The intrapersonal conflicts in the process of finding a true lover as seen in Emma Woodhouse the main character of Jane Austen`s Emma.

THE INTRAPERSONAL CONFLICTS IN THE PROCESS OF FINDING A TRUE LOVER AS SEEN IN EMMA WOODHOUSE

THE MAIN CHARACTER OF JANE AUSTEN’S EMMA

A THESIS

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Theresia Tika Kusumasari Student Number: 06 1214 031

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

I

THE INTRAPERSONAL CONFLICTS IN THE PROCESS OF FINDING A TRUE LOVER AS SEEN IN EMMA WOODHOUSE

THE MAIN CHARACTER OF JANE AUSTEN’S EMMA

A THESIS

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Theresia Tika Kusumasari Student Number: 06 1214 031

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to the God Almighty for His love and blessing so that I could complete this thesis and finish my study. I like to address my deepest thanks my dearest lecturer and also my sponsor Drs. Antonius Herujiyanto, M.A., Ph.D. I really appreciate his guidance, advice, corrections, time, and patience that he has given to me during the process of writing this thesis. I would like to extend my sincere thanks go to all PBI lecturers, who have guided me during my study, especially Bu Ndari, Bu Frida, Bu Carla, Bu Lanny, Bu Henny, Pak Purba, Pak Markus, Pak Gun, Pak Prast, Pak Bambang, Pak Punto, Pak Chosa and Pak Ouda. I really appreciate their teachings, helps, attentions, and cares. I also like to thank PBI administration staffs (Mbak Tari and Mbak Dani) for their kind service.

My warmest thanks are also addressed to Yustinus Adi K artono’s fam ily; my father and my mother who have financed my study and given me advice and encouragement to finish this thesis. I also like to thank my little sister Aya for her great supports and kindness. Besides, my deepest thanks go to S. Ragil Poedjono’s big family and also Eyang Sulasmi for their supports.

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My special appreciation also goes to all my classmates in PBI, especially Henny, Nita, E sti, Bety and many others that I cannot mention here. They are nice friends and it has been a great experience knowing them all.

I also would like to give my special thanks Alfa Arnol d Papi laya for his love, attention, and care. I thank him for supporting me in every step in my life through his prayer.

Finally, yet important, I want to thank those who have helped me during the process of writing this thesis hose names I cannot mention here one by one.

Yogyakarta, November 23, 2010

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... I PAGES OF APPROVAL ... II STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... IV

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... VI TABLE OF CONTENTS ... VIII ABSTRACT ... X

ABSTRAK ... XII

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Objectives of the Study ... 3

C. Problem Formulation ... 3

D. Benefits of the Study ... 3

E. Definition of Terms ... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 6

A. Review of Related Theory ... 6

1. The Theory of Character and Characterization ... 6

2. The Theory of Intrapersonal Conflict ... 6

a. Types of Intrapersonal Conflict ... 7

b. Sources of Conflict ... 7

c. The Resolution of Conflict ... 8

3. The Theory of Motivation ... 9

4. The Triangular Theory of Love ... 10

5. The Psychoanalytical Psychology ... 12

B. The Context of the Novel ... 14

1. The Situation when Jane Austen wrote Emma ... 15

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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 19

A. Object of the Study ... 19

B. Approach of the Study ... 19

C. Method of the Study ... 19

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ... 21

1. The Portrayal of Emma Woodhouse in Jane Austen’s Emma ... 21

2. Emma Woodhouse’s Intrapersonal Conflicts ... 27

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 46

A. Conclusions ... 46

B. Suggestions ... 48

REFERENCES ... 50

APPENDICES Appendix 1: Summary of Emma ... 52

Appendix 2: Biography of Jane Austen ... 56

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ABSTRACT

Tika Kusumasari, Theresia. (2010). The Intrapersonal Co nflicts in the Process of Finding A True Lover as seen in Emma Woodhouse, the Ma in Character of Jane Austen’s Emma. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This study discusses Jane Austen’s novel Emma. The novel tells about the story of a young girl, Emma, who wants to make matches for people around her in order to give happiness to them. This idea comes to Emma’s mind because of her perception that it was thanks to her matchmaking effort, that her governess, Miss Taylor, and the widower, Mr. Weston fell in love and married. Then, Emma wants to find a good husband for her friend, Harriet Smith. In this novel, Emma deals with her own heart in the process of matchmaking. This study discusses the portrayal of the main character, Emma, her intrapersonal conflicts in the process of matchmaking and finding a husband for herself.

