ANALYSIS OF LINGUISTIC ERRORS MADE BY TRANSLATION STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

ANALYSIS OF LINGUISTIC ERRORS MADE BY

TRANSLATION STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF

MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

FAIZAN NAAFI’ 201010100311330

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

ANALYSIS OF LINGUISTIC ERRORS MADE BY

TRANSLATION STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF

MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

THESIS

This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Language Education

By:

FAIZAN NAAFI’

201010100311330

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2016

This thesis written by Faizan Naafi’ was approved on April 27th

, 2016.

By:

Advisor II, Advisor I,

This thesis was defended in front of the examiners of the Faculty of Teacher

Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang

and accepted as one of the requirements to achieve

Sarjana Degree in English Education

on May 04th, 2016.

Approved by:

Faculty of Teacher Training and Education

University of Muhammadiyah Malang

Dean,

Dr. Poncojari Wahyono, M. Kes

Examiners: Signatures:

1. Bayu H. Wicaksono, S.Pd, M.Ed, Ph. D 1.………

2. Masyhud, M. Pd 2...

3. Dian Arsitades, M.Pd 3. ………

ORIGINALITY DECLARATION

The undersigned below:

Name : Faizan Naafi’

Student ID number : 201010100311330

Program of Study : English Department

Faculty : Faculty of Teacher Training and Education

I hereby declare that in this thesis there is no any thesis or paper that have been

proposed to receive a bachelor degree, and there is no ideas or notions written or

published by another person, unless what has been written in this thesis and

mentioned in the references.

Malang, May 04th, 2016

Writer

MOTTO AND DEDICATION

MOTTO:

Virtuous like Stone, for Stone does not yield

Berbuat baik setiap hari meski sekedar

tersenyum

I dedicated this thesis to: My Beloved Father (Didit Suryadi) and My Beloved Mother (Siti Fatimah) My Beloved Old Brother (Khariz Afiff), My Talkative Little Brother (Rifky Arifian), and My Cute Little Sister (Nur Nadya Nafis)

My Other Half (Rossy Presty Kartika Putri) All My Sworn Brothers (Everywhere You Are) My Advisors (Dian Arsitades, M.Pd, Drs. Jarum, M. Ed)

ANALYSIS OF LINGUISTIC ERRORS ENCOUNTERED BY TRANSLATION STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH

MALANG ABSTRACT

Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language or SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language or TL). Since the past until current decade, the importance of translation is vivid because it acts as the bridge which connecting scattered knowledge and people with different languages. In translation, the most fundamental problem is linguistic problem since its mastery level determines the quality of a translation result. Therefore, this research focused on investigating the linguistic errors made by translation students as well as how they solved the problems in the process. The linguistic erros included in this study were grammatical, lexical, and stylistic errors.

This research used the descriptive qualitative research design since it was able to give deep description regarding the encountered linguistic errors and the translation procedures used by the students in solving the problems. The samples were obtained from former translation II students. After conducting convenience sampling method, the obtained samples were 12 students of total 50 students. In collecting the data, this study used translation test which consisted of grammatical, lexical, and stylistic items.

The result of this research showed that the students had difficulties when encountered some grammatical, lexical, and stylistic items. They were less capable in obtaining the closest equivalence of forms, meaning, and nuances from SL into TL. Moreover, it was also found that the students still lack of comprehension toward translation techniques. They mostly used literal procedure as the main technique and omitting as the final method in solving difficulties. Other procedures such as transposition, modulation, and adaptation were seldom being used by the students. Henceforth, the common translation difficulties were occured based on these following factors: (1) lingusitic mastery of both SL and TL, (2) cultural knowledge of both SL and TL, and (3) comprehension level of translation techniques.

Keywords: translation, linguistic error, translation procedure.

Advisor 1 Writer

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah, the most gracious and the most merciful, all praises

given to Allah SWT for the uncountable blessing and endless protection given to

me during my whole life. Shalawat and salam are always bestowed upon our Prophet Muhammad SAW who had brought us from the darkness to the light by delivering truth and love to all mankind.

I want to express my deepest gratitude for my beloved father and mother, the best parents ever, for their endless love, pray, and support which always remind me to keep learning, praying, and struggling so I can walk my thorny path without even once yielding. My undying gratitude goes for Rossy who has always

been the ”alarm” and the fuel of my strength and all of my friends that have

always been willing to share laughters and burdens together.

I would also like to express my greatest appreciation for my dearest

advisors, Dian Arsitades, M.Pd as the first advisor and Drs. Jarum, M. Ed as the

second advisor, for the outstanding advisories and suggestions that helps me a lot

in writing this Thesis better.

Malang, April 04th, 2016

Writer

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER ... i

APPROVAL ... ii

LEGALIZATION ... iii

ORIGINALITY DECLARATION……… ... iv

MOTTO AND DEDICATION ... v

ABSTRACT . ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problems... ... ...4

1.3 Purpose of the Study……… ... ………4

1.4 Significance of the Study... 5

1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 5

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Defining Translation ... 7

2.2 Types of Translation. ... 9

2.3 Process of Translation ... 12

2.4 Methods of Translation ... 14

2.5 Procedures of Translation ... 17

2.6 Linguistic Problems in Translation ... 21

2.6.1 Lexical Problems ... 21

2.6.2 Grammatical Problems ... 23

2.6.3 Stylistic Problems ... 25

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design ... 28

3.3 Research instrument. ... 30

3.4 Data Collection ... 30

3.5 Data Analysis ... 30

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Research Findings ... 31

4.1.1 Linguistic Problems ... 31

4.1.2 Students’ Strategy in Solving the Problems ... 50

4.2 Discussion... 53

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 54

5.2 Suggestion ... 55

REFERENCES ... 57 APPENDIX 1

REFERENCES

Abdellah, A.S. What Every Novice Translator Should Know.

http://www.translationdirectory.com/article98.htm. (accessed on May 20th, 2015)

Amin. 2012. A Study of Linguistic Problems Faced by Students in University of Muhammadiyah Malang at Translation. Thesis. Unpublished. Malang: UMM.

Ary, D. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education. 8th edition. Canada: Wadsworth.

Baldick, C. 2001. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Newyork: Oxford University Press Inc.

Bell, R.T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Partice. Newyork: Longman Inc.

Campbell, S. 1998. Translation into Second Language. London/Newyork: Routledge

Fawcett, P. 1997. Translation and Language: Linguistic Theories Explained. London/Newyork: Routledge.

Flick, U. 2009. An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Sage Publications Ltd.

Hartono. 2003. Belajar Menerjemahkan: Teori dan Praktek. 2nd Edition, August 2003. Malang: UMM Press.

Hatim, B. & Munday, J. 2004. Translation: An Advanced Translation Book. USA/Canada: Routledge

Irhamni. 2011. Hambatan Penerjemahan Teks Bahasa Arab ke Bahasa Indonesia: Pengalaman Mahasiswa Sastra Arab Universitas Negeri Malang. Thesis. Malang: UM

Ismailia, N.A.P. 2011. Translation Technique Used in Subtitle Text of ‘Patch Adam’ Movie: A Case Study on the Main Character. Thesis. Semarang: UDINUS.

Jakobson, R. 1959/2000. “On Linguistic Aspect of Translation,” in Hatim, B &

Munday, J. 2004, Translation: An Advanced Translation Book.

USA/Canada: Routledge.

Larson. 1988, M. L. 1998. Penerjemahan Berdasarkan Makna: Pedoman untuk Pemadanan Antarbahasa. Jakarta: ARCAN.

Manfredi, M. 2008. Translating Text and Context: Translation Studies and Systemic Functional Linguistics, Vol 1-2, Quaderni der CeSLiC, Functional Grammar Studies for Non-Native Speakers of English (series ed. D. R. Miller) Bologna: Dupress.

Marshall, M.N. 1996. Sampling for Qualitative Research. Family Practice, Vol. 13, No. 6. Pp: 522-525.

Machali, R. 2009. Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah. Grasindo: Jakarta.

Newmark, P. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. Newyork: Prentice Hall.

Nida, E. & Taber C.R. 1969. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Ross, K.N. 2005. “Sample Design for Educational Survey Research.” Quantitative Research Method in Educational Planning. Module 3, September 2005. Pp: 7, http://www.sacmeq.org and http://www.unesco.org/iiep.

Sholihah, U. 2014. The Differences Between English and Indonesian Language. Magistra No. 89 Th. XXVI, Sepetember 2014. ISSN 0215-9511

Shuttleworth, M & Cowie, M. 1997. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Manchester: St. Jerome.

Simatupang, M. 1999/2000. Pengantar Teori Terjemahan. Jakarta: Dirjen PT DEPDIKNAS.

Szymczak, M. 1970. “Linguistic Problem in the Work of Translator.” In Proceedings: Pacific Northwest Conference on Foreign Languages, 21st Annual Meeting, Vol. 21, Ed. By Ralph W. Badwin, pp. 210-215.

Troike, M.S. 2006. “Introducing Second Language Acquisition.” Cambridge Introductions to Language and Linguistics. Newyork: Cambridge University Press.

Znamenskaya, T.A. 2008. Stylistic of The English Language: Fundamentals of The Course. Malaga: URSS.

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher provides the background of study, the

statements of problems, the purposes of study, the significances of study, the

scope and limitation, and the definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of Study

Translation is one of ancient disciplines that have been developing through

centuries. Savory (in Hartono, 2003: 2) states that the history of translation was

even almost as old as the history of writing itself and it also stands on the equal

level as another disciplines in literature. The first translation record that was found

materialized by a Greek slave named Livius Andronicus who lived on 240 BC. He

translated Odyssey into Roman poem in which his work still survives untill now

due to its uniqueness.

In current decade, in which cultural exchanges have been widening,

knowledge has been increasingly expanding and international communication has

been intensifying, the phenomenon of translation has become fundamental. Be it

for scientific, medical, technological, commercial, legal, cultural or literary

purposes, today human communication depends heavily on translation (Manfredi,

2008: 20). Wills states that there are approximately 2 million scientists who have

published their research in many disciplines of knowledge since 1945 (in Hartono,

2003: 9). Unfortunately, 50 % of those researches are not read by other experts

2

broadening information here becomes the issue that requires consideration. The

nature of knowledge is universal, means that it is owned by all individuals so that

it should be shared for achieving better development in many aspects related.

Hence, translation can play a significant role to overcome this issue as the bridge

which connecting people within different languages and nations.

In everyday life, translation is defined as an act of transforming one form

of a language into another language (in Larson, 1988: 3). For a better

understanding of translation, let us see how Catford defined it. Catford (cf.

Machali, 2009: 25) defines translation as “the replacement of textual material in one language (source language or SL) by equivalent textual material in another

language (target language or TL). From the definition above, we can assume that

a good translation will have equal meaning in both SL and TL. However,

translating a text is not easy to be done by only using dictionaries and translating

machines for a translator needs to have wide knowledge on the linguistic and

cultural perspectives in order to obtain the equivalence of both source text and

target text. Those aspects are quite essential for any translators to be familiar with

because the meaning of the target language could be bias, taking into

consideration of structure and culture of languages that are different to each other.

Basically, translation meets two fundamental problems; the first one is

non-linguistic which is including culture and the other one is linguistic which is

including structures of the text (Abdellah, 2001). These two problems occurred

due to structural and cultural differences in every language, same issue also goes

for English and Indonesian. We can modestly distinct them since they own

3

perspective, English certainly has more complexity rather than Indonesian since it

is affected by time which is known by the term “Tenses”, while Indonesian structure is not, though the time is happening in present, past or future.

However, linguistic is being the primary concern here. It is becoming the

most fundamental one because linguistic mastering level of a translator

determines how good the translation product will be (Fawcett, 1997: foreword).

No matter how good a translator know the cultural differences of both SL and TL,

the target text will not be good if he/ she does not has enough capability in

linguistic. Therefore, since the translation process vitally and vividly entails

language, the relevance of linguistics to translation should never be in doubt. Just

like an eggshell, it wraps the whole substance of a text we translate. Thus, the

fineness of a translated text will not emerge if the translator fails to construct

well-structured phrases, clauses, or sentences from SL into TL.

Linguistic is the scientific study of language. Troike (2006) said that

linguists traditionally divide a language into different levels; lexicon (vocabulary),

phonology (sound system), morphology (word structure), syntax (grammar), and

discourse. In translation, linguistic problems which arise are occurring on the

level of grammatical differences, lexical ambiguity, and meaning ambiguity

(Abdellah, 2001). It is indeed easy to translate when both languages have

similarities. Nevertheless, it is difficult when both have different structure. These

issues make ambiguity and inequality in translation. Hence, among those levels of

linguistics, the researcher will focus on lexicon and grammar as the primary

subjects of this research. Moreover, figures of speech as the stylistic problems

4

Based on the prior analysis above, the writer believes that studying about

translation and its problems are essential and beneficial. In the previous research,

M. Szymczak (1970), in an international journal at university of Alberta, found

that translators encounter lexical, grammatical, and stylistic problem in their

work. Moreover, it was also founded that the majority of translation students

faced lexical and grammatical problems in translating text (cf. eg. Irhamni, 2011;

Amin, 2012).Unfortunately, there were lack of research in the regards of students’ techniques and methods in translating problematical linguistic text. The writer

intends to find out what methods and procedures of translation that the students

use when they are encountering grammatical and lexical problems. Furthermore,

the writer also adds several grammatical and lexical units as the research primary

subject.

1.2 Statement of Problems

Based on background of the study above, the research problems can be

formulated as following:

1. What are the linguistic errors made by the translation students at University

of Muhammadiyah Malang?

2. How are the linguistic problems solved by the translation students at

University of Muhammadiyah Malang?

1.3 Purpose of Study

According to the statements of problems above, the purposes of this study

can be concluded as these following statements:

1. To find out the linguistic errors made by the translation students at University

5

2. To find out how the problems are solved by the translation students at

University of Muhammadiyah Malang.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The writer expects the result of this study will contribute a lot to the

students, teachers/lecturers, and institution. The students are expected to be

motivated in developing their translation skill by finding out their obstacles also

how to overcome them. The teacher/lecturer and institution are able to use this

study as a consideration so that the appropriate method in teaching can be fitted

and developed to help the students practicing translation.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

To limit the scope of the study, the writer only discussed about the

linguistic errors that were made and how they were solved by the translation

students at University of Muhammadiyah Malang. The study was done in

University of Muhammadiyah Malang and the research subjects were taken

from students of Translation II.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding on the meaning of terms used in this

research, it is necessary to define the inherent meaning of the key terms.

1. Translation

Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).

2. Translation Method

6

3. Translation Procedure

Translation procedure is the procedure used in translating. 4. Translation Problem

Translation problem is the problem that usually faced by the translator, both linguistic and non-linguistic

5. Translation Error

Translation error is the mistranslations made after encountering problems in translation.

6. Language

Language is the way to communicate and interact in the form of vocal symbol based on arbitrary system.

7. Linguistic

1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher provides the background of study, the statements of problems, the purposes of study, the significances of study, the scope and limitation, and the definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of Study

Translation is one of ancient disciplines that have been developing through centuries. Savory (in Hartono, 2003: 2) states that the history of translation was even almost as old as the history of writing itself and it also stands on the equal level as another disciplines in literature. The first translation record that was found materialized by a Greek slave named Livius Andronicus who lived on 240 BC. He translated Odyssey into Roman poem in which his work still survives untill now due to its uniqueness.

In current decade, in which cultural exchanges have been widening, knowledge has been increasingly expanding and international communication has been intensifying, the phenomenon of translation has become fundamental. Be it for scientific, medical, technological, commercial, legal, cultural or literary purposes, today human communication depends heavily on translation (Manfredi, 2008: 20). Wills states that there are approximately 2 million scientists who have published their research in many disciplines of knowledge since 1945 (in Hartono, 2003: 9). Unfortunately, 50 % of those researches are not read by other experts and scientists due to the lack of language capability needed. The limited

2

broadening information here becomes the issue that requires consideration. The nature of knowledge is universal, means that it is owned by all individuals so that it should be shared for achieving better development in many aspects related. Hence, translation can play a significant role to overcome this issue as the bridge which connecting people within different languages and nations.

In everyday life, translation is defined as an act of transforming one form of a language into another language (in Larson, 1988: 3). For a better understanding of translation, let us see how Catford defined it. Catford (cf. Machali, 2009: 25) defines translation as “the replacement of textual material in one language (source language or SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language or TL). From the definition above, we can assume that a good translation will have equal meaning in both SL and TL. However, translating a text is not easy to be done by only using dictionaries and translating machines for a translator needs to have wide knowledge on the linguistic and cultural perspectives in order to obtain the equivalence of both source text and target text. Those aspects are quite essential for any translators to be familiar with because the meaning of the target language could be bias, taking into consideration of structure and culture of languages that are different to each other.

Basically, translation meets two fundamental problems; the first one is non-linguistic which is including culture and the other one is linguistic which is including structures of the text (Abdellah, 2001). These two problems occurred due to structural and cultural differences in every language, same issue also goes for English and Indonesian. We can modestly distinct them since they own uniqueness on their characteristics. Sholihah (2014) states that from the structural

3

perspective, English certainly has more complexity rather than Indonesian since it is affected by time which is known by the term “Tenses”, while Indonesian structure is not, though the time is happening in present, past or future.

However, linguistic is being the primary concern here. It is becoming the most fundamental one because linguistic mastering level of a translator determines how good the translation product will be (Fawcett, 1997: foreword). No matter how good a translator know the cultural differences of both SL and TL, the target text will not be good if he/ she does not has enough capability in linguistic. Therefore, since the translation process vitally and vividly entails language, the relevance of linguistics to translation should never be in doubt. Just like an eggshell, it wraps the whole substance of a text we translate. Thus, the fineness of a translated text will not emerge if the translator fails to construct well-structured phrases, clauses, or sentences from SL into TL.

Linguistic is the scientific study of language. Troike (2006) said that linguists traditionally divide a language into different levels; lexicon (vocabulary), phonology (sound system), morphology (word structure), syntax (grammar), and discourse. In translation, linguistic problems which arise are occurring on the level of grammatical differences, lexical ambiguity, and meaning ambiguity (Abdellah, 2001). It is indeed easy to translate when both languages have similarities. Nevertheless, it is difficult when both have different structure. These issues make ambiguity and inequality in translation. Hence, among those levels of linguistics, the researcher will focus on lexicon and grammar as the primary subjects of this research. Moreover, figures of speech as the stylistic problems also will be added.

4

Based on the prior analysis above, the writer believes that studying about translation and its problems are essential and beneficial. In the previous research, M. Szymczak (1970), in an international journal at university of Alberta, found that translators encounter lexical, grammatical, and stylistic problem in their work. Moreover, it was also founded that the majority of translation students faced lexical and grammatical problems in translating text (cf. eg. Irhamni, 2011; Amin, 2012).Unfortunately, there were lack of research in the regards of students’ techniques and methods in translating problematical linguistic text. The writer intends to find out what methods and procedures of translation that the students use when they are encountering grammatical and lexical problems. Furthermore, the writer also adds several grammatical and lexical units as the research primary subject.

1.2 Statement of Problems

Based on background of the study above, the research problems can be formulated as following:

1. What are the linguistic errors made by the translation students at University of Muhammadiyah Malang?

2. How are the linguistic problems solved by the translation students at University of Muhammadiyah Malang?

1.3 Purpose of Study

According to the statements of problems above, the purposes of this study can be concluded as these following statements:

1. To find out the linguistic errors made by the translation students at University of Muhammadiyah Malang.

5

2. To find out how the problems are solved by the translation students at University of Muhammadiyah Malang.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The writer expects the result of this study will contribute a lot to the students, teachers/lecturers, and institution. The students are expected to be motivated in developing their translation skill by finding out their obstacles also how to overcome them. The teacher/lecturer and institution are able to use this study as a consideration so that the appropriate method in teaching can be fitted and developed to help the students practicing translation.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

To limit the scope of the study, the writer only discussed about the linguistic errors that were made and how they were solved by the translation students at University of Muhammadiyah Malang. The study was done in University of Muhammadiyah Malang and the research subjects were taken from students of Translation II.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding on the meaning of terms used in this research, it is necessary to define the inherent meaning of the key terms.

1. Translation

Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).

2. Translation Method

6 3. Translation Procedure

Translation procedure is the procedure used in translating. 4. Translation Problem

Translation problem is the problem that usually faced by the translator, both linguistic and non-linguistic

5. Translation Error

Translation error is the mistranslations made after encountering problems in translation.

6. Language

Language is the way to communicate and interact in the form of vocal symbol based on arbitrary system.

7. Linguistic