Rules and Struts

5.7 Rules and Struts

A few pages back you may have noticed the command \rule[lift ]{width}{height } In normal use it produces a simple black box.

6 Total control is only to be obtained by controlling both the horizontal and the vertical ...

82 Customising L A TEX \rule{3mm}{.1pt}%

\rule[-1mm]{5mm}{1cm}% \rule{3mm}{.1pt}% \rule[1mm]{1cm}{5mm}% \rule{3mm}{.1pt}

This is useful for drawing vertical and horizontal lines. The line on the title page for example, has been created with a \rule command.

A special case is a rule with no width but a certain height. In professional typesetting, this is called a strut. It is used to guarantee that an element on a page has a certain minimal height. You could use it in a tabular environment to make sure a row has a certain minimum height.

\begin{tabular}{|c|} \hline \rule{1pt}{4ex}Pitprop \ldots\\

Pitprop . . .

\hline \rule{0pt}{4ex}Strut\\

Strut

\hline \end{tabular}

Bibliography

[1] Leslie Lamport. L A TEX: A Document Preparation System. Addison- Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition, 1994, ISBN 0-201- 52983-1.

[2] Donald E. Knuth. The TEXbook, Volume A of Computers and Type- setting , Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition, 1984,

ISBN 0-201-13448-9. [3] Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin. The L A TEX

Companion . Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1994, ISBN 0- 201-54199-8.

[4] Each L A TEX installation should provide a so-called L A TEX Local Guide which explains the things which are special to the local system. It should

be contained in a file called local.tex. Unfortunately, some lazy sysops do not provide such a document. In this case, go and ask your local L A TEX guru for help.

[5] L A TEX3 Project Team. L A TEX 2ε for authors. Comes with the L A TEX 2ε distribution as usrguide.tex.

[6] L A TEX3 Project Team. L A TEX 2ε for Class and Package writers. Comes with the L A TEX 2ε distribution as clsguide.tex.

[7] L A TEX3 Project Team. L A TEX 2ε Font selection. Comes with the L A TEX 2ε distribution as fntguide.tex.

[8] D. P. Carlisle. Packages in the ‘graphics’ bundle. Comes with the ‘graphics’ bundle as grfguide.tex, available from the same source your L A TEX distribution came from.

[9] Rainer Sch¨ opf, Bernd Raichle, Chris Rowley. A New Implementation of L A TEX’s verbatim Environments. Comes with the ‘tools’ bundle as verbatim.dtx , available from the same source your L A TEX distribution came from.

84 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[10] Graham Williams. The TeX Catalogue is a very complete listing of many TEX and L A TEX related packages. Available online from

CTAN:/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/catalogue.html [11] Keith Reckdahl. Using EPS Graphics in L A TEX 2ε Documents which

explains everything and much more than you ever wanted to know about EPS files and their use in L A TEX documents. Available online from CTAN:/tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps

Index

Symbols

A \! , 45 A4 paper, 11 " , 21 A5 paper, 11 $ , 39 accent, 23 \( , 39 acute, 24

\) , 39 \addtolength , 78 \, , 40 , 45 advantages of L A TEX, 3 -, 22 æ, 24 −, 22 amsbsy , 50

\- , 21 amsfonts , 41 , 58 –, 22 amsmath , 43 , 45 – 47 , 50 —, 22 amssymb , 41 , 52 ., space after, 26 \and , 28 ..., 23 \appendix , 27 , 28 .aux, 13 \arccos , 43 .cls, 13 \arcsin , 43 .dtx, 13 \arctan , 43 .dvi, 13 \arg , 43

.idx, 13 array , 46 .ilg, 13 arrow symbols, 42 .ind, 13 article class, 10

.ins, 13 \atop , 43 .lof, 13 \author , 28

.log, 13 .lot, 13 B .sty, 13 B5 paper, 11

.tex, 13 babel , 20 , 24 .toc, 13 \backmatter , 28 \: , 45 backslash, 6 \; , 45 \backslash , 5 \@ , 26 base font size, 11 \[ , 40 \begin , 30 \\ , 19 , 31 – 33 , 76 \bibitem , 61

\\* , 19 bibliography, 61 \] , 40 \Big , 45 ~ , 26 \big , 45

86 INDEX

\Bigg , 45 \and , 28

\bigg , 45 \appendix , 27 , 28 \bigskip , 76 \arccos , 43 \binom , 43 \arcsin , 43 blackboard bold, 41 \arctan , 43 bm , 50 \arg , 43 \bmod , 43 \atop , 43 bold face, 71 \author , 28 bold symbols, 41 , 50 \backmatter , 28 \boldmath , 50 \backslash , 5 \boldsymbol , 50 \begin , 30 book class, 10 \bibitem , 61 braces, 44 \Big , 45 \big , 45

C \Bigg , 45 calc , 78 \bigg , 45 \caption , 36 , 38 \bigskip , 76 \cdot , 43 \binom , 43 \cdots , 45 \bmod , 43

center , 31 \boldmath , 50 \chapter , 27 \boldsymbol , 50

\chaptermark , 63 \caption , 36 , 38 \choose , 43 \cdot , 43 \ci , 67 \cdots , 45 \cite , 61 \chapter , 27 \cleardoublepage , 37 \chaptermark , 63 \clearpage , 37 \choose , 43 \cline , 33 \ci , 67 coloured text, 10 \cite , 61 comma, 22 \cleardoublepage , 37 commands, 6 \clearpage , 37 \! , 45 \cline , 33 \( , 39 \cos , 43 \) , 39 \cosh , 43 \, , 40 , 45 \cot , 43 \- , 21 \coth , 43 \: , 45 \csc , 43 \; , 45 \date , 28 \@ , 26 \ddots , 45 \[ , 40 \deg , 43

\\ , 19 , 31 – 33 , 76 \depth , 80 , 81

\\* , 19 \det , 43 \] , 40 \dim , 43 \addtolength , 78 \displaystyle , 48

INDEX

\documentclass , 9 , 10 , 13 , 20 \left , 44 \dq , 26 \leftmark , 63 \dum , 67 \lg , 43 \emph , 30 , 71 \lim , 43 \end , 30 \liminf , 43 \exp , 43 \limsup , 43 \fbox , 21 \linebreak , 19 \footnote , 29 , 38 \linespread , 74 \footnotesize , 71 \listoffigures , 37 \frac , 43 \listoftables , 37 \framebox , 80 \ln , 43 \frenchspacing , 27 \log , 43 \frontmatter , 28 \mainmatter , 28 \fussy , 20 \makebox , 80 \gcd , 43 \makeindex , 62 \genfrac , 43 \maketitle , 28 \height , 80 , 81 \mathbb , 41 \hline , 33 \mathbf , 72 \hom , 43 \mathcal , 72 \hspace , 69 , 75 \mathit , 72 \Huge , 71 \mathnormal , 72

\huge , 71 \mathrm , 48 , 72 \hyphenation , 20 \mathsf , 72 \idotsint , 46 \mathtt , 72 \iiiint , 46 \max , 43

\iiint , 46 \mbox , 21 , 23 , 80 \iint , 46 \min , 43 \include , 14 , 15 \multicolumn , 34

\includegraphics , 60 , 79 \newcommand , 68 , 69

\includeonly , 15 \newenvironment , 69 \indent , 75 \newline , 19 \index , 62 \newpage , 19 \inf , 43 \newtheorem , 49 \input , 15 \noindent , 75 \int , 44 \nolinebreak , 19 \item , 31 \nonumber , 47 \ker , 43 \nopagebreak , 19 \label , 29 , 40 \normalsize , 71 \LARGE , 71 \overbrace , 42 \Large , 71 \overleftarrow , 42 \large , 71 \overline , 42 \LaTeX , 21 \overrightarrow , 42 \LaTeXe , 21 \pagebreak , 19 \ldots , 23 , 45 \pageref , 29

88 INDEX

\pagestyle , 14 \subsection , 27 \par , 71 \subsectionmark , 63 \paragraph , 27 \subsubsection , 27 \parbox , 80 \sum , 44 \parindent , 74 \sup , 43 \parskip , 74 \tableofcontents , 27 \part , 27 \tan , 43 \phantom , 38 , 48 \tanh , 43 \pmod , 43 \TeX , 21 \Pr , 43 \textbf , 71 \printindex , 63 \textit , 71 \prod , 44 \textmd , 71 \protect , 38 \textnormal , 71

\providecommand , 69 \textrm , 48 , 71 \ProvidesPackage , 70 \textsc , 71 \qquad , 40 , 45 \textsf , 71 \quad , 40 , 45 \textsl , 71 \raisebox , 81 \textstyle , 48 \ref , 29 , 40 \texttt , 71 \renewcommand , 68 \textup , 71 \renewenvironment , 69 \thispagestyle , 14 \right , 44 , 46 \tiny , 71 \right. , 44 \title , 28 \rightmark , 63 \tnss , 68 \rule , 69 , 81 , 82 \today , 21

\scriptscriptstyle , 48 \totalheight , 80 , 81 \scriptsize , 71 \underbrace , 42 \scriptstyle , 48 \underline , 30 , 42 \sec , 43 \usepackage , 10 , 13 , 24 , 25 ,

\section , 27 , 38 70 \sectionmark , 63 \vdots , 45 \setlength , 74 , 78 \vec , 42

\settodepth , 79 \verb , 32 , 33 \settoheight , 79 \verbatiminput , 64 \settowidth , 79 \vspace , 76 \sin , 43 \widehat , 42 \sinh , 43 \widetilde , 42

\sloppy , 20 \width , 80 , 81

\small , 71 comment , 7 \smallskip , 76 comments, 6

\sqrt , 42 \cos , 43 \stackrel , 44 \cosh , 43 \stretch , 69 , 75 \cot , 43 \subparagraph , 27 \coth , 43

INDEX

cross-references, 29 center , 31 \csc , 43 comment , 7 curly braces, 6 , 71 description , 31 displaymath , 40

enumerate , 31 dash, 22 eqnarray , 47 \date , 28 equation , 40

dcolumn , 34 figure , 35 , 36 \ddots , 45 flushleft , 31 decimal alignment, 34 flushright , 31 \deg , 43 itemize , 31 degree symbol, 22 lscommand , 67 delimiters, 44 math , 39 \depth , 80 , 81 minipage , 80 description , 31 parbox , 80 \det , 43 quotation , 32 Deutsch, 26 quote , 32

diagonal dots, 45 table , 35 , 36 \dim , 43 tabular , 33 , 79

dimensions, 75 thebibliography , 61

displaymath , 40 verbatim , 32 , 64 \displaystyle , 48 verse , 32 doc , 12 eqnarray , 47 document font size, 11 equation , 40 document title, 11 equation system, 47 \documentclass , 9 , 10 , 13 , 20 eucal , 58 dotless ı and , 24 eufrak , 58 double line spacing, 74 executive paper, 11

double sided, 11 \exp , 43 \dq , 26 exponent, 42 \dum , 67 exscale , 12 , 45 dvips, 9 extension, 12

E F ellipsis, 23 fancyhdr , 63 , 64 em-dash, 22 \fbox , 21 \emph , 30 , 71 figure , 35 , 36 empty , 14 file types, 12 en-dash, 22 floating bodies, 35 Encapsulated PostScript, 59 flushleft , 31 \end , 30 flushright , 31 enumerate , 31 foiltex, 10

environments

font, 70 array , 46 font encoding, 12

90 INDEX

font size, 70 , 71 I

fontenc , 12 , 25 \idotsint , 46

footer, 14 ifthen , 12 \footnote , 29 , 38 \iiiint , 46 \footnotesize , 71 \iiint , 46 formulae, 39 \iint , 46

\frac , 43 \include , 14 , 15 fraction, 43 \includegraphics , 60 , 79 fragile commands, 38 \includeonly , 15 \framebox , 80 \indent , 75

\frenchspacing , 27 indentfirst , 75 \frontmatter , 28 index, 62

\fussy , 20 \index , 62 \inf , 43

G \input , 15 \gcd , 43 input file, 7

\genfrac , 43 inputenc , 12 , 25

geometry , 65 \int , 44

German, 24 , 26 integral operator, 44 GhostScript, 59 international, 23 graphics, 10 , 59 italic, 71

graphicx , 59 \item , 31 grave, 24 itemize , 31

Greek letters, 41

grouping, 71

\ker , 43

Knuth, Donald E., 1

header, 14 L

textttheadings, 14 \label , 29 , 40 \height , 80 , 81 Lamport, Leslie, 1 \hline , 33 language, 23

\hom , 43 \LARGE , 71

horizontal

\Large , 71 brace, 42 \large , 71

dots, 45 \LaTeX , 21 line, 42 L A TEX 2ε, 2 space, 75 L A TEX 2.09, 2 \hspace , 69 , 75 L A TEX3, 2 \Huge , 71 L A TEX3, 4

\huge , 71 \LaTeXe , 21 hyphen, 22 latexsym , 12 hyphenat , 65 layout , 78

\hyphenation , 20 \ldots , 23 , 45

INDEX

\left , 44 \mathnormal , 72 left aligned, 31 \mathrm , 48 , 72 \leftmark , 63 \mathsf , 72 legal paper, 11 \mathtt , 72 letter paper, 11 \max , 43

