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18 related to words which the learners understand, can pronounce correctly and use
constructively in speaking and writing. Further, Madsen 1983: 12 states that the purpose of vocabulary test is measure the comprehension and production of words
used in speaking or writing. The meaning shows that the vocabulary mastery can be measured when someone is able to comprehend and produce the words used in
speaking and writing. In this case, vocabulary mastery can be measured by the requirements of
receptive and productive vocabulary. Students are expected to be able to understand and define the meaning of words in listening and reading, pronounce it
correctly and then use it appropriately in speaking and writing. Considering the theories above, vocabulary is a set of words in a language
used by individual speakers. Mastery is a great skill or knowledge of something. So, vocabulary mastery can be defined as a great skill in using a set of words used
by individual speakers. In this case, vocabulary mastery has four aspects: 1 meaning, 2 spelling, 3 use of words, and 4 pronunciation.
4. Kinds of Vocabulary
Haycraft quoted by Hatch Brown 1994 divides two kinds of vocabulary, namely receptive vocabulary and productive vocabulary.
a. Receptive Vocabulary
Receptive vocabulary is words that the learners recognize and understand when they occur in context, but which cannot produce correctly. It is vocabulary
that the learners recognize when they see it in reading context but do dot use it in
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19 speaking and writing. The receptive vocabulary is also called a passive process
because the learner only receives thought from others. In language application the receptive vocabulary is considered as the basic vocabulary. Receptive vocabulary
is much larger than productive vocabulary because there are many words recognized when the learner hears or reads but do not use when he speaks or
writes. In this respects, Richards and Rogers 1987: 308 give a profound explanation that the listening vocabulary is larger than speaking vocabulary and
similarly to the reading vocabulary that is relatively larger than writing vocabulary.
b. Productive Vocabulary
Productive vocabulary is the words, which the learners understand, can pronounce correctly, and use constructively inn speaking and writing. It involves
what is needed for receptive vocabulary plus the ability to speak or write the appropriate time. Therefore, productive vocabulary can be addressed as an active
process, because the learners can produce the words to express their thought to others.
To cover the whole range of language skills, the learners require the productive vocabulary and a large receptive vocabulary. If the productive learning
and the quality development of the learning small vocabulary are important, an intensive practice in using vocabulary in speaking and writing is useful activity. If
the receptive learning is important and the quality of vocabulary is the main goal, the techniques that give familiarity to target words are required.
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5. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary
