An Analysis of Vocative Expressions Among Characters in the Film Entitled Aliens In The Attic (Pragmatics Approach)

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement For the Sarjana Sastra Degree at English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

By: ARINI HIDAYAH C1307029 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA

2012

NIM: C1307029

Stated a whole- heartedly that the thesis “An Analysis of Vocative Expressions Among Characters in the Film Entitled Aliens In The Attic ” (Pragmatics Approach)” is originally made by the researcher. The things related to other people’s works are written in quotation and included within the

bibliography.

If it is then proven that the researcher cheats, the researcher is positively ready to take the responsibility.

The Researcher

Arini Hidayah

Life is simple; dare to dream then make it real (Silentium – Para Pemimpi)

So verily, with hardship, there is relief (Al- Inshira 94: 5)

I whole heartedly dedicate this thesis to:

My beloved mom and dad My beloved sister and little brother My beloved savior sister My beloved friends ED Non Regular and Regular

Bismillahirrohmanirrohim.

Alhamdulillahi robbil ‘alamin. My biggest praise is just for Allah SWT, the Almighty and the All Merciful God for His blessing that I can complete this thesis as one of

the requirements for accomplish the Undergraduate Degree of Sarjana Sastra. There are many people who have given me many contributions to accomplish this thesis. That is why in this opportunity, I would like to show my gratitude to:

1. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed, Ph.D, as the dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts of Sebelas Maret University, for approving my thesis.

2. Drs. S. Budi Waskito, M.Pd, as the Head of English Department Non Regular Program of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University.

3. Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A, Ph.D, as my thesis consultant. Thank you very much for guidance, patience, concern, and advise so that I can finish my thesis.

4. Drs. Mugijatna, M. Si, Ph.D, as my academic consultant. I am very thankful for the time and the support to me.

5. All the lecturers of English Department for all the knowledge which have been shared for me.

6. My family, my beloved mom and dad thanks for everything you have given to me, attention, pray, love, and care. My sister and little brother thanks for cheerful.

7. My beloved savior sister “Mbk Vian” thanks for all your knowledge about vocative which has been given to me.

Kezia, Mbk Puri, and Mas Dhika, I miss every moment that we have and thank you for helping me in doing my thesis.

9. All my friends in ED Non Regular ’07; ED Regular ’07, ’08, and ’10 (thanks for the friendship, it is very nice to have you all  ).

10. All of my friends in Piranha Board, thanks for the full of color which have given to me.

11. For everyone who I cannot mention, thanks for all support in doing my thesis.

I believe that this thesis is far from being perfect, thus constructive criticism and suggestion are open-handedly accepted. Hopefully this thesis will be beneficial as it purposively written. Thanks

Sukoharjo, July 2012

Arini Hidayah

D. Person Deixis ....................................................................... 18

E. Vocative Expressions .......................................................... 20

F. Context ................................................................................ 35

G. Synopsis of the Film “Aliens In The Attic”………………..36

H. Reviews of Other Related Studies ....................................... 37

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Type of Research ................................................................... 39

B. Data and Source of Data ........................................................ 39

C. Sample and Technique of Sampling ...................................... 39

D. Technique of Collecting Data ................................................ 40

E. Technique of Coding Data .................................................... 40

F. Technique of Analyzing Data ................................................ 41

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS

A. Introduction………………………………............................42

B. Analysis…………………………………………………..... 42

C. Discussion…. ........................................................................ 70

B. Suggestion ............................................................................. 81

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES

Table 4.2 The Distribution of Types of Vocative Expressions and Vocative Strategies ……………………………………………………………...74 Table 4.3 The Objectives of Using Vocatives Which Contain A Perlocutionary

Act of A ssociation…………………..………………..…....………….76 Table 4.4 The Objectives of Using Vocatives Which Contain A Perlocutionary

Act of Dissociation .......................................................... ……..………77

Arini Hidayah. C1307029. 2012. An Analysis of Vocative Expressions Among Characters in the Film Entitled Aliens In The Attic (Pragmatics Approach). Thesis: English Department, Faculty of Latters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.

This research was conducted to find out the types of vocative expressions employed by the characters in the film Aliens In The Attic. It is also carried out to identify how the characters employ certain types of vocative expressions and to find out the objectives of vocative expressions employed by the characters in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”.

This research is a descriptive qualitative research which takes purposive sampling technique. The data of this research were taken from the dialogue containing vocative expressions in the film entitled Aliens In The Attic. They were classified by using Kubo theories.