The problems to answer in this study are: 1)”How is Emma Woodhouse portrayed in Jane Austen’s Emma?” 2) “What are the intrapersonal conflicts that Emma has in the process of matching for Harriet and finding a true lover for herself? 3) “How does she solve her intrapersonal conflicts in the process of matching for Harriet and finding a true lover for herself?”

There are two sources used in this study: primary and secondary sources. The primary source is Jane Austen’s Emma. The secondary sources are some books, journals, and articles found on the internet that provide information related to the study. This study examines the theory of character and characterization, the theory of intrapersonal conflict and conflict resolution, the theory of motivation, and also the triangular theory of love. Furthermore, this study uses the psychological approach according to Sigmund Freud. It is used to analyze Emma’s intrapersonal conflicts.

Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that Emma Woodhouse is a well-meaning girl and she wants to give happiness to everybody by her matchmaking. But, there are some intrapersonal conflicts taking place in the process of doing so. The first one is when she has to decide whether or not she and Mr. Knightley will stay together with Mr. Woodhouse in Hartfield, after their marriage. She has to face an intrapersonal conflict in the form of a double approach-avoidance conflict. In solving the problem, Emma uses “mediation”. The second one is when Emma has to decide whether or not she will tell Harriet that Mr. Elton has expressed his love to Emma. In this conflict, Emma has to face an avoidance-avoidance conflict. Emma solves this problem by using the “integrative negotiation.”The third intrapersonal conflict is when Emma has to face an intrapersonal conflict in the form of a double approach-avoidance, in deciding whether or not she will confess her love toward Mr. Knightley. In solving the problem, Emma uses “distributive negotiation”. The last intrapersonal conflict is in the form of an avoidance-avoidance conflict. Emma has to decide

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whether or not she will tell Harriet about her relationship with Mr. Knightley. In order to resolve her intrapersonal conflict, she uses the “integrative negotiation”.

It is suggested that future researchers conduct studies in interpersonal conflicts of the main characters of the novel Jane Austen’s Emma and also recommends that English teachers use part of the novel Emma as material to teach reading skills. In the Appendix of this study, a lesson plan for doing so is provided.

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ABSTRAK

Tika Kusumasari, Theresia. (2010). The Intrapersonal Conflicts in the Process of Finding A True Lover as seen in Emma Woodhouse, the Main Character of Jane Austen’s Emma. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Studi ini membahas tentang novel karya Jane Austen yang berjudul Emma. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang seorang gadis yang bernama Emma Woodhouse yang memiliki keinginan untuk melakukan perjodohan bagi orang-orang disekitarnya yang bertujuan untuk memberikan kebahagiaan bagi mereka semua. Ide perjodohan ini muncul berawal dari persepsi Emma yang merasa bahwa dirinyalah yang berhasil menjodohkan Nona Taylor dan Tuan Weston saling jatuh cinta hingga akhirnya menikah. Kemudian, Emma ingin membantu mencari seorang suami yang baik untuk temannya yang bernama Harriet melalui perjodohan yang ia buat. Di dalam novel ini, Emma harus berhadapan dengan batinnya sendiri di dalam proses perjodohan yang ia buat. Studi ini membahas tentang karakteristik tokoh utama yang bernama Emma dan juga pergolakan-pergolakan batin yang ia hadapi selama proses perjodohan dan pencarian pasangan bagi dirinya sendiri.

Dalam studi ini, terdapat tiga masalah yang akan di jawab, yaitu: 1) “Bagaimana Emma Woodhouse digambarkan dalam novel tersebut?”2) “Apa saja pergolakan-pergolakan batin yang dialami oleh Emma selama proses perjodohan bagi Harriet dan pencarian cinta sejati bagi dirinya sendiri?” 3) “ Bagaimana Emma Woodhouse menyelesaikan pergolakan-pergolakan batinnya selama proses perjodohan bagi Harriet dan pencarian cinta sejati bagi dirinya sendiri?”