\lg , 43 \mbox , 21 , 23 , 80 ligature, 23 \min , 43 \lim , 43 minipage , 80 \liminf , 43 minus sign, 22 \limsup , 43 Mittelbach, Frank, 2 line spacing, 74 modulo function, 43

linebreak, 19 \multicolumn , 34

\linebreak , 19

\linespread , 74 N

long equations, 47 longtabular

\nopagebreak , 19 \mainmatter , 28 \normalsize , 71

\makebox , 80 O makeidx , 12 , 62 œ, 24

makeidx package, 62

one column, 11 \makeindex , 62 option, 10

makeindex program, 62 optional parameters, 6 \maketitle , 28 \overbrace , 42 margins, 76 overfull hbox, 20 math , 39 \overleftarrow

, 42 math font size, 48 \overline , 42

math spacing, 45 \overrightarrow , 42

\mathbb , 41

\mathbf , 72 P \mathcal , 72 package, 7 , 10 , 67

mathematical

packages

accents, 42 amsbsy , 50 delimiter, 45 amsfonts , 41 , 58

functions, 43 amsmath , 43 , 45 – 47 , 50

minus, 22 amssymb , 41 , 52 mathematics, 39 babel , 20 , 24 \mathit , 72 bm , 50

92 INDEX

calc , 78 \pmod , 43

dcolumn , 34 PostScript, 59 doc , 12 \Pr , 43 eucal , 58 preamble, 7 eufrak , 58 prime, 42

exscale , 12 , 45 \printindex , 63 fancyhdr , 63 , 64 \prod , 44

fontenc , 12 , 25 product operator, 44 geometry , 65 \protect , 38 graphicx , 59 \providecommand , 69 hyphenat , 65 \ProvidesPackage , 70

ifthen , 12

indentfirst , 75 Q

inputenc , 12 , 25 \qquad , 40 , 45 latexsym , 12 \quad , 40 , 45 layout , 78 quotation , 32 longtabular , 35 quotation marks, 21 makeidx , 12 , 62 quote , 32 showidx , 63 R

supertabular , 35 \raisebox , 81

syntonly , 12 , 15 \ref , 29 , 40 verbatim , 7 , 64 \renewcommand , 68 page layout, 76 \renewenvironment , 69

page style, 14 report class, 10 empty , 14 reserved characters, 5

headings , 14 \right , 44 , 46 plain , 14 right-aligned, 31 \pagebreak , 19 \right. , 44 \pageref , 29 \rightmark , 63

\pagestyle , 14 roman, 71

paper size, 11 , 76 \rule , 69 , 81 , 82 \par , 71

paragraph, 17 S \paragraph , 27 sans serif, 71 parameter, 6 Scandinavian letters, 24

\parbox , 80 \scriptscriptstyle , 48 parbox , 80 \scriptsize , 71 \parindent , 74 \scriptstyle , 48 \parskip , 74 \sec , 43

\part , 27 \section , 27 , 38 period, 22 \sectionmark , 63 \phantom , 38 , 48 \setlength , 74 , 78 placement specifier, 35 \settodepth , 79 plain , 14 \settoheight , 79

INDEX

\settowidth , 79 \textrm , 48 , 71 showidx , 63 \textsc , 71 \sin , 43 \textsf , 71 single sided, 11 \textsl , 71 \sinh , 43 \textstyle , 48 slanted, 71 \texttt , 71 slides class, 10 \textup , 71

\sloppy , 20 thebibliography , 61 \small , 71 \thispagestyle , 14 small caps, 71 three dots, 45 \smallskip , 76 tilde, 22 , 42 space, 5 tilde ( ~), 26 special character, 23 \tiny , 71 \sqrt , 42 title, 11 , 28 square brackets, 6 \title , 28 square root, 42 \tnss , 68 \stackrel , 44 \today , 21

\stretch , 69 , 75 \totalheight , 80 , 81 structure, 7 two column, 11

strut, 82

\subparagraph , 27 U umlaut, 24

underfull hbox, 20

sum operator, 44

URL, 22

\sup , 43 \usepackage , 10 , 13 , 24 , 25 , 70

supertabular , 35

syntonly , 12 , 15 V \vdots , 45

\vec , 42

table, 33 vectors, 42 table , 35 , 36 \verb , 32 , 33 table of contents, 27 verbatim , 7 , 64 \tableofcontents , 27 verbatim , 32 , 64 tabular , 33 , 79 \verbatiminput , 64 \tan , 43 verse , 32 \tanh , 43 vertical dots, 45 \TeX , 21 vertical space, 76

\textbf , 71 \vspace , 76

\textit , 71

\textmd , 71 W \textnormal , 71 whitespace, 5

94 INDEX

after commands, 6 at the start of a line, 5

\widehat , 42 \widetilde , 42

\width , 80 , 81

www, 22 WYSIWYG, 3

X xdvi, 9

95

INDEX