The findings of the research show that there are six types of vocative expressions employed by the characters in the film Alien In The Attic, namely Associative Referential Calling (2 data), Associative Referential Addressing (2 data), Associative Non-Referential Calling (3 data), Dissociative Non-Referential Calling (3 data), Associative Non-Referential Addressing (2 data), and Dissociative Non- Referential Addressing (12 data).

The second finding is that there are two strategies which can be used to employ certain types of vocative expression by the characters in the film entitled Aliens In The Attic . There are in-group term (9 data) and out-group term strategy (15 data). In-group term strategy occurs when the speaker and the hearer have a close relationship while out-group term strategy occurs when the speaker and the hearer do not have a close relationship.

The third finding is the objectives of employing vocative expressions in the film Aliens In The Attic which is analyzed based on whether the vocative contains perlocutionary act of association or perlocutionary act of dissociation. There are 2 objectives found namely to associate and to dissociate the hearer. Those 2 objectives are divided into some objectives. The former objective is divided into 5 objectives namely to care about the hearer, to give a compliment to the hearer, to appreciate the hearer, to associate the hearer who dissociate the speaker, and to show the speaker’s affection towards the hearer. Those 5 objectives happen in certain vocative which contains perlocutionary act of association because the speaker and the hearer have a close relationship which is called as in-group term. The latter objective is divided into

4 objectives namely to tease the hearer, to show that the speaker does not like the hearer, to show the speaker’s anger to the hearer, and to offend the hearer. Those 4

objectives happen in certain vocative which contains perlocutionary act of dissociation because the speaker and the hearer do not have a close relationship which is called as out-group term.

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

Human being is an individual and a social creature need to communicate with someone else to fulfill their daily needs in the society. In everyday social interaction, people can communicate each other to show their ideas, wants, thoughts, desires, and feelings, knowledge, and so on. Language plays a great part in human‟s live as stated by Bloomfield that having both as a means of communication which has important role for human being, and language can be a connection among people to spread knowledge in the world. Most people in the world communicate with others are looking relationship.

Vocatives are essential part in maintain relation among people because vocatives are always used in the daily dialogue or conversation in the society in the world and small units in an utterance but rich of linguistic phenomena. Vocatives are under explored in pragmatics. Kubo states that most linguistics have not only failed to treat properly the illocutionary acts, but have never paid notice to the perlocutionary act that the speaker performs an illocutionary act when he or she utters an utterance by using a vocative.

Levinson (1983: 71) states that vocatives can be divided into calls or summonses and addresses. Call usually happens at the utterance-initial position and the addresses happen at non-utterance initial positions. Addresses happen in the sorts

Levinson is that he fails to analyze speech act functions, both calls and addresses must be analyzed with speech act. Levinson states that call can be as independent speech act without touching the function of illocutionary used the addresses.

Osenova and Simon explain that vocatives are divided into two types which are non referential and referential vocative. Kubo stated that the problem ‟s Osenova and Simon same with Levinson‟s problem that they fail to analyze the speech act

functions. According Kubo, vocatives are classified into four sub-types seen from the view of illocutionary act. They are referential calling, referential addressing, non- referential calling, and non referential addressing. Afterwards, by adding the perlocutionary act type distinction namely in-group terms perlocutionary acts of association and out-group terms perlocutionary acts of dissociation. It can be concluded that vocatives can be divided into eight sub types, namely: associative referential calling, dissociative referential calling, associative referential addressing, dissociative referential addressing, associative non-referential calling, dissociative non-referential calling, associative non-referential addressing, and dissociative non- referential addressing.

This research concerns on the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic” as the main data of this research because there are many vocative expressions employed by the characters of the film related to the context and situation. In addition, the research chooses “Aliens In The Attic” because this film was popular from family genre which

2 awards; they are Teen Choice Award 2009 for Choice Summer Movie Female Star and Young Artist Award 2010 for category Young Ensemble Cast (as assessed in www.imdb.com/titled/tt0775552/awards on Des 19 th 2011). “Aliens In The Attic” also produced ticket sales well over its production budget. Those reasons that make this movie become one of the qualified movies to be a research object. This film tells about the Pearsons versus the aliens who "came from upstairs," in an all-out battle that will decide the fate of the Earth and kick-off the ultimate summer vacation. This following example as one of data vocative expressions type is Dissociative Non Referential Addressing type datum that found in this film to give more comprehensive understanding.

The participants of the dialogue below are Ricky and Tom. The dialogue between Ricky and Tom below happens in Tom‟s field house. Ricky is Bethany‟s boyfriend. One morning, Ricky goes to Bethany house by riding a yellow car. Ricky does not realize that he is controlled by the aliens because he has been shot by aliens. Lee is Tom‟s cousin, Lee takes the alien‟s remote from the aliens. So that, Lee can control Ricky ‟s body, Ricky is like a robot. Lee plays the alien‟s remote to try whether the alien‟s remote can control perfectly on Ricky‟s body or not. Ricky does not realize that he bumped hardly his yellow car which he likes and his car scratches because of his done. Tom orders Lee to press the middle button, to make Ricky realize in a while, Ricky was shocked that his broken yellow car.

Ricky

: Uh My car!

Ricky

: Car! Who did this to my car?

Tom

: You did, you giant idiot.

Ricky

: What‟s…?

From the dialogue above, it can be seen that Tom presents as the speaker, while Ricky presents as the hearer. When Tom orders Lee to take the control of Ricky by giving Lee the alien‟s remote. When Ricky is angry that his yellow car has broken,

he asks “Uh My Car! Who did this to my car?”, then Tom reply “You did, you giant idiot “. In this case, Tom expresses an illocutionary act of giving declaration by uttering an illocutionary act “You did, you giant idiot “. This act brings about a

perlocutionary act such that Tom order Lee to press stop button on his remote in order to stop Ricky‟s angry.

It is clear that Tom employs an expressive specifically an illocutionary act of giving declaration first then employing an illocutionary act of addressing. The speaker, Tom, dissociates the hearer because Tom doesn‟t like Ricky as his sister‟s boyfriend. Tom adds the vocative “you giant idiot” to address Ricky. The vocative “you giant idiot” is commonly used to respect someone who is not liked. The vocative “you giant idiot” implies that the relationship between Ricky and Tom is unclose which is categorized as an out-group term.

Based on example above, the researcher is interested in analyzing vocative expressions employed by the characters in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”.

The researcher wants to accomplish a research entitled “An Analysis of Vocative

(Pragmatics Approach).

B. Problem Statements

The problems of the research are as follows:

1. What types of vocative expressions are employed by the characters in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”?

2. How do the characters employ certain types of vocative expressions in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”?

3. What the objectives of vocative expressions are employed by the characters in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”?

C. Research Objective

Based on the problem statements, the objectives of the research are as follows:

1. To find out the types of vocative expressions employed by the characters in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”.

2. To identify how the characters employ certain types of vocative expressions in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”.

3. To find out the objectives of vocative expressions employed by the characters in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”.

D. Research Benefit D. Research Benefit

1. English Department Students To provide clear understanding about vocative expressions and to push students to study more closely at the variations of vocative expressions that are used in communication.

2. Other Researchers This research can be a reference for them to accomplish a further research in pragmatics field.

E. Problem Limitation

This research is limited on utterances of vocative expressions by the characters in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”. This researcher only focuses on referential and non-referential vocative expressions based on all of Susumo Kubo classifications.

F. Research Methodology

This research used descriptive qualitative method. The researcher only gives a description in the explanation form of words. The researcher collected the data, analyzed data, and drawing conclusion (Hadi, 1983:3).

The data of the research were chosen by using purposive sampling technique. The data were the film script having the types both of referential vocative and non- The data of the research were chosen by using purposive sampling technique. The data were the film script having the types both of referential vocative and non-

G. Thesis Organization

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION, it consists of Research Background, Problem Statement, Research Objective, Research Benefit, Problem Limitation, Research Methodology, and Thesis Organization.

CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW, it consists of Pragmatics, Deixis, Speech

Acts, Person Deixis, Vocative Expressions, Contexts, Synopsis of

F ilm „Aliens In The Attic‟, and Reviews of Other Related Studies.

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, it consists of Type of Research,

Data and Source of Data, Sample and Technique of Sampling, Technique of Collecting Data, Technique of Coding Data, and Technique of Analyzing Data.

CHAPTER IV : DATA ANAYSIS, it consists of Introduction, Data Analysis, and Discussion. CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION and SUGGESTIONS, in this chapter, the

researcher conclude the result of analysis and gives suggestions. BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of utterances. There are some definitions of pragmatics. Levinson (1983: 21) defines that pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding. Meanwhile, Yule states that pragmatics is the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. The advantage of studying language via pragmatics is that one can ta lk about people‟s intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of actions that they are performing when they speak (1996: 4). Furthermore, May (1993:

4) states pragmatics is the study of language seen in relation to its users. Moreover, Thomas (1995: 2) defines pragmatics is the study of meaning in use or meaning in context.