Terdapat dua macam sumber yang digunakan dalam studi ini, yaitu: sumber utama dan sumber kedua. Sumber utamanya adalah novel karya dari Jane Austen yang berjudul Emma itu sendiri. Sedangkan sumber keduanya adalah buku-buku, jurnal-jurnal, dan artikel-artikel dari internet yang menyediakan informasi yang berkaitan dengan studi ini. Studi ini menggunakan “the theory of character and characterization”, “the theory of intrapersonal conflict”, “the conflict resolution”, “the theory of motivation”, dan juga “the triangular theory of love”. Lebih mendalam, studi ini menerapkan “the psychological approach” menurut Sigmund Freud. Pendekatan ini digunakan untuk menganalisis gejolak-gejolak batin yang dimiliki Emma.

Berdasarkan pada analisis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Emma Woodhouse adalah gadis yang menyenangkan dan ia ingin memberikan kebahagiaan bagi setiap orang melalui perjodohan yang ia buat. Akan tetapi, ada beberapa gejolak batin yang muncul di saat perjodohan itu ia lakukan.

Pertama, situasi dimana Emma harus memutuskan apakah dia dan Tuan Knightley akan tinggal bersama dengan Tuan Woodhouse di Hartfield atau tidak setelah mereka menikah. Emma juga harus menghadapi pergolakan batin dalam

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bentuk “a double approach-avoidance conflict”. Dalam menyelesaikan masalah, Emma menggunakan “mediation”. Pergolakan batin yang kedua adalah situasi disaat Emma harus memutuskan apakah dia akan memberitahu Harriet bahwa Tuan Elton telah mengungkapkan rasa cintanya kepada Emma atau tidak. Dalam masalah ini, Emma menghadapi konflik jenis “an avoidance-avoidance conflict”. Emma mengatasi konflik ini dengan “integrative negotiation”. Pergolakan batin yang ketiga adalah situasi dimana Emma harus menghadapi konflik dalam bentuk “a double approach-avoidance”, dalam memutuskan apakah dia akan menakui perasaan cintanya kepada Tuan Knightley atau tidak. Dalam mengatasi konflik, Emma menggunakan cara “distributive negotiation”. Pergolakan batin yang terakhir adalah konflik dalam bentuk “an avoidance-avoidance conflict”. Emma harus memutuskan apakah Emma akan memberitahukan kepada Harriet tentang hubungannya dengan Tuan Knightley atau tidak. Untuk mengatasi pergolakan batin ini, Emma mengguanakan “integrative negotiation”.

Disarankan kepada peneliti-peneliti mendatang agar melakukan studi tentang konflik interpersonal yang dihadapi tokoh utama dalam novel karya Jane Austen yang berjudul Emma dan mendiskusikannya dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah budaya. Studi ini juga menyarankan agar Guru Bahasa Inggris dapat mempergunakan bagian dari novel ini sebagai materi untuk mengajar Reading (membaca) sama seperti yang telah disertakan pada bagian lampiran. Sebagai tambahan informasi, studi ini menyediakan Rencana Program Pembelajaran (RPP) untuk mengajar Reading (membaca) dengan mempergunakan bagian dari novel yang berjudul Emma.

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Human beings are social creatures because they should interact with other human beings in their live. It is normal that human beings share their love with their family, friends and relations. Love is something that cannot be described, but everybody in this world can feel it and also need it in their live. The feeling of love happens through the emotion from one to another in the world. Sometimes, love comes in unpredictable ways. When the love comes to somebody, everything looks so different.

However, conflicts can arouse in the family and the relationship with others. The conflicts can be either within their selves or the other human beings. Conflicts are divided into two major types. There are intrapersonal conflicts and interpersonal conflicts. Intrapersonal conflicts are conflicts that occur inside a person. Whilst interpersonal conflicts are conflicts that occur between a person with another person or other people. This study will deal with intrapersonal conflicts.

The intrapersonal conflicts of a girl, Emma, are the topic in this study. This study wants to find out what intrapersonal conflicts of Emma in the process of finding a good partner for her friend, Harriet, and a husband for herself. In the process of understanding the intrapersonal conflicts is quite difficult because it is laid in the bottom of the heart.

However, through media of literature, it will so much help. According to (Hudson, p.10), literature can portray such an issue. “Literature is the expression of life through the medium of language. It can be regarded as something essential since it contains about real life, people, thought, and their feeling about life.”

This thesis will analyze a novel as one of literary works which can portray such conflicts. In the novel, there are so many conflicts happen within the character’s heart and also in the society. Novel can stimulate the readers’ thought by portraying the real life experiences toward the reader.

Considering this understanding, it is valuable to discuss a novel by Jane Austen, Emma. This novel is so interesting to discuss because there are many conflicts that the main character faces both intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. The way she deals with the conflicts is also interesting to analyze.

This novel tells about the story of a young girl, Emma Woodhouse. She is beautiful, smart and also rich. She is twenty one years old. She is a tough girl because her mother passed away when she was child. Then, she continues her life together with her father, Mr. Woodhouse. Emma’s older sister, Isabella, married with Mr. John Knightley and they live in London. Emma has Miss Taylor as the governess in Mr. Woodhouse’s family and they have close relationship. Actually, the dominant theme of Emma is the marriage, and all of the major activities of the novel revolve around the marriage and matchmaking. The novel begins with Emma and her father was talking about the marriage of Miss Taylor to Mr. Weston. Emma believes that she successfully matched Miss Taylor with Mr. Weston and was responsible for their happy marriage, and Emma wants to make

other matches. The process of matchmaking gives Emma an important lesson that love cannot be persisted and it comes in unpredictable ways including Emma’s conflicts with her own heart about her feeling toward Mr. George Knightley, someone who cares about her.

B. Objectives of the Study

The objective of this study is to find out one’s intrapersonal conflicts as seen in Emma, the main character of Jane Austen’s Emma, when she is in her situation to find a good partner for her friend, Harriet Smith.

C. Problem Formulation

The problems of the study can be formulated as follows: 1)”How is Emma Woodhouse portrayed in Jane Austen’s Emma?” 2) “What are the intrapersonal conflicts that Emma has in the process of matching for Harriet and finding a true lover for herself? 3) “How does she solve her intrapersonal conflicts in the process of matching for Harriet and finding a true lover for herself?”

D. Benefits of the Study

There are some benefits of this study. This study is hoped to be beneficial to the readers of Jane Austen’s Emma. This study provides the analysis of intrapersonal conflicts that Emma has as a young girl who does not want to get married with anybody. What Emma really want is just becomes a matchmaker for people around her in order to make them happy. But in the process of matching,

Emma gets important lessons that change her life. I hope that the analysis of this study can give the readers a description about the main character’s intrapersonal conflicts in order to find out what is the true need of the main character, Emma. Finally, I hope this study will be useful for Sanata Dharma University students especially for the English Department students.

E. Definition of Terms

Some terms need to be explained to avoid misunderstandings. There are: 1. Literature

It is anything written which is “invite our emotional and intellectual involvement and response’ (Roberts and Jacobs, 1987).

2. Characters.

According to (Abrams in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms, p.20), characters are defined as persons who are established in literary work that have moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say in the form of dialogue and what they do in the form of action.

3. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, the word conflict defines as:

1). a situation in which people, groups or countries are involved in a serious disagreement or argument.

2). a violent situation or period of fighting between two countries.

3). a situation in which there are opposing ideas, opinions, feelings or wishes; a situation in which it is difficult to choose.

4. Intrapersonal conflict.

According to (Worchel and Cooper in Understanding Social Psychology, p.499) define intrapersonal conflict as a conflict that takes place within an individual when he makes choice between two or more alternatives. In this study, the researcher uses the third definition of conflict.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

The Theory of Character and Characterization is needed to find out the portrayal of Emma Woodhouse in the novel. According to (Abrams, p.20), characters are defined as persons who are established in literary work that have moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say in the form of dialogue and what they do in the form of action.

(Murphy, pp.161-173) mentions nine ways of characterizations. There are personal description, character as seen by another, through the character’s speech, through the character’s past life, conversation of others, through the character’s reactions, through the direct comment from the author, through the character’s thought and mannerism.

2. Theory of Intrapersonal Conflicts

The conflict is one of the elements of fiction. It consists of two types, namely intrapersonal conflict and interpersonal conflict. According to (Worchel and Copper, pp.460-464), the intrapersonal conflict deals with the individual’s experiences when making a choice between two or more options. Interpersonal conflict is the conflict that happens between characters.

Intrapersonal conflict is divided into four types, there are: a. Types of Intrapersonal Conflicts

1) approach-approach

It is a situation in which an individual should attain one goal which has both attractive and unattractive aspects.

2) avoidance-avoidance

It is a condition in which a person must choose one alternative of two unattractive goals.

3) approach-avoidance

It is a situation in which an individual should attain one goal which has both attractive and unattractive aspect. The desire to fulfill the attractive one and avoid the unattractive one makes the person being in conflict.

4) double approach-avoidance

It has two subtypes. The first subtype is when an individual should choose one between two goals, each of which has both positive and negative aspects. The second subtype is when an individual should choose to approach or avoid a goal which has both positive and negative aspects.

b. Sources of Conflict

Everything which makes a conflict can be said as sources of conflict. According to (Isenhart and Spangle, pp.14-15), there are seven sources of conflicts. They are: data, interests, procedures, values, relationships, roles, and communications.

c. Resolution of the Conflicts

Everything which can arouse conflict can be categorized as the sources of conflict. According to (Isenhart and Spangle, pp.14-15), there are seven sources of conflict. There are: data, interests, procedures, values, relationships, roles, and communications.

1) Negotiation

Negotiation is a conflict resolution in which the opposing parties compromise or reconcile peacefully to get mutual and beneficial agreement for both of them. This negotiation does not involve a third party. Negotiation occurs in two ways. They are integrative and distributive negotiation. Integrative negotiation is a constructive approach in conflict resolution. Both parties begin to negotiate with cooperation and respect. They exchange information to discuss their conflict and identify their problems while protecting their relationship and interest. Distributive negotiation, also called bargaining approach, is when both parties begin to negotiate with goals and advantages they want to achieve in their negotiation. They do not pay attention much to their relationship and interests. They force other party through demands and threats in order to achieve the goals. In other words, a distributive negotiation applies a win-lose solution in the conflict resolution process.

2) Mediation

Mediation is a problem solving process that needs the third party’s help. The participation of the third party is to guide the conflicting parties to solve the problem.

3) Facilitation

Facilitation also needs the third part’s help. Here, the third party serves as a facilitator who creates the collaborative discussion process using many techniques such as brainstorming, opinion surveying and image building. Facilitation is applied when the conflict occurs in a large size of groups and complex problems.

4) Arbitration

Arbitration is applied when the parties cannot find the best solution using negotiation and meditation. In this process, the third party is selected by the conflicting parties. The role of the third party (arbitrator) is to make the decision. However, the norms and the rules of the process itself still depend on the parties’ agreement.

5) Juridical Process

Juridical Process combines legal and non legal procedures, social norms and legal law in the process of conflict resolution. Here, the third party is the court. This way is the last choice after the other alternatives fail.

3. The Theory of Motivation

(Abraham Maslow's book entitled Motivation and Personality, 1954) formally introduced the Hierarchy of Needs. According to Maslow, human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower factors need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. There are general types of needs (physiological, survival, safety, love, and esteem) that must be satisfied before a

person can act unselfishly. Maslow's model indicates that fundamental, lower-order needs like safety and physiological requirements have to be satisfied in order to pursue higher-level motivators along the lines of self-fulfillment.

Maslow makes hierarchical diagram, sometimes called 'Maslow's Needs Pyramid' or 'Maslow's Needs Triangle'. There are Psychological Needs, Safety needs, Social Needs, Esteem Needs and Self-Actualization Needs. The first need that has to be fulfilled is the psychological needs because it contains of basic needs. People can get the higher motivation to achieve the other needs after the psychological needs are fulfilled. Briefly, after a need is satisfied it stops acting as a motivator and the next need one rank higher starts to motivate.

4. The Triangular Theory of Love

The triangular theory of love is developed by psychologist Robert Stenberg. The theory characterizes love within the context of interpersonal relationships by three different components: First, intimacy which encompasses feelings of closeness, connectedness. Second, passion which encompasses drives that leads to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation. Third, commitment which encompasses, in the short term, the decision to remain with another and in the long term, the shared achievements and plans made with that other. The balance among Sternberg’s three aspects of love is likely to shift through the course of a relationship.

Different stages and types of love can be explained as different combinations of these three elements, such as:

a. Liking

This intimate liking characterizes true friendships, in which a person feels closeness and warmth with another but not intense passion or long-term commitment.

b. Infatuated love

Infatuated love is often what is felt as "love at first sight." But without the intimacy and the commitment components of love, infatuated love may disappear suddenly.

c. Empty love

Sometimes, a stronger love deteriorates into empty love, in which the commitment remains, but the intimacy and passion have died. In cultures in which arranged marriages are common, relationships often begin as empty love.

d. Romantic love

Romantic lovers are bonded emotionally (as in liking) and physically through passionate arousal.

e. Companionate love

Companionate love is often found in marriages in which the passion has gone out of the relationship, but a deep affection and commitment remain. Companionate love is generally a personal relation you build with somebody you share your life with, but with no sexual or physical desire. It is stronger than friendship because of the extra element of commitment. The love ideally shared

between family members is a form of companionate love, The love ideally shared between family members is a form of companionate love, such as the love between deep friends or those who spend a lot of time together in any asexual but friendly relationship.

f. Fatuous love

Fatuous love can be exemplified by a whirlwind courtship and marriage in which a commitment is motivated largely by passion, without the stabilizing influence of intimacy.

g. Consummate love

Consummate love is the complete form of love, representing the ideal relationship toward which many people strive but which apparently few achieve. Sternberg cautions that maintaining a consummate love may be even harder than achieving it. He stresses the importance of translating the components of love into action. "Without expression," he warns, "even the greatest of loves can die" (Stenberg, 1987, p. 341).

5. The Psychoanalytical Psychology

Sigmund Freud is the founder of Psychoanalysis. Freud suggested that behavior is determined by the unconscious mind, a repository of repressed impulses and desires, of which the waking mind is completely unaware, but determine the way we think, feel, and act.

Freud stated that all behaviors are motivated by the desire to feel pleasure. That motivation is organized and directed by two instincts: sexuality (Eros), and

aggression (Thanatos). Freud conceptualized both these instincts as being powered by a form of internal psychic energy that he called the libido. Libido is the pleasure principle, or basic psychic energy. It can perhaps be considered equivalent ch'i or parana of esotericism and yoga.

Freud proposed the evocative metaphor of the psyche as like an iceberg; only the upper 10% of it is visible (i.e. conscious); the rest is submerged and unseen (unconscious).

According to Freud, we are born with our Id. The id is an important part of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met. Freud believed that the id is based on our pleasure principle. In other words, the id wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the reality of the situation. When a child is hungry, the id wants food, and therefore the child cries. When the child needs to be changed, the id cries. When the child is uncomfortable, in pain, too hot, too cold, or just wants attention, the id speaks up until his or her needs are met.

The id doesn't care about reality, about the needs of anyone else, only its own satisfaction. Babies are not real considerate of their parents' wishes. They have no care for time, whether their parents are sleeping, relaxing, eating dinner, or bathing. When the id wants something, nothing else is important.

Within the next three years, as the child interacts more and more with the world, the second part of the personality begins to develop. Freud called this part the Ego. The ego is based on the reality principle. The ego understands that other people have needs and desires and that sometimes being impulsive or selfish can

hurt us in the long run. It is the ego's job to meet the needs of the id, while taking into consideration the reality of the situation.

By the age of five, or the end of the phallic stage of development, the Superego develops. The Superego is the moral part of us and develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers. Many equate the superego with the conