4. Intrapersonal conflict.
According to Worchel and Cooper in Understanding Social Psychology, p.499 define intrapersonal conflict as a conflict that takes place within an
individual when he makes choice between two or more alternatives. In this study, the researcher uses the third definition of conflict.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Character and Characterization
The Theory of Character and Characterization is needed to find out the portrayal of Emma Woodhouse in the novel. According to Abrams, p.20,
characters are defined as persons who are established in literary work that have moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say in the form of
dialogue and what they do in the form of action. Murphy, pp.161-173 mentions nine ways of characterizations. There are
personal description, character as seen by another, through the character’s speech, through the character’s past life, conversation of others, through the character’s
reactions, through the direct comment from the author, through the character’s thought and mannerism.
2. Theory of Intrapersonal Conflicts
The conflict is one of the elements of fiction. It consists of two types, namely intrapersonal conflict and interpersonal conflict. According to Worchel
and Copper, pp.460-464, the intrapersonal conflict deals with the individual’s experiences when making a choice between two or more options. Interpersonal
conflict is the conflict that happens between characters.
Intrapersonal conflict is divided into four types, there are:
a. Types of Intrapersonal Conflicts
1 approach-approach
It is a situation in which an individual should attain one goal which has both attractive and unattractive aspects.
2 avoidance-avoidance
It is a condition in which a person must choose one alternative of two unattractive goals.
3 approach-avoidance
It is a situation in which an individual should attain one goal which has both attractive and unattractive aspect. The desire to fulfill the attractive one and
avoid the unattractive one makes the person being in conflict.
4 double approach-avoidance
It has two subtypes. The first subtype is when an individual should choose one between two goals, each of which has both positive and negative aspects. The
second subtype is when an individual should choose to approach or avoid a goal which has both positive and negative aspects.
b. Sources of Conflict
Everything which makes a conflict can be said as sources of conflict. According to Isenhart and Spangle, pp.14-15, there are seven sources of
conflicts. They are: data, interests, procedures, values, relationships, roles, and communications.