From the definitions above, it can be concluded that pragmatics is the study of the utterance meaning about the relation between language and context. Thus, the main study in pragmatics is that the interaction between language and context.

B. Deixis

Levinson (1983: 54) states that the phenomenon of deixis are the single most obvious way in which the relationship between language and context is reflected in

Greek word which has meaning „pointing‟ or „indicating‟. Further, deixis concerns the way in which languages encode or grammaticalize features of the context of

utterance or speech event, and thus also concerns ways in which the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context of utterance. Meanwhile, Yule (1996: 9) states that deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. When someone notices a strange object and ask, „What‟s that?‟, you are using a deictic expression („that‟) to indicate something in the immediate context.”

To sum up, deixis means pointing or indicating something via language not only concerns on grammaticalize features, but also the interpretation of the utterances depends on the analysis of that context.

According Cummings (2005: 22), deixis is divided into four categories: person and social deixis, time deixis, place deixis, and discourse deixis. In order to illustrate each of the four categories of deixis will be explained below:

a. Person and Social Deixis Cummings (2005: 22) explains that with features such as social status first and foremost an attribute of the person, an account of social deixis must include some mention of person deixis. Yule (1996: 10) states that “person

deixis clearly operates on a basic three-part division, exemplified by the pronouns for first person („I‟), second person („you‟), and third person („he‟, deixis clearly operates on a basic three-part division, exemplified by the pronouns for first person („I‟), second person („you‟), and third person („he‟,

because person deixis is elaborated by markers of social status. The speaker must be included as person deictic category should give attention to the hearer or whether the hearer has social status (high or lower status).

b. Time Deixis Cummings (2005: 24) describes time deixis is most often encoded in

adverbs such as „now‟ and „then‟ and in calendrical terms (terms based around the calendar) like „yesterday‟, „today‟ and „tomorrow‟. Yet even as these

terms encode different units of time, they can do so in a way that refers to larger or smaller parts of those units. For example:

Yesterday was a glorious day. The explosion occurred yesterday.

The term „yesterday „constitutes a 24-hour unit of time. However, the „yesterday‟ of the first utterance refers to most, and probably all, of this 24- hour unit, while the „yesterday‟ of the second utterance refers only to seconds within this unit. For other time adverbials, which do not encode a set unit of time, reference can still be made to smaller or larger stretches of time.

c. Place Deixis Levinson (1983: 79) describes place or space deixis concerns the specification of locations relative to anchorage points in the speech events.

along many of the same parameters that apply to time deixis. So it is, for example, that references to place can be absolute or relational in nature. Absolute references to place locate an object or person in a specific longitude and latitude, while relational references locate people and places in terms of each other and the speaker:

The bank is ten yards from the pharmacy. The nearest shop is two miles away.

The place referent in the first example is not dependent on the point of utterance: the bank remains ten yards from the pharmacy regardless of the location of t he speaker of this utterance. However, the shop‟s location may be less than two miles away or more than two miles away depending on the location of the speaker. Moreover, in the same way that the time deictic

expression „now‟ can refer to smaller pr larger periods of time from the point of utterance, the place deictic term „here‟ can refer to the location of the

speaker or to locations at various distances from the speaker.

d. Discourse Deixis According Cummings (2005: 28), In discourse deixis, linguistic expressions are used to refer to some part of the wider discourse (either a written text and / or an oral text) in which these expressions occur. A written text both occupies space and is composed and read at certain points in time. A similar temporal dimension is conferred on an oral text through the time- d. Discourse Deixis According Cummings (2005: 28), In discourse deixis, linguistic expressions are used to refer to some part of the wider discourse (either a written text and / or an oral text) in which these expressions occur. A written text both occupies space and is composed and read at certain points in time. A similar temporal dimension is conferred on an oral text through the time-

You made a strong point there. That claim was rather weak. In the next section I present an opposing view. The last chapter was extremely boring.

In the first two utterance on the place deictic terms „there‟ and „that‟ locate a point and claim within a prior discourse context. In the final two

utterances the time deictic expressions „next‟ and „last‟ have as their referents some part of the forthcoming and preceding discourse context respectively.

Interestingly, the spatially deictic terms „there‟ and „that‟ assume temporal prominence in the first two utterances. Their deictic function in these

utterances is akin to the temporal deictic function of „this‟ and „that‟ in „this Sunday‟ and „that Sunday‟ and is related to the unfolding of these utterances

in real time as part (most likely) of an oral text. In this way, the speaker of the first utterance is referring to a point that the addressee has made some time earlier. Also, the claim that is mentioned in the second example precedes in time the utterance that refers to it. In the final two utterances the time deictic expressions „next‟ and „last‟ exhibit a spatial dimension. These terms specify in real time as part (most likely) of an oral text. In this way, the speaker of the first utterance is referring to a point that the addressee has made some time earlier. Also, the claim that is mentioned in the second example precedes in time the utterance that refers to it. In the final two utterances the time deictic expressions „next‟ and „last‟ exhibit a spatial dimension. These terms specify

C. Speech Acts

1. The Definitions of Speech Acts

Speech acts focus on how to do something by saying utterances. It means that the speaker uses a language to get the hearer to do something and expects that the hearer will understand his or her communicative intention.

According to Searle (1969: 16), speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such as making statements, giving commands, asking questions, and making promises. While, Yule (1996: 47) defines speech acts as action performed via utterance such as apology, complaint, invitation, promise or request.

Yule (1996: 47) explains that people do not only produce utterance containing grammatical structure and words when they speak, but also perform action through utterance. Action performs via utterances are generally called speech act. Meanwhile, Searle (1969: 16) states that speaking a language is performing speech acts as asking statements, giving commands, asking questions, making promises and so on.

intention to the hearer. The speaker hopes that the speaker‟s intentions will be understand by the hearer.

Austin in Levinson (1983: 236) divides utterances into tree kinds of speech acts:

1) Locutionary act (producing an utterance) Locutionary act is the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference. It is the basic act of utterance which produces a meaningful linguistic expression. It is performing the act in saying something.

2) Illocutionary act (doing something in the utterance) Illocutionary act is the making of statement, offer, promise, etc in uttering a sentence, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it (or with its explicit performative paraphrase). Illocutionary act relates to the functions or the purposes that a speaker has in mind when uttering a sentence.

2) Perlocutionary act (doing something to the hearer by producing the utterance)

Perlocutionary act is the bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance.

To make clear the definition above, the example below may help to clarify:

Skip : “Attack the humans!” Razor : “With pleasure”.

(In the film “Aliens In The Attics”)

Razor to attack the humans is the illocutionary acts, while the act of attacking to the humans by Razor is the result of the shared understanding on the effect of utterance (perlocutionary act).

In short, locutionary act is the actual words uttered. Meanwhile, illocutionary act is the force or intention behind the words. Finally, perlocutionary act is the effect of the illocutionary act on the hearer.

2. The Classification of Speech Acts

Searle (1976) in Yule (1996: 53-54) classifies five types of general functions of speech acts, namely:

a. Declarations: are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their utterance.

- Priest

: I now pronounce you husband and wife.

- Referee

: You‟re out!

- Jury Foremen: We find the defendant guilty. In using a declaration, the speaker changes the world via words.

b. Representatives: are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. Statements of fact, assertions, conclusions, and descriptions, as illustrated below, are all examples of the speaker representing the world, as he or she believes it is.

- The earth is flat. - Chomsky didn‟t write about peanuts.

In using a representative, the speaker makes words fit the world (of belief).

c. Expressives: are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels. They express psychological states and can be statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, or sorrow. As illustrated below, they can be caused by something the speaker does or the hearer does, but they are about the speaker‟s experience.

- I‟m really sorry! - Congratulations! - Oh, yes, great, mmmm, ssahh!

In using an expressive, the speaker makes words fit the world (of feeling).

d. Directives: are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get someone else to do something. They express what the speaker wants. They are commands, orders, request, suggestions, and, as illustrated below, they can be positive or negative.

- Gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black. - Could you lend me a pen, please? - Don‟t touch that.

In using a directive, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the words (via the hearer).

e. Commissives: are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. They express what the speaker intends. They are promises, threats, refusals, pledges, alone, or by the speaker as a member of a group.

- I‟m going to get it right next time. - We will not do that.

In using a commissive, the speaker undertakes to make the world fit the words (via the speaker)

D. Person Deixis

Person deixis concerns with the identification of the interlocutors or participant-roles in a speech event (Goffman (1979) and Fillmore (1971, 1997:62) in Brown and Levinson (1978: 136)). It is commonly expressed by the traditional grammatical category of person, as reflected in personal pronouns and if relevant, their associated predicate in personal pronouns and if relevant, their associated predicate agreements and vocatives, which can be encoded in, for example, kinship terms, titles, and proper names, and in combinations of these (Levinson (1978: 136)).

It can be concluded that person deixis is related to the identification of participants role in a speech event that is reflected in personal pronouns and in vocative.

1. Personal Pronouns

Brown and Levinson (1978: 137) explain that personal pronouns concentrate on person, number, and gender.

Personal pronouns are divided into three which are first, second, third person. First person is the grammaticalization of the speaker‟s reference to him- or herself. Second person is the encoding of the speaker‟s reference to one or more addressees. Third person is the grammaticalization of reference to persons or entities which are neither speakers nor addressees in the situation of utterance.

b. Number It is important to form number systems since languages vary greatly. Two points are worth mentioning regarding non-singular of first person. In the first place, plural of first person does mean the same as plural of third person. For example, in English, we does not mean plural speakers in the same way that they means more than one third-person entity (Levinson, 1983: 69). Secondly, many of the world‟s languages have two non-singular first-person pronouns, one meaning „we-inclusive-of-addressee‟ and the other meaning „we- exclusive-of- addressee‟.

c. Gender Personal pronoun may also mark as gender. The general pattern in all languages for pronominal gender marking, gender can be distinguished on third person, where commonly two (that is, masculine and feminine) or three (that is, masculine, feminine, and neuter) genders may be identified; in some, c. Gender Personal pronoun may also mark as gender. The general pattern in all languages for pronominal gender marking, gender can be distinguished on third person, where commonly two (that is, masculine and feminine) or three (that is, masculine, feminine, and neuter) genders may be identified; in some,

2. Vocatives

Brown and Levinson (1978: 143) state that person deixis can also be accomplished by vocatives. Vocatives are NPs that refer to the addressee, but form no part of the arguments of a predicate. Prosodically, they are separated from the body of an utterance that may accompany them. Vocatives will be explained more detail in E of chapter II.

E. Vocative Expressions

As stated by Brown and Levinson (1978: 143), Vocatives are NPs that refer to the addressee, but form no part of the arguments of a predicate. Prosodically, they are separated from the body of an utterance that may accompany them. According to Huang (2007: 143), the purpose of the vocative is used to addressee an individual and to get his or her attention. Meanwhile, Corver (2008: 47) states that vocative expression is a combination of a second person and an evaluating epithet noun. According to him, the vocative noun is an epithet: its use is intended as a judgment of value. Moreover, according to Biber, Conrad, and Leech (2003: 54) state vocatives are noun phrases which generally refer to people, and serve to identify the person(s) being addressed.

From some definitions above, it can be concluded that vocatives include noun phrases or a combination of a second person and an evaluating epithet noun which From some definitions above, it can be concluded that vocatives include noun phrases or a combination of a second person and an evaluating epithet noun which

addresses. Calls are used to catch the addressee‟s attention, while addresses are used to maintain or to emphasize the contact between the speaker and the hearer.

According Levinson (1983: 70-71) divides vocatives into two types, calls or summonses and addresses. Calls or summonses usually occur at the utterance-initial positions and can be thought of as independent speech acts. Addresses are parenthetical and can occur wherever other parentheticals can occur. They occur at non-utterance initial positions.

The examples of calls or summons can be seen as follows:

a. Hey Daddy, look, a spider in the corner!

b. John, if we don‟t leave now, we‟ll be late for our next appointment.

c. Doctor Williams, do you think I need a blood test? On the other hand, the examples of addresses can be seen as follows:

a. I‟m afraid, Sir, we are closing.

b. Are you hungry, Lucy?

c. My view, Dean, is that we should set up a new department of linguistics. Those examples above explain three points. Firstly, calls or summons, being gestural in nature, are utterance-initial; addresses, being symbolic in character, are parenthetical, and can occur wherever other parentheticals can occur. It means that calls or summonses are placed before the utterance, while addresses can be inserted in c. My view, Dean, is that we should set up a new department of linguistics. Those examples above explain three points. Firstly, calls or summons, being gestural in nature, are utterance-initial; addresses, being symbolic in character, are parenthetical, and can occur wherever other parentheticals can occur. It means that calls or summonses are placed before the utterance, while addresses can be inserted in

A. Kubo’s speech Act Theoretic Analysis of Vocatives

Levinson (1983: 70) classifies vocatives into calls and addresses according to the occurrence position in an utterance. The former usually occurs at the utterance- initial position, and the letter at non- utterance initial position. For instance, “darling” in (1a) and “Mrs. Clifton” in (2a) are calls, on the other hand. The former in (1b) and

the latter in (2b) are addresses. (1) a. Darling, I just heard.

b. The team is in mourning, darling. (2) a. Mrs. Clifton-(this is) Count Almasy.

b. This is not worth eight pounds, Mrs. Clifton. It means that the same vocative expression plays different roles at different place. The problem in Levinson (1983) is that he failed to analyze adequately their speech acts functions. He only claims that the former “can be though as independent speech acts” without touching upon the illocutionary function of the letter. Indeed,

both calls and addresses are used to perform speech acts. In Osenova and Simov, they introduce Iva nova and Nitsolova (1995)‟s classification of vocatives that classifies vocatives according to whether they both calls and addresses are used to perform speech acts. In Osenova and Simov, they introduce Iva nova and Nitsolova (1995)‟s classification of vocatives that classifies vocatives according to whether they

b) are non-referential vocatives. Osenova and Simov (2002), however, shared the same problem with Levinson (1983), namely, they failed to analyze adequately their speech act functions. Following Nitsolova (1984), Osenova and Simov (2002) held

that when vocatives nominate the hearer, “it is assumed that there is a hidden proposition with the performative verb „consider somebody to be of some property” without examining the speech act functions of other vocative types.

Kubo points out that Osenova and Simov do not discuss speech acts function in their analysis, but Osenova and Simov tend to maintaining vocative classification of syntactico-pragmatics and semantico-pragmatics instead of the analysis of speech act functions. Consequently, vocatives are classified into four types as shown in (3), each of which is assumed to represent an illocutionary act type.

(3) a. Referential calling

b. Referential addressing

c. Non-referential calling

d. Non-referential addressing According Kubo, a person‟s performance of an illocutionary act entails her

performance of a perlocutionary act. In other words, whenever a speech act is performed, at least an illocutionary act and its concomitant perlocutionart act are performed at the same time.

regarding perlocutionary acts. They state that “by using any of the innumerable ways to convey in-group membership, the speaker can implicitly claim the common ground

with the hearer that is carried by that definition of the group (p.107).” This implicit claim is interpreted as a perlocutionary act performed concomitantly with the

illocutionary act by using vocatives that belong in-group terms of address. For simplicity, Kubo names the perlocutionary acts performed concomitantly with an illocutionary act via in-group terms as perlocutionary acts of association. Similarly, there are innumerable ways to convey out-group membership as well. In-group terms and out –group terms are expected to guarantee minimal and maximal distance between participants, respectively. Kubo names the perlocutionary acts performed concomitantly with an illocutionary act via out-group terms as perlocutionary acts of dissociation . Consequently, there are two types of perlocutionary acts.

B. Typology of Vocatives in Speech Act Theory

From the explanation above in previous sub item, vocatives are classified into four sub-types. Then, by adding the perlocutionary acts type distinction, Kubo gets the following eight sub-types of vocatives:

1) Associative Referential Calling

It means that the speaker performs an illocutionary act of referential calling the hearer by his/her name which is included as in-group terms which brings about a perlocutionary effect because of which the hearer relieved.

described. Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act of referential calling besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Secondly, the vocative contains a perlocutionary act of association which brings about a perlocutionary effect such that the hearer feels relieved which is included in-group term.

Example: Kip

: Hana. (Hana turns to the voice. Kip steps out of the darkness.) Hana : (Happy) Kip. (And Kip goes to Hana) In the dialogue above, each speaker performs a perlocutionary act of association by performing an illocutionary acts of calling the other by his/her first name that is a number of in-group terms to express his/her emotion to each other.

2) Dissociative Referential Calling

It means that the speaker employs an illocutionary act of referential calling the hearer by his/her name which is included as out-group terms and which brings about

a perlocutionary effect because of which the hearer feels dishonored. Thus, there are two points of dissociative referential calling which can be described. Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act of referential calling besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Secondly, the vocative contains a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings about a perlocutionary effect such that the hearer feels dishonored as the vocative included as out-group term.

Katherine (Mr. Clifton’s wife; Almasy’s lover): Will you not come in? Almasy

: No.

Katherine : Will you please come in? Almasy

: (a beat) Mrs. Clifton. (Katherine turns, disgusted) In the dialogue above, Katherine, M r. Clifton‟s wife and also Almasy‟s lover, wants Almasy to come into her room. Almasy however does not accept her asking. He expresses his refusal to her invitation by commencing his reply with a call , “Mrs. Clifton” that implies that he is emotionally detached from her, which causes

Katherine to feel disgusted.

3) Associative Referential Addressing

It means that the speaker performs an illocutionary act of referential addressing the hearer by his/her name which is included as in-group term and it brings about a perlocutionary effect because of which the hearer feels relieved.

From the definition above, it can be explained in two points of associative referential calling. Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act of referential calling besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Secondly, the vocative contains a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings about a perlocutionary effect such that the hearer feels dishonored as the vocative included as in-group term.

Hanna (student)

: Where is my book?

(Hanna is looking for her book at the library) Tom (library officer): I saw something, Miss. Hanna. May be it‟s your book which

have been lost.

(Hana comes to Tom) Hanna

: (Happy face) Yeah, you are right. Thanks.

In the dialogue above, after discovering Hanna‟s book under bookcase, Tom as library officer is calling Hannah “Miss. Hanna” that implies his intention to respect her and to share that he has found her book. He knows her name because she often comes the library during holiday. Here, the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of association by performing an illocutionary act of referential addressing the hearer by an in-group term , “Miss. Hanna”, which brings about perlocutionary effects on the hearer feels relieved.

4) Dissociative Referential Addressing

It means that the speaker employs an illocutionary act of referential addressing the hearer by his/her name which is included as out-group term and it brings about a perlocutionary effect because of which the hearer feels disgraced.

From the definition above, there are two points of dissociative referential addressing which can be described. First is the vocative contains an illocutionary act of referential addressing besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Second is the vocative contains a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings From the definition above, there are two points of dissociative referential addressing which can be described. First is the vocative contains an illocutionary act of referential addressing besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Second is the vocative contains a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings

please…!! Let‟s do some activities or do your home works…!!

Any (daughter) : (Any answers with a lazy voice) I wanna take some rest again Mrs. Nani ..! Please let me sleep in this day.

Nani

: (sigh) In the dialogue above, Nani (mother‟s Any) asks to Any to do something

instead of sleeping all time at bed room. Any address her mom with “Mrs. Nani” because she feels disturbed if her mom asks to do some activities in which she prefer to sleep instead of doing something. Here, the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of dissociation by performing an illocutionary act of referential addressing the hearer by an out group term , “Mrs. Nani”, in which the hearer feels disgraced after the speake r saying “Mrs. Nani”.

5) Associative Non-Referential Calling

It means that the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of association by performing an illocutionary act of non-referential calling the hearer by in-groups terms, which brings about a perlocutionary effect because of which the hearer feels relieved.

Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act of referential calling besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Secondly, the vocative contains a perlocutionary act of association which brings about a perlocutionary effect such that the hearer feels relieved as the vocative included referential in-group term. Example: Clifton: (on the phone) My sweetie , forgive me please, I can‟t go to the theater tonight

because I have to send my mom to the hospital. Maria : (Maria answers) Oh….it‟s fine. We can go the theater in another day. I hope

your mother will get soon. Clifton: I miss you. In the dialogue above, Clifton excuses to his girlfriend for sending his mother to the hospital with a non-referential calling , “My sweetie” that indicates his feeling to his girlfriend. Here, the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of association by performing an illocutionary act of non referential calling the hearer by in-group terms , which brings about perlocutionary effects on the hearer feels relieved.

6) Dissociative non-referential calling

It means that the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of dissociation by performing an illocutionary act of non-referential calling via out-group term which brings about a perlocutionary effect because of which the hearer feels disgraced.

From the definition above, it can be depicted that there are two points of dissociative non-referential calling. Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act From the definition above, it can be depicted that there are two points of dissociative non-referential calling. Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act

: (intentionally, John dropped the sauce in Tom’s shoes) Uppss… There is a dot on your white shoes.

Nick : You bastard, how dare you try to deface my shoes. In the dialogue above, feeling disgusted with John‟s act, Nick is calling him “You bastard” to show her resistance to him. Here, the speaker performs a

perlocutionary act of dissociation by performing an illocutionary act of non referential calling the hearer by an out-group term , “You bastard”, which brings about a perlocutionary effects on the hearer such that his honor is disgraced.

7) Associative non-referential addressing

It means that the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of association by performing an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing the hearer with in-group terms which brings about perlocutionary effect because of which the hearer fells relieved.

From the definition above, it can be described there are two points of associative non-referential addressing. Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act of non- referential addressing besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Secondly, the vocative contains a perlocutionary act of association which From the definition above, it can be described there are two points of associative non-referential addressing. Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act of non- referential addressing besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Secondly, the vocative contains a perlocutionary act of association which

Example: Donny ( teacher)

: You have quiz next week. So, please study hard. Amy ( student)