LITERATURE REVIEW
8) Dissociative non-referential addressing
It means that the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of dissociation by performing an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing the hearer with an out- group term which brings about perlocutionary effects because of which the hearer fells disgraced.
Thus, there are two points of dissociative non-referential addressing which can
be depicted. Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act of non- referential addressing besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Secondly, the vocative contains a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings about a be depicted. Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act of non- referential addressing besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Secondly, the vocative contains a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings about a
Example: (Mery is seeing her boyfriend dates with another woman, than Mary comes to her boyfriend) Mery
: You are very clever, my ex-boyfriend. (angry face) Andy
: Wait…Wait…. Please don‟t go… I will explain… Mery
: Shut up!
Jane (another woman) : What the heck was that? Andy
: (just silent and leaving Jane alone)
In the dial ogue above, feeling disgusted and angry with Andy‟s act, Mery is addressing him “my ex-boyfriend”, it indicates that Mary is single. Here, the speaker expresses his negative feeling to the hearer by performing an illocutionary act of non
referential addressing him by giving former of boyfriend, “my ex-boyfriend”, that is
a member of out-group term. The illocutionary act, then, entails his performance of a perlocutionary act of dissociation , which causes a perlocutionary effect which the hearer feels disgraced.
C. Some Further Issues of Vocatives in Pragmatics
In this section, Kubo sketches three relevant issues for the further studies of vocatives in pragmatics. There are insincere perlocutionary acts, exploitation of group term distinction, and inconsistent vocative phrases.
1. Insincere Perlocutionary Acts
The case can be categorized as insincere perlocutionary acts if a perlocutionary act is insincere even if its illocutionary act is successful. It can be clearly described through an example below.
They wal k past a groundkeeper who’s at work at a patch of grass. Groundkeeper
: Morning, Mr. President.
Before he’s even completed the last syllable of the greeting, Janie quickly and quickly said--- Janie (President personal assistant) : Charlie. Bush (American president)
: Morning, Charlie.
From the dialogue above, Bush performs a perlocutionary act of association by performing an illocutionary act of addressing to a groundkeeper by the first name,
“Charlie”, that is a member of in-group terms. He does not have any intention to associate him personally since he is not familiar with him, but intends to bring a perlocutionary effect such that his illocutionary act of addressing lets him believe that the president knows even a groundkeeper like him. Thus, his perlocutionary act does not satisfy the condition of success, since it violates sincerity condition, even if his illocutionary act satisfies it.
2. Exploitation of Group-Term Distinction 2. Exploitation of Group-Term Distinction
come back from school. Then, I opened the letter, you know what…. the person who has written that letter was Katherine, the most popular girl in our school, it was unforgettable moment - Hey … Hey… Did you understand what
I mean..? It means that finally, I have a girlfriend. Dicky : (still shocked) Wow….. Amazing… You‟re a lucky man. Vicky : (laughing) Ha… Ha.. Don‟t be dazed like that… Your expression likes
seeing the ghost in daylight. I just made a story… That story is false. Dicky : You bastard, I was believing you! (laughing)
I think, you‟re a good story teller.
Vicky : See- you‟re always beating me..! From the example dialogue above, “you bastard” is commonly used an out-group term to dissociate the speaker from the hearer, but in this case the vocative “you bastard” is employed to associate the hearer even though the speaker lies about the story. Such use of an out-group term is more effective than simple use of an in-group term to cause perlocutionary effect upon the hearer. This case is called exploitation of group-term distinction.
3. Inconsistenct Vocative Phrases 3. Inconsistenct Vocative Phrases
: You have to do the kitchen and the bedroom before lunch, my little pig dropping , and if you skip the corners, there will be no lunch.
Julie (Nany’s daughter) : ….. (Keeps silent and go the kitchen and the bedroom)
From the dialogue above, the speaker performs a pelocutionary act of dissociation by performing an illocutionary act of addressing via inconsistent vocative phrases . Thus, the speaker addresses the hearer as “my little pig droppings” which is the combinations of a diminutive in-grou p adjective phrase “my little” and the out- group terms „pig dropping”, then expresses perlocutionarry her hatred to the hearer. To sum up, inconsistenct vocative phrases are the combination of diminutive in-group and out-group term, in this case, the speaker performs pelocutionary act of dissociation by performing illocutionary act of addressing which brings about a pelocutionarry effect on the hearer such the hearer feels disgraced or dishonor.
F. Context
Context is an important part in interpreting the meaning of utterance. According to Leech (1983: 13) context deals with relevant aspect of physical or social setting of an utterance. It is the background which is shared by the speaker and the hearer in understanding their utterance. Therefore, context has many contributions in Context is an important part in interpreting the meaning of utterance. According to Leech (1983: 13) context deals with relevant aspect of physical or social setting of an utterance. It is the background which is shared by the speaker and the hearer in understanding their utterance. Therefore, context has many contributions in
Malinowsky (in Halliday & Hasan:1985) states that there are two notions of context. They are context of situation and context of culture that have an important role in the interpreting meaning of language. Context of situation is the situation when speech is uttered, including participant, time, place, and social environment. Context of culture is culture background or history of the participants. In studying language, we should know and understand the culture background of language. It includes participants or people who are involved in speech, time, place, social environment, and political condition (Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 6)
It can be concluded that context is important in interpreting the meaning of an utterance in the conversation. The hearer can fail in interpreting the meaning of
speaker‟s utterance if the hearer does not understand the context in the conversation.
G . Synopsis of Film “Aliens In The Attic”
Title
: Aliens In The Attic
Starring
: Ashley Boettcher as Hannah Carter Jenkins as Tom Ashley Tisdale as Bethany
Austin Butler as Nate's son Jake Twins: Henri Young as Art and Regan Young as Lee
Writer
: Mark Burton and Adam F. Goldberg
Producer
: Barry Josephson
Genre
: American family sci-fi comedy film
Year
Kids on a family vacation must fight off an attack by knee-high alien invaders with world-destroying ambitions. At the same time, the youngsters work hard to keep their parents in the dark about the battle upstairs.
It's the Pearsons versus the aliens who "came from upstairs," in an all-out battle that will decide the fate of the Earth and kick-off the ultimate summer vacation.
H. Reviews of Other Related Studies
The researcher includes two previous researches which were related studies about vocative. The first previous research entitled “An Analysisn of Vocative Expressions In The Film Entitled Bring It On ” which was done by Vianinda Pratama
Sari (2010) and the second previous research entitled „Vocative in MICASE‟ which was done by Jennifer McCormick and Sarah Richardson (2006).
Vianinda‟s research used Kubo‟s theory to analyse vocative expressions based on pragmatics approach. She only anlyzed non-referential vocative in the film entitled
Bring It On . The result of her research shows that there are four types of non- Bring It On . The result of her research shows that there are four types of non-
The reseach of Jennifer McCormick and Sarah Richardson analyzed the most common vocatives in non-academic speech events (as assessed in http://lw.lsa.umich.edu/eli/micase/Kibbitzer/VocKibEdit/html assessed on May 4 th 2011). They could not distinguish between non referential and referential vocative in MICASE (a collection of spoken academic in the University of Michigan). The result of their research were that there are nine form of vocatives according Biber, Conrad, and Leech‟s theory, namely 1) Group terms, 2) Second-person pronoun, 3) First name, 4) Honorifics, 5) Familiarizer, 6) Indefinite pronoun, 7) Familiarized first name, 8) Endearment, and 9) Title.
Comparing with the study above, this research tries to analyze both non- referential and referential vocative based on Kubo‟s theory used pragmatics approach. The researcher is sure that the result of this research will be different from two previous researches.