Background of the Study

3. Avenged Sevenfold

Avenged Sevenfold is a metalcore band from Huntington Beach, California. The band was formed in 1999 by Matthew Sanders and Zachary James Baker along with James Owen Sullivan and Matt Wendt. Later, Matt Wendt was replaced by Jonathan Seward and a second guitarist, Brian Haner joined the band. The name of the band, Avenged Sevenfold, was originally taken from Genesis 4:24 of the Holy Bible. It was suggested by Matthew Charles Sanders. Avenged Sevenfold has released seven albums namely Sounding the Seventh Trumpet 2001, Waking the Fallen 2003, City of Evil 2005, Avenged Sevenfold 2007, Nightmare 2010, Hail to the King 2013, and The Stage 2016.

4. Hidden Meaning

Sanders n.d. categorizes hidden meaning into two common types. They are deliberately disguised meanings and unconsciously disguised meanings. The first type includes the use of figurative speech, irony, and sarcasm. Sanders states that “we read obviously double or triple meanings every day in the forms of irony and sarcasm, which over- or under-state the authors real meaning”. On the other hand, Sanders notes that the second type of hidden meaning is “not consciously intended, but are artifacts of creation, like fingerprints on a gun, fossil tree rings, or carbon- 14 percentages, which tell us things about how and when the work was made ”. It means that this type of hidden meaning is unintentionally existed. Further, Sanders adds that it includes socially, psychologically coded, or concealed meanings and historicalcultural conditions. This type of hidden meaning is resulted from the external side of the text such as the author and the environment where the author lives. 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of three parts; They are review of related theories, context of the song, and theoretical framework. The review of related theories presents the theories and approaches that are used in this study. The context of the study presents the review of the object of the study and the subject matter in it. While, theoretical framework consists of the contribution of the theories and reviews applied in this study to answer the problem formulations.

A. Review of Related Theories

This part presents the theories that are employed in this study. They are decorum, theory of poetry, post-structuralism approach, theory of deconstruction, and theory of ambiguity. These theories are applied in order to achieve the goal of this study which aims for th e meaning of “M.I.A”.

1. Decorum

In the world of poetry, decorum is an essential thing that needs to be considered. Cuddon 1992 states that decorum is “a matter of behavior on the part of the poet qua his poem, ” p. 212. While, Simpson 1967 states that decorum is “the principle of suiting the style to the subject” p. 10. Based on these statements, decorum is the principle about what is suitable or proper in the relationship between form and substance. Cuddon 1992 adds that “action,