c. Quatrain
Quatrain is a stanza that consists of four lines. It is also the most common stanza used in English-language poetry.
d. Quintain
Quintain is a stanza that consists of five lines. It is also called as a quintet or a cinquain.
e. Sestet
Sestet is a stanza that consists of six lines. f.
Septet Septet is a stanza that consists of seven lines.
g. Octave
Octave is a stanza that consists of eight lines. There is also one essential thing in poetry, namely a theme. According to
Kennedy and Gioia 2002, theme is “the central thought of the poem” p. 8. In short, Perrine 1969 states that “poetry is just a fancy way of writing something
that could be said more simply” p. 10. However, due to its complexity, poetry needs special treatment as Kennedy and Gioia 2002 suggest that
it needs “to be read slowly, carefully and attentively” p. 5.
3. Post-Structuralism Approach
Post-structuralism comes after structuralism. Therefore, it is necessary to understand what structuralism is. Guerin, et al. 2011 state that structuralism
“identifies structure, systems of relationships, which endow signs e.g., words or items e.g., clothes, cars, table manners, rituals with identities and meanings,
and shows us the ways in which we think” p. 169. It means that structuralism focuses on a system and structure of textual structure study. However,
structuralism only applies a particular system as Guerin, et al. 2011 explain below:
Accordingly, they structuralists have been developed analytical, systematic approaches to literary texts that avoid traditional categories
like plot, character, setting, theme, tone, and the like. Even more significantly, however, structuralists tend to deny the text any inherent
privilege, meaning, or authority; to them, the text is only a system that poses the question of how such a construct of language can contain
meaning for us” p. 169. In other words, structuralists describe the meaning without considering any
other systems that may help in shaping the meaning of the text. It also reveals that structuralism seeks what is visible from the text. Thus, structuralists tend
to find meaning from the intrinsic and structural aspects, which is the text itself. On the contrary, post-structuralism, which is the approach of this study,
concentrates on “rhetorical than the grammatical” Guerin, et al., 2011, p. 176. It means that both structuralism and post-structuralism seek for meaning, but
each of them has a different way to obtain the meaning. Structuralism focuses on how meaning is found out of underlying structure. Barry 2009 states that
structuralism aims for “establishing objective knowledge”. It means that the meaning that is discovered from a text is firm and fixed. However, post-
structuralism clarifies that meaning is not only produced from a fixed source, but also produced from other factors as Culler 1997 explains below:
In fact, post-structuralism does not demonstrate the inadequacies or errors of structuralism so much as turn away from the project of working
out what makes cultural phenomena intelligible and emphasize instead a critique of knowledge, totality, and subject. It treats each of these as
problematical effect. The structures of the systems of the signification
