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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents a review of related literature. It is divided into review of related theories and theoretical framework. The first part, review of related
theories, consists of critical approaches, the theory of character, the theory of characterization, the theory of motivation, the theory of goals in somebody life,
theory of career and the theory of failure.
2.1 Theoretical Review
This part discusses about the theories that are used to answer the problems, those are: critical approaches, theory of character and characterization, motivation,
goals in somebody life, career and failure.
2.1.1 Critical Approach
According to Rohrberger and Woods Jr, there are five approaches which can be used to analyse a work of literature. They are the formalistic approach, the
biographical approach, the socio-cultural historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach 6-15.
The first approach is formalistic approach. This approach concentrates on the total integrity of the literary works. The harmonious involvement of all the parts to
the whole is seen as a complete harmony to the complete work. This approach does not concern with the facts of the author
‟s life, the genre of the literary work, and the social background.
The second approach is the biographical approach. This approach aims to consider the author‟s life, personality, and ideas for a deep understanding to his
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writings. The readers could coll ect facts about the author‟s personality and life. It can
help the readers to appreciate the author‟s literary work. The third is the socio-cultural historical approach. There are two factors which
are presented in this approach. Firstly, accuracy in the presentation of historical facts is of value to the historian, but not necessarily to the author. Secondly, a work of
literature might have historical significance, but not necessarily literary significance. The fourth approach is the mythopoeic approach. The mythopoeic approach is
used when a critic is attempted to find particular recurrent pattern of human thought which are consider sharing the same universal belief to certain community mind.
The last is the psychological approach. This approach involves theory of psychology to explain the characters personality in the story. This approach tries to
locate and demonstrate the recurrent human‟s patterns by using his imagination and creation. In this approach, character is the element of literary work. This approach is
applied to discover the character‟s personality, which can be found in symbolic words, thoughts, and actions.
This study takes the psychological approach as the most appropriate approach in interpreting the novel and analysing the problems of the study. Through this
approach, the character of Wilhelm can be observed from his psychological development. In addition, this approach is used to explain human motivation,
personality and behavior patterns written in a literary work.
2.1.2 Character
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