perlocutionary act of the hearer is that the hearer keeps silent. The vocative “Nate” is included as associative reverential calling. Here, the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of association by performing an illocutionary act of referential calling the hearer via in- group term “Nate” which brings about a perlocutionary effect such that the hearer feels relieved. Furthermore, the speaker calls the hearer by using the first name, it indicates that the speaker and the hearer have a close relationship. In

addition, the speaker uses vocative “Nate” because the speaker wants to associate the hearer in order to make a peace atmosphere among them.

Datum 18/AR/CALL

(When the Pearson family and Sheriff have lunch together in the garden, Hannah brings the alien, namely Sparks in her backpack, to save from the evil aliens than Sparks takes some hot dogs from the basket while no one seeing him stealing some hot dogs. Stu art as the father’s Hannah surprises that the basket is empty than he guess that Hannah takes the hot dogs)

Stuart : Hey, Hannah, did you eat all the hot dogs? Hannah: No. Sparks : [Sparks Belches] (Hannah says “No” because she feels that she only takes one hot dog. After

hearing Sparks belches, she changes the answer in order to cover the existence of hearing Sparks belches, she changes the answer in order to cover the existence of

hearer. The speaker performs a locutionary act by uttering “Hey, Hannah, did you eat all the hot dogs? ”. Then, the speaker performs an illocutionary act of expressive which brings about a perlocutionary act such that the hearer feels honor. The vocative “Hannah” is categorized as associative referential calling. Here, the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of association by performing an illocutionary act of referential calling the hearer via in- group term “Hannah” which brings about a perlocutionary effect such that the hearer feels honor. Furthermore, t he vocative “Hannah” belongs to in-group term because the relation between the speaker and the hearer is close father-daughter relation. The speaker uses vocative “Hannah” because the speaker cares about the hearer, it indicates

that the speaker wants to associate the hearer.

2. Associative Referential Addressing

Datum 1/AR/ADD

(The car runs along the road in the early morning. Suddenly, Nate hits the brake quickly. Jake comes out from the car with a surprising face why his father can fishtail this car. It is too dangerous for an old man like his father)

Jake : Nice landing, Nate. (Nate comes out from the car too and gives a smile to his son (Jake)) Nate : Told you I could fishtail this thing.

In the dialogue above, Jake presents the speaker while the hearer presents In the dialogue above, Jake presents the speaker while the hearer presents

illocutionary act of non act of association by performing an illocutionary act of referential addressing “Nice landing, Nate” which is included as in-group term,

“Nate”, it makes minimal distance between participants. It indicates that Jake is very close to Nate as his father. The vocative “Nate” is belonged as associative referential addressing. Hence, the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of association by performing an illocutionary act of referential addressing which brings about a perlocutionary effect such the hearer feels proud because he could

fishtail his car. Moreover, the speaker uses vocative “Nate” because the speaker wants to associate the hearer by giving a compliment to the hearer.

Datum 10/AR/ADD

(Jake is wondering what a kind of activity which is did by aliens in the vents) Jake : What are they doing in the vents? (Tom remembers that aliens bring a map to look for the machine) Tom : Their map. That's how they'll get to the basement. Jake : What do we do? Tom : [Tom runs into the place where the thermostat is] (Tom finds an idea to

disturb aliens by turning on the thermostat. It makes the vents to be hot) Jake : I hope this works, Einstein. Tom : (Smiles)

about a perlocutionary act such that the hearer feels happy. The vocative “Einstein” is classified as associative non-referential calling. Thus, the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of association by performing an illocutionary act of non-referential calling via in-group term, an in-group term to make minimal distance between participants, which brings about a perlocutionary effect such the hearer feels happy. The speaker us es vocative “Einstein” because the speaker wants to associate the hearer by appreciating the hearer who has made a smart planning.

3. Associative Non-Referential Calling

Datum 12/ANR/CALL

(The control of Nana’s body has been held by Skips. Skips orders Nana to take Sparks from the kids. When Nana walks towards the kids, Jake blocks Nana’s way with the bet. Even though Nana is conscious that she does not want to do this, but

he must follow Skips’ command) Nana : Out of my way! Move!

(Jake brings bet to make Nana cancels the mission to take Sparks) Jake : Nana, don't make me hurt you. (Nana continues the Skip’s mission. Then, she bites Jake’s hand) Nana : …..Euw…. Jake : Ew! (Jake feels disgusted) Nana : Return him to me. (Nana speaks loudly)

In the dialogue above, the speaker is Jake while the hearer is Nana. The In the dialogue above, the speaker is Jake while the hearer is Nana. The

Datum 14/ANR/CALL

(Sheriff explains that dialing number 911only for emergency situation or criminal situation, not for having fun. He also explains that he is an important person as the law in this area)

Sheriff : I don't know how much you kids know about penal codes...but making

phone calls with the intent to annoy or harass is a serious offense. It's called criminal mischief. And it could mean 6 months in jail 911 is for emergency calls only. Any misuse of this system compromises this county's... only line of defense, and that's me. Around here, I am the law. Literally, I'm the only one. My deputy's on maternity leave.

(Tom realizes that he makes a mistake by dialing 911, he tells to Sheriff there are aliens in his villa, so that Sheriff comes to his villa. Tom should not call Sheriff to solve the problem, but Tom should keep this problem to be a secret)

Tom : Look, Sheriff, we told you we're sorry. It won't happen again. So, really,

you can leave now. We'll be good. (Sheriff does not accept that he is ordered to come back to the police office by

Tom who dialing 911 about the aliens’ invention) Sheriff : Oh, I can leave? Okay, we got the whole problem solved

From the conversation above Tom as the speaker while Sheriff as the

specifically an apology to the hearer. Moreover, the speaker performs a perlocutionary act such that the hearer feels reassured. The vocative “Sheriff” is associative non-referential calling which is included as in-group term in order to make a minimal distance between the speaker and the hearer. Thus, the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of association by performing an illocutionary act of non-referential calling which brings about a perlocutionary effect such that the hearer feels reassured. T he speaker uses vocative “Sheriff “ because the speaker tries to associate the hearer who dissociates the speaker to make a peace condition among them.

Datum 23/ANR/CALL

(When Skip wants to fight with Tazer, Tazer wants to stop this fight. He is wondering why Skip as his commander wants to fight him as Skip’s army)

Tazer : Commander, wait a second. Skip : (The kids take the control of Skip’s body by shooting with the control

gun, so that Skip must follow the kid’s order. Skip wants to avoid this battle, but Skip cannot refuse the kid’s order. Then, he continues to fight with Tazer)

(After taking control on Skip’s body, Tazer understands that he must fight his commander for this time)

Tazer : Take that. (Tazer hits back to his commander) In the dialogue above, the speaker is Tazer while the hearer is Skip. The

speaker performs a pelocutionary act of association by performing an illocutionary act of non- referential calling “Commander, wait a second” which is

Moreover, the speaker employs an illocutionary act of non-referential first than employing a directive specifically an illocutionary act of commanding. In other words, the speaker uses vocative “Commander” because the speaker tries to associate the hearer who dissociates the speaker in order to make solve the problem in a peace situation.

4. Dissociative Non-Referential Calling

Datum 2/DNR/CALL

(Jake, Art, and Lee come into the bad room. Jake orders Art to pu t Jake’s bags on the bad)

Jake : Put my bags on the bed. (Art does not like Jake’s habit. He loves to order someone doing something) Art

: Sir, yes, sir. (Jake looks a bit offended when Art addresses him by saying “sir”)

Jake : Trying to be a wise guy? (Lee tries to help Art so that Jake will not be angry with him) Lee : No. No. Definitely not. Don't provoke him.

In the dialogue above, the speaker is Art while the speaker is Jake. The speaker performs an illocutionary act of non-referential calling by ut tering “Sir, yes, s ir” in which belongs to an out-group term. In uttering that, the speaker employs an illocutionary act of non-referential calling besides employing a commissive specifically volunteering. The speaker addresses the speaker by using In the dialogue above, the speaker is Art while the speaker is Jake. The speaker performs an illocutionary act of non-referential calling by ut tering “Sir, yes, s ir” in which belongs to an out-group term. In uttering that, the speaker employs an illocutionary act of non-referential calling besides employing a commissive specifically volunteering. The speaker addresses the speaker by using

“sir” employs a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings about a perlocutionary effect such the hearer feels offended to the speaker. Moreover, the

speaker employs an illocutionary act of non-referential calling besides employing

a commissive specifically an illocutionary act of volunteering. The speaker uses first vocative “sir” because the speaker wants to show the speaker‟s anger to the hearer in which the speaker dislike the speaker‟s habit.

Datum 6/DNR/CALL

(Jake tries to open the window in order to survive from the battle, but alien (Tazer) will shoot behind Jake. When Tom knows this situation, Tom gives a warning to Jake)

Tom

: Take them down! Look out!

(Jake shocks because he sees Tazer wants to shoot him. Therefore, Jake screams loudly)

Jake

: ……. (silent)

(Tom calls Tazer and throws the wood to him) Tom

: Hey, frog-face!

Tazer : … (Tazer sees Tom. Tazer wants to avoid Tom’s act but he cannot avoid it)

In the dialogue above, Tom as the speaker while Tazer is the hearer. The speaker performs a perlocutionary act of dissociation by performing an In the dialogue above, Tom as the speaker while Tazer is the hearer. The speaker performs a perlocutionary act of dissociation by performing an

a perlocutionary effects such the hearer hates the speaker. Moreover, the speaker uses vocative “frog-face” because the speaker wants to tease the hearer in order to make the hearer does not focus to hurt the speaker‟s cousin.

Datum 24/DNR/CALL

(Art tries to make battle between Tazer and Skips. When Tazer knows that Skips has taken control by Art, Tazer mocks Art)

Tazer : Puny humans, is that all you have? (Tazer shows all his power to make Art to be afraid, but Art is very self confident

to bear down Tazer) Art

: Whoa, he's good. In the dialogue above, the speaker is Tazer while the hearer is Art. The

speaker performs a perlocutionary act of dissociation by performing an illocutionary act of non- referential calling “Puny human, is that all you have?” in which grouped as an out- group term. The vocative “Puny human” makes a maximal distance between participants. Moreover, the vocative “Puny human” means that Razer (alien) considers Art (human) is weak. The vocative “Puny human” entails a perlocutinary act of dissociation which brings a perlocutionary effect such the hearer feels challenged to defeat the speaker. The speaker uses speaker performs a perlocutionary act of dissociation by performing an illocutionary act of non- referential calling “Puny human, is that all you have?” in which grouped as an out- group term. The vocative “Puny human” makes a maximal distance between participants. Moreover, the vocative “Puny human” means that Razer (alien) considers Art (human) is weak. The vocative “Puny human” entails a perlocutinary act of dissociation which brings a perlocutionary effect such the hearer feels challenged to defeat the speaker. The speaker uses

5. Associative Non-Referential Addressing

Datum 11/ANR/ADD

(Tom and Jake are surprised when Hannah plays the bubble gun with the alien, namely Sparks. Tom orders Hannah to keep away from the alien)

Tom

: Hannah, step away from the alien.

(Hannah rejects Tom’s order because Sparks is her friend) Hannah

: No! Leave him alone! He's my friend.

(Actually, Sparks helps Hannah to fix her bubble gun, but Art guests that the alien hurts Hannah with a ray gun)

Art

: He was just holding a ray gun to your head.

(Hannah corrects Art’s thought that alien is her friend) Hannah

: It's my bubble blower. He fixed it for me. He's not like the others. Look.

(Jake still does not believe that the alien is her friend) Jake

: First sign of aggression, I'm taking him out...with extreme prejudice.

(Sparks begins to be panic because Jake thinks that Sparks has a certain purpose with getting near with humans)

Spark

: I don't have training for this. No training.

(Hannah as Sparks’ friend makes the atmosphere to be calm, she knows that her friend feels inconvenient with the new guys)

Hannah : Yeah, that's what I named him . (Hannah explains that alien’s name is made by herself)

In the dialog above, the speaker is Hannah while the hearer is Sparks. The speaker performs an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing by uttering

“It's okay, Mr. Snuggle Lump“ which is categorized as in-group term, “Mr. Snuggle Lump“, it to make minimal distance between the speakers. According Cambridge dictionary “Snuggle” means that to move yourself into a warm and comfortable position while “Lump” means a heavy, awkward, stupid person. Hannah uses “Mr. Snuggle Lump” to make an awkward alien into warm and comfortable position with the new guys; in short the speaker uses vocative “Mr. Snuggle Lump” because the speaker wants to show the speaker‟s affection to the hearer. The vocative “Mr. Snuggle Lump” entails a perlocutionary act of association which brings about a perlocutionary effect such the hearer feels relieved. In addition, the speaker employs an expressive first than employing an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing.

Datum 17/ANR/ADD

(Stuart feels pity to his daughter, Bethany, who gets heartbroken with her boyfriend. Stuart as a good father of his children invites Bethany to eat burger together with family)

Stuart : I'm sorry, sweetie. I forgot. Did you want cheese on your burger? (Bethany rejects Stuart’s invitation because she feels sad with her boyfriend)

Bethany: No. I want to find whoever invented love and hack him apart with a

Bethany. The speaker performs an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing by uttering “I'm sorry, sweetie” which is included as an in-group term. The vocative “sweetie” is used to make a minimal distance between father and his daughter. This vocative “sweetie” employs a perlocutionary act of association

which brings about a perlocutionary effect such the hearer feels defending lonely even though the speaker has kind intention to make the speaker to be happy. The speaker uses vocative “sweetie” because the speaker wants to show that the speaker cares about the hearer. In addition, the speaker employs an expressive specifically an illocutionary act of apologizing than employing an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing.

6. Dissociative Non-Referential Addressing

Datum 3/DNR/ADD

(Jake, Art, and Lee come into the bad room. Jake orders Art to put Jake‟s bags on the bad)

Jake : Put my bags on the bed. (Art does not like Jake’s habit. He loves to order someone doing something) Art

: Sir, yes, sir. (Jake looks a bit offended when Art addresses him by saying “sir”)

Jake : Trying to be a wise guy? (Lee tries to help Art so that Jake will not be angry with him) Lee : No. No. Definitely not. Don't provoke him.

speaker performs an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing by uttering “Sir, yes, sir” which is grouped as out-group term. In uttering that, the speaker employs a commissive specifically volunteering than employing an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing. The speaker addresses the hearer by using the second vocative “sir” in order to make the hearer realized that the speaker dislikes Jake‟s act which Jake treats Art like a servant. Additionally, the second vocative “sir” to make a maximal distance between the participants that is why it belongs to as out- group term. The vocative “sir” employs a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings about a perlocutionary effect such the hearer feels offended to the speaker. Furthermore, the speaker uses vocative “sir” because the speaker wants to show that the speaker does not like the hearer.

Datum 4/DNR/ADD

(In the early morning, Ricky comes to Pearson’s villa by driving his yellow car. Ricky meets Tom in the field then he greets him)

Ricky

: Surprise, surprise, princess.

(Tom hates Ricky’s mocking word and puts a surprise face why Ricky knows that Pearson ’s families take a holiday in this villa. Tom knows that this holiday will be inconvenient because he dislikes Ricky’s act who likes to make trouble with him)

Tom

: Ricky, what are you doing here?

(Ricky has a planning to be here, he wants to stay in this villa so that he can date his girlfriend (Tom’s sister) until the night)

Ricky : Oh, I'm just stopping by for the afternoon... or maybe the night.

that, the speaker employs an expressive specifically an illocutionary act of mocking than employing an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing. The

vocative “princess” means that the speaker mocks the hearer because the speaker considers that the hearer is like a coward girl, not manly. Using the vocative

“princess” is used to mock the hearer so that makes a maximal distance between participants. In addition, the vocative “princess” employs a perlocutionary act of

dissociation which brings about a perlocutionary act such the hearer feels mortified. Additionally, the speaker u ses vocative “princess” because the speaker wants to offend the hearer.

Datum 5/DNR/ADD

(Nana asks Stuart to fix TV which is haywire. After hearing Nana looks for a help, Ricky comes quickly to be a voluntary man to fix TV, he wants to be a hero in

front of Pearson families. Then, he hits the Tom’s head while there is no one of the Pearson families who see Ricky’s act)

Ricky : Hey, wait a second, Mr. P. Let me fix the dish, man. That's the least I can do for your hospitality. (Bethany knows that Ricky is sick than she suggest that he should not fix TV) Bethany: No, Ricky. You're hurt. (Ricky convinces Bethany that he is fine, he can do it easily) Ricky : Oh, no. It was just a graze.

(Ricky wants Tom to help him to fix TV. In Ricky’s mind, Ricky will order Tom to fix it lonely after they will be in the attic)

Ricky : Yes, indeedy. But I will be needing a helping hand. So what do you say, brother? Give us a chance to bury the old hatchet.

Tom : ….. (Tom just keeps silent. Tom stands and follows what Ricky wants.)

(Bethany suggests that do not make another problem towards Ricky) Bethany: Make things right with Ricky, or don't come off that roof.

In the conversation above, the speaker is Ricky while the hearer is Tom. The speaker performs an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing by uttering “So what do you say, brother?” as an out-group term. In uttering that, the

speaker employs an expressive specifically an illocutionary act of burdening than employing an illocutionary act addressing. Ricky addresses Tom by using vocative “brother” is used to show Pearson families that he has a good relationship with the Tom substantively Ricky hates Tom and Tom gives up toward Ricky‟s act. In short, the speaker uses vocative “brother” because the speaker wants to offend the hearer. The vocative “brother” entails a perlocutinary act of dissociation which brings about a perlocutionary effect such the hearer feels burdened

(Skip asks Sparks to fix the control device, but Skip is not patient only for waiting this reparation. Sparks tries to fix it quickly as he can)

Skip : Figure it out. Hurry up. Hurry up. Hurry up. Hurry up. Fix it! Fix it. Fix it

now, you idiot. (Skip pushes Sparks because Skip has a low patient level) Sparks : Aw … (Sparks falls into the ground than he feels sad even though he

has tried to fix it as he can) In the conversation above, the speaker is Skip while the hearer is Sparks. The speaker performs an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing by

uttering “Figure it out. Hurry up. Hurry up. Hurry up. Hurry up. Fix it! Fix it. Fix it now, you idiot ” which is included as an out-group term. In uttering that, the

speaker employs a directive specifically an illocutionary act of commanding than employing an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing. The vocative “you idiot” means that the speaker mocks the hearer because the hearer works slowly. Thus, the speaker pushes the hearer because the speaker is impatient, so it makes a maximal distance between partici pants. In short, the speaker uses vocative “you idiot” to shows that the speaker‟s anger to the hearer. The vocative “you idiot” employs a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings about a perlocutionary effect such the hearer feels irritated.

(Jake asks Art to protect him from aliens) Jake : Art, cover me. (Art only brings the rake in this time. It is impossible if he must protect his brother

(Jake) by using the rake) Art

: With the rake? (Jake realizes that he must face the aliens lonely by using paint gun than he uses

the paint gun to shoot aliens) Jake : How do you feel now, suckers? Mission accomplished. Aliens : …. (Aliens keep silent and just throw the gratify grenade to Jake and

Art) In the dialogue above, the speaker is Jake while the hearer is aliens. The

speaker performs an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing by uttering “How do you feel now, suckers?” which involves as an out-group term.

According to Cambridge dictionary sucker refers to a thing or a person that is unpleasant or difficult. It means that Jake used the vocative “suckers” is used to

express that aliens are very difficult to defeated. In brief, the speaker uses vocative “suckers” because the speaker shows the speaker‟s anger to the hearer. The vocative “suckers” employs a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings about a perlocutionary effect such the hearer takes revenge to the speaker. Furthermore, the speaker employs an expressive specifically illocutionary act of

expressive than employing an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing.

(One morning, Ricky goes to Bethany ’s house by riding a yellow car. Because Ricky i s shot by an alien’s bullet, he does not realize that he has been controlled by the aliens. Lee is Tom’s cousin, Lee takes the alien’s remote from the aliens. So that, Lee can control Ricky’s body, Ricky is like a robot. Lee plays the alien’s remote to try whether the alien’s remote can control perfectly on Ricky’s body or not. Ricky does not realize that he bumps his yellow car and makes it scratched. Tom orders Lee to press the middle button, to make Ricky realize in a while, Ricky shocks findings his yellow car is broken)

Ricky : Whoa! What the-- My car! (Tom asks Lee to press the middle button to make Ricky unrealized for a while) Lee : [Beeps] That would be the on-and-off button. (Tom asks Lee to press the middle button again to make Ricky realize in a while) Tom : Press it again. Lee : [Beeps] (Lee presses the middle button, he likes playing the remote

control) Ricky : Car! Who did this to my car? (Than Ricky continues his shocked) Tom : You did, you giant idiot. (Tom takes an opportunity to mock Ricky) Ricky : What‟s….!! (Ricky does not realize when he bumped his yellow car

hardly. His car is scratched because of what is done by him) Lee : [Beeps]

From the dialog above, it can be seen that Tom presents as the speaker, while Ricky presents as the hearer. Tom orders Lee to take the control of Ricky by giving Lee the alien‟s remote. When Ricky is angry that his yellow car has broken, he asks “Uh My Car! Who did this to my car?”, then Tom reply “You did, you giant idiot “. In this case, Tom expresses an illocutionary act of non- From the dialog above, it can be seen that Tom presents as the speaker, while Ricky presents as the hearer. Tom orders Lee to take the control of Ricky by giving Lee the alien‟s remote. When Ricky is angry that his yellow car has broken, he asks “Uh My Car! Who did this to my car?”, then Tom reply “You did, you giant idiot “. In this case, Tom expresses an illocutionary act of non-

vocative “you giant idiot” implies that the relationship between Ricky and Tom is unclose that is why the vocative “you giant idiot” is categorized as an out-group term. This act brings about a perlocutionary act which brings about a perlocutionary effect such the hearer begins angry.

Datum 13/DNR/ADD

(Skip benefits Nana who has been taken control by Skip to take the suitcase. Hannah asks Skip to leave her Nana)

Hannah : Hey! Leave my Nana alone! (Skip does not want to hear his request) Skip

: Silence, squeaky-voiced human child! Hannah : …. (Hannah keeps silent and begins to shoot Skip by using her bubble

gun) In the dialogue above, Skip presents the speaker while Hannah presents

the hearer. The speaker employs a directive specifically an illocutionary act of commanding than employing a perlocutionary act of dissociation. The speaker performs a locutionary act by uttering “Silence, squeaky-voiced human child!” which carries out an illocutionary act of directive especially illocutionary act of the hearer. The speaker employs a directive specifically an illocutionary act of commanding than employing a perlocutionary act of dissociation. The speaker performs a locutionary act by uttering “Silence, squeaky-voiced human child!” which carries out an illocutionary act of directive especially illocutionary act of

effect such that the hearer feels angry. The speaker uses vocative “squeaky-voiced human child” are used to dissociate the hearer by showing the speaker‟s anger to the hearer.

Datum 15/DNR/ADD

(Stuart, Nina, and Nate just arrived from the market, they surprised why sheriff

come to their villa with the kids) Nina : Is everything okay? (Nina walks toward her kids) (Sheriff explains the reason why he comes to this place) Sheriff : No, ma'am. I'd say making a fraudulent call to 911 about an alien

invasion is most definitely not okay. Stuart : You called 911? (Stuart does not believe that their kids call 911) (Because the situation gets worse, Nate explain to Sherriff to make this problem to

make easy by giving a warning) Nate

: Come on, buddy. I'm sure you can let these kids off with a warning. Look at 'em.

( Sherriff does not accept Nate’s opinion, so that Sheriff looks for his mistakes

which he have done by saying the mistakes one by one) Sheriff : 1, not your buddy. 2, notice that your vehicle is missing a front license

plate. 3, how about I write you up a ticket? Nate : How about you don't? haha… (Nate rejects the ticket while smiles to

Sherrif)

speaker performs a locutionary act by uttering “Come on, buddy. I'm sure you can let these kids off with a warning. Look at 'em” which entails an illocutionary act of directive commanding specifically an illocutionary act of commanding. Than, the speaker performs a perlocutionary act which makes feels burdened. The vocative “buddy” is dissociative non-referential addressing which is used out- group term which makes a maximal distance between the speaker and the hearer. Thus, The speaker performs a perlocutionary act of dissociation by performing an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing via out-group term which brings about a perlocutionary effect such that the hearer feels burdened. The speaker uses vocative “buddy” because the speaker wants to dissociate the hearer by showing that the speaker does not like the hearer.

Datum 19/DNR/ADD

(Tazer and Razor dig the ground together, but they throw it to Jake’s face. Tazor and Razer hope Jake can enjoy some dirt in Jake’s face)

Tazer : Comfortable up there, Earth boy? Razor : Hope so. Enjoy some dirt in your face.

(Jake does not endure with their acts towards him. Jake hopes someone can help from this suffer)

Jake : [Muffled] Help! In the dialogue above, the speaker is Tazer while the hearer is Razor. The speaker performs a locutionary act by uttering “Comfortable up there, Earth boy ?” which brings about an illocutionary act of expressive specifically a mocking Jake : [Muffled] Help! In the dialogue above, the speaker is Tazer while the hearer is Razor. The speaker performs a locutionary act by uttering “Comfortable up there, Earth boy ?” which brings about an illocutionary act of expressive specifically a mocking

Datum 20/DNR/ADD

(Skip has taken Ricky’s control. Skip orders Ricky to take Hannah’s backpack) Ricky

: Attention, all. Resistance is futile. Give me what I need.

(Suddenly, Bethany grabs Ricky’s hand, she is glad after seeing Ricky come back to her)

Bethany

: Oh, baby. I knew you'd come back.

(Skip hates someone who disturbs his business. Skip controls Ricky to say “Step aside, hormonal female” than Ricky imitates Skip’s words)

Ricky

: Step aside, hormonal female.

(Bethany is shocked why Ricky can say that to her. Bethany does not know that Ricky has taken control by Skip)

Bethany

: Wait. You're calling me hormonal?

(Skip hates Bethany who still disturbs his business. Ricky imitates what Skip says. Then, Skip asks Bethany not to get involved his business by using mediator, namely Ricky)

Ricky

: Back away. You are irrelevant to my mission.

(Bethany feels there is something wrong with Ricky) Bethany

: Irrelevant? I don't care how old you are. You can't talk to me like

the hearer. The speaker performs an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing by uttering “Step aside, hormonal female” which is belonged as an out-group term. The speaker employs a directive specifically an illocutionary act of commanding besides employing an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing. The speaker uses “hormonal female” to express his displeasure which Bethany should know the important situation which is been facing by Ricky and not to discuss about her feelings about love for this situation, and in brief the speaker shows the speaker‟s anger to the hearer by addressing the hearer with “hormonal female”. The vocative “hormonal female” makes a maximal distance between

participants, they do not have a good relationship. Furthermore, the vocative “hormonal female” involves a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings

about a perlocutionary effect such the hearer feels angry.

Datum 21/DNR/ADD

(Skip becomes bigger than human. He begins arrogant and self confident that he can finish his problem easily)

Skip : Who's little now, Earth maggot? Pretty cool, huh? (Jake is shocked after seeing the change of Skip’s body. Jake talks to himself and

has an imagination if he has a bigger potato to shoot Skip) Jake : I‟m gonna need a bigger potato. (Skip declares his self that he has win this battle) Skip : It's over. I win.

uttering that, the speaker employs an expressive specifically an illocutionary act of mocking besides employing an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing. According to Cambridge dictionary, maggot means a creature like a very small

worm which later develops into a fly. In this case, the speaker uses “Earth maggot” to address him to mock the hearer that he is as small as a fly. It can be said that the speaker wants to shows that the speaker does not like the hearer by addressing the hearer with vocative “Earth maggot”. The speaker has a maximal distance to the hearer, that is why it is included as in out group term. In addition,

the vocative “Earth maggots” entails a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings about a perlocutionary effect such the hearer feels burdened.

Datum 22/DNR/ ADD

(Jake has an idea to solve his problem by distracting Skip’s attention) Jake : We need a clean shot at his neck.

(Tom responds Jake’s idea by climbing quickly to electric-post) Tom : I'm goin up. Get him to turn around!

(Jake screams loudly to attract Skip’s attention) Jake : Hey! Down here, you prehistoric space scum! Skip : …. (Skip grunts)

In the dialogue above, Jake presents the speaker while Skip presents the hearer. The speaker performs an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing by

uttering “Down here, you prehistoric space scum!” which is categorized as an uttering “Down here, you prehistoric space scum!” which is categorized as an

“you prehistoric space scum”. In addition, the vocative “you prehistoric space scum” employs a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings about a perlocutionary effect such the hearer feels mortified.

B3. The objectives of employing vocative expression

a. Caring about the hearer There are three data which contain the objective that the speaker shows his/her cares about the hearer. It can be found in datum 16/AR/CALL which

contains the vocative “Nate”, datum 18/AR/CALL which contains the vocative “Hannah”, and datum 17/ANR/ADD which contains the vocative “sweetie”.

b. Giving a compliment to the hearer There is one datum which contains the objective that the speaker gives compliment the hearer. It can be found in datum 1/AR/CALL which contains the vocative “Nate”.

c. Appreciating the hearer There is one datum which contains the objective that the speaker tries to appreciate the hearer. It can be found in datum 10/AR/ADD which contains

There are three data which contain the objective that the speaker shows to associate the hearer who dissociates the speaker. It can be found in datum

12/ANR/CALL which contains the vocative “nana”, datum 14/ANR/CALL which contains the vocative “Sheriff”, and datum 23/ANR/CALL which contains the vocative “Commander”.

e. Teasing the hearer There is one datum which contains the objective, the speaker tries to tease the hearer. It can be found in datum 6/DNR/CALL which contains the

vocative “frog-face”.

f. Disliking the hearer There are five data which contain the objective that the speaker shows that the speaker dislikes the hearer. It can be found in datum 24/DNR/CALL which contains the vocative “puny humans”, datum 9/DNR/ADD which contains the vocative “you giant idiot”, and datum 13/DNR/ADD which contains the vocative “squeaky-voiced human child”, 15/DNR/ADD which contains the vocative “buddy”, and 21/DNR/ADD which contains the vocative “earth maggot”.

g. Showing the speaker‟s anger to the hearer There are five data which contain the objective that the speaker shows

the speaker‟s anger. It can be found in datum 2/DNR/CALL which contains the vocative “sir”, datum 3/DNR/ADD which contains the vocative “sir”, and the speaker‟s anger. It can be found in datum 2/DNR/CALL which contains the vocative “sir”, datum 3/DNR/ADD which contains the vocative “sir”, and

h. Showing the speaker‟s affection towards the hearer There is one datum which contains the objective that the speaker tries to show the speaker‟s affection towards the hearer. It can be found in datum 11/ANR/ADD which contains the vocative “Mr. Snuggle Lump”.

i. Offending the hearer There are four data which contain the objective that the speaker offends the hearer. It can be found in datum 4/DNR/ADD which contains the vocative

“princess”, datum 5/DNR/ADD which contains the vocative “brother”, and datum 19/DNR/ADD which contains the vocative “earth boy”, and

22/DNR/ADD which contains the vocative “you prehistoric space scum”.

C. Discussion

From the sub-chapter of analysis data, this research comes to sub-chapter of discussion. In this sub-chapter, the researcher presents the findings which arrange based on the problem statements which cover what types of vocative expression, how do the characters employ, and what the objectives of employing vocative expressions in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”. Those findings are as the following:

Based on the classification of vocative expressions proposed by Susumo Kubo, there are eight types of vocative expressions namely Associative Referential Calling, Dissociative Referential Calling, Associative Referential Addressing, Dissociative Referential Addressing, Associative Non-Referential Calling, Dissociative Non-Referential Calling, Associative Non-Referential Addressing, and Non-Referential Addressing.

Based on the analysis data, it can be known that the character in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic” use six types of vocative expressions. They are 2

data of Associative Referential Calling, 2 data of Associative Referential Addressing, 3 data of Associative Non-Referential Calling, 3 data of Dissociative Non-Referential Calling, 2 data of Associative Non-Referential Addressing, and

12 data of Dissociative Non-Referential Addressing.

The detail information can be seen below

Table 4.1 Vocative Expressions

Type of Vocative Expressions Frequency Percentage (%)

Associative Referential Calling

2 8.33 Associative Referential Addressing

2 8.33 Associative Non-Referential Calling

3 12.5 Dissociative Non-Referential Calling

3 12.5 Associative Non-Referential Addressing

It can be seen from the table that Dissociative Non-Referential Addressing is generally used by the characters with 50%. Meanwhile, Associative Referential Calling, Associative Referential Addressing, and Associative Non-Referential Addressing are seldom used by the characters since the researcher finds 2 data from each type with 8.33%.

Associate Referential Calling is used in data 16 and 18. Associative Referential Addressing is used in data 1 and 10. Associate Non-Referential Calling is used in data 12, 14, and 23 . Dissociative Non-Referential Calling is used in data 2, 6, and 24. Associative Non-Referential Addressing is used in data

11 and 17. Dissociative Non-Referential Addressing is used in data 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9,

13, 15, 19, 20, 21, and 22. Based on the data which are found in the film “Aliens In The Attic, there

is 1 datum of Dissociative Non-Referential Addresing, Datum 13/DNR/ ADD, tends to be Inconsistenct Vocative Phrases. The analysis of 1 datum of Inconsistenct Vocative Phrases can be seen as follows:

Inconsistenct Vocative Phrases

Datum 13/DNR/ADD

(Skip benefits Nana who has been taken control by Skip to take the suitcase. Hannah asks Skip to leave her Nana)

Hannah : …. (Hannah keeps silent and begins to shoot Skip by using her bubble gun)

In the dialogue above, Skip presents the speaker while Hannah presents the hearer. The speaker performs a directive specifically an illocutionary act of commanding than employing an illocutionary act of addressing by uttering “squeaky-voiced human child” via inconsistent vocative phrases. A vocative phrase of “squeaky-voiced human child is combination of a diminutive out-group adjective phrase “squeaky-voiced” and the in-group terms “human child”. According Cambridge dictionary, the meaning of “squeaky” is making a very high sound, it means that Skip does not like a very high voice of Hannah so that he rejects Hannah‟s request, hence it makes a maximal distance between participants,

and in short the speaker shows that the speaker does like the hearer. The speaker addresses the hearer with “human child” because the speaker feels affection or

pity with the hearer as a little girl. The vocative phrases “squeaky-voiced human child” employs a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings about a

perlocutionary effect such that the hearer does like the speaker.

C2. Vocative strategies used by the characters in the film “Aliens In The Attic”

From the analysis data, the researcher founds two strategies of Susumo Kubo ‟s theories, namely in-group terms and in out-group terms. When vocative expressions contain a perlocutionary act of association, the characters employ an in-group term strategy because between the speaker and the hearer have a close From the analysis data, the researcher founds two strategies of Susumo Kubo ‟s theories, namely in-group terms and in out-group terms. When vocative expressions contain a perlocutionary act of association, the characters employ an in-group term strategy because between the speaker and the hearer have a close

14, 23, 11, 17 while data which uses the strategy of in-group term are in data 6, 2,

24, 3, 7, 8, 20, 9, 13, 15, 21, 4, 5, 19, and 22.

The detail information can be seen in the following table.

Table 4.2

The Distribution of Types of Vocative expressions and Vocative Strategies

Types of Vocative Expressions Vocative Strategies In-group term

Out-group term

Associate Referential Calling

2 data

- Associative Referential Addressing

2 data

- Associate Non-Referential Calling

3 data

- Dissociative Non-Referential Calling

3 data Associative Non-Referential Addressing

2 data

- Dissociative Non-Referential Addressing

It can be seen from above table that 2 types of vocative contains perlocutionary act of dissociation using the strategies as out-group term are dominated used by the characters with 37.5%, particularly Dissociative Non- Referential Addressing is used the most as out-group term strategy by the characters. Meanwhile, 4 types of vocative contains perlocutionary act of It can be seen from above table that 2 types of vocative contains perlocutionary act of dissociation using the strategies as out-group term are dominated used by the characters with 37.5%, particularly Dissociative Non- Referential Addressing is used the most as out-group term strategy by the characters. Meanwhile, 4 types of vocative contains perlocutionary act of

C3. The objectives of employing the certain types of vocative expressions in the

film “Aliens In The Attic”

The objectives of employing the certain types of vocative expressions in the film “Aliens In The Attic are analyzed based on whether the vocative contains

perlocutionary act of association or perlocutionary act of dissociation. There are 2 objectives which are found namely to associate and to dissociate the hearer. Those 2 objectives are divided into some objectives. The former objective is divided into 5 objectives namely to care about the hearer, to give a compliment to the hearer, to appreciate the hearer, to associate the hearer

who dissociate the speaker, and to show the speaker‟s affection towards the hearer. The latter objective is divided into 4 objectives namely to tease the hearer,

to show that the speaker does not like the hearer, to shows the speaker‟s anger to the hearer, and to offend the hearer. The detail objectives can be seen in the table

below:

The Objectives of Using Vocatives Which Contain

A Perlocutionary Act of Association

Objective

Data

Vocative Expression

The speaker cares about the hearer

16/AR/CALL

Nate, stop talking.

18/AR/CALL

Hey, Hannah, did you eat all the hot dogs?

17/ANR/ADD

I'm sorry, sweetie.

The speaker gives a compliment to the hearer

1/AR/ADD

Nice landing, Nate.

The speaker appreciates the hearer

10/AR/ADD

I hope this works, Einstein.

The speaker associates the hearer who dissociates the speaker

12/ANR/CALL

Nana, don't make me hurt you.

14/ANR/CALL

Look, Sheriff, we told you we're sorry.

23/ANR/CALL

Commander, wait a second.

The speaker shows the speaker‟s affection towards

the hearer

11/ANR/ADD

It's okay, Mr. Snuggle Lump.

Table 4.3 shows there are 5 objectives of the speaker employing a perlocutionary act of association. The first objective is that the speaker cares about the hearer which can be found in data 16/AR/CALL, 18/AR/CALL, and 17/ANR/ADD. The second objective is that the speaker gives a compliment to the hearer which can be found in datum 1 /AR/ADD. The third objective is that the speaker appreciates the hearer which can be found in datum 10/AR/ADD. The fourth objective is that the speaker associates the hearer who dissociates the speaker which can be found in data 12/ANR/CALL, 14/ANR/CALL, and Table 4.3 shows there are 5 objectives of the speaker employing a perlocutionary act of association. The first objective is that the speaker cares about the hearer which can be found in data 16/AR/CALL, 18/AR/CALL, and 17/ANR/ADD. The second objective is that the speaker gives a compliment to the hearer which can be found in datum 1 /AR/ADD. The third objective is that the speaker appreciates the hearer which can be found in datum 10/AR/ADD. The fourth objective is that the speaker associates the hearer who dissociates the speaker which can be found in data 12/ANR/CALL, 14/ANR/CALL, and

Table 4.4

The Objectives of Using Vocatives Which Contain

A Perlocutionary Act of Dissociation

Objective

Data

Vocative Expression

The speaker teases the hearer

6/DNR/CALL

Hey, frog-face!

The speaker does not like the hearer

24/DNR/CALL

9/DNR/ADD 13/DNR/ADD

15/DNR/ADD 21/DNR/ADD

Puny human, is that all you have? You did, you giant idiot.

Silence, squeaky-voiced human

child! Come on, buddy. Who's little now, Earth maggot?

The speaker shows the speaker‟s anger to the

hearer

2/DNR/CALL

3/DNR/ADD 7/DNR/ADD

8/DNR/ADD

20/DNR/ADD

Sir, yes, sir. Sir, yes, sir. Figure it out. Hurry up. Hurry up. Hurry up. Hurry up. Fix it! Fix it. Fix it now, you idiot. How do you feel now, Suckers? Mission accomplished. Step aside, hormonal female.

The speaker offends the hearer

4/DNR/ADD 5/DNR/ADD 9/DNR/ADD

22/DNR/ADD

Surprise, surprise, princess. So what do you say, brother? Comfortable up there, Earth boy? Down here, you prehistoric space scum!

Table 4.4 shows there are 4 objectives the speaker intends to dissociate the Table 4.4 shows there are 4 objectives the speaker intends to dissociate the

the speaker‟s anger to the hearer which can be found in data 2/DNR/CALL, 3/DNR/ADD, 7/DNR/ADD, 8/DNR/ADD, and 20/DNR/ADD. The forth

objective is that the speaker offends the hearer which can be found in data 4/DNR/ADD, 5/DNR/ADD, 9/DNR/ADD, and 22/DNR/ADD. In addition, those

4 objectives happen in certain vocative which contains perlocutionary act of dissociation because the speaker and the hearer do not have a close relationship which is called as an out-group term.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. CONCLUSION

This last chapter presents the conclusion which is drawn from the result of data analysis in chapter IV. It is presented to answer the problem statements in Chapter I. The conclusion of this research is follows:

1. The types of vocative expressions

From the result of data analysis, there are 24 data which use six types of vocative expressions which can be found in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”. They are Associative Referential Calling, Associative Referential Addressing, Associative Non-Referential Calling, Dissociative Non-Referential Calling, Associative Non-Referential Addressing, and Dissociative Non-Referential Addressing.

2. The way in expressing vocative expressions

From the result of data analysis, it can be found that there are two strategies, namely in-group term and out-group term, which can be used to employ certain types of voca tive expression by the characters in the film “Aliens In The Attic”. When vocative expressions contain a perlocutionary act of association, the characters employ in group term strategy because between the speaker and the hearer have a close relationship. While, vocative expressions contain a perlocutionary act of From the result of data analysis, it can be found that there are two strategies, namely in-group term and out-group term, which can be used to employ certain types of voca tive expression by the characters in the film “Aliens In The Attic”. When vocative expressions contain a perlocutionary act of association, the characters employ in group term strategy because between the speaker and the hearer have a close relationship. While, vocative expressions contain a perlocutionary act of

3. The objectives of employing certain type of vocative expressions

The objectives of employing a certain type of vocative expressions which is analyzed based on whether the vocative contains perlocutionary act of association or perlocutionary act of dissociation.

There are 2 objectives found namely to associate and to dissociate the hearer. Those 2 objectives are divided into some reasons. The former objective is divided into 5 objectives namely to care about the hearer, to give a compliment to the hearer, to appreciate the hearer, to associate the hearer who dissociate the speaker, and to

show the speaker’s affection towards the hearer. Those 5 objectives happen in certain vocative which contains perlocutionary act of association because the speaker and the hearer have a close relationship which is called as in-group term. The latter objective is divided into 4 objectives namely to tease the hearer, to show that the speaker does

not like the hearer, to show the speaker’s anger to the hearer, and to offend the hearer. Those 4 objectives happen in certain vocative which contains perlocutionary act of

dissociation because the speaker and the hearer do not have a close relationship which is called as out-group term.

From the conclusion above, the researcher proposed some suggestion:

1. The researcher suggests to other researchers especially linguistics students who have interested in pragmatics approach to take another data sources such as comic and daily conversations.

2. The researcher finds only six types of vocative expressions so that the researcher suggests to other researchers to find eight types of vocative expressions.

3. The researcher finds some types of vocative expressions and vocative expression which employ inconsistent vocative phrases. Nevertheless, the researcher cannot find vocative expressions which employ insincere perlocutionary acts and exploitation of group-term distinction. Therefore, the researcher suggests the film maker to apply more vocative expressions which contain insincere perlocutionary acts and exploitation of group-term distinction, so the data analyzing of vocative expressions will be more complete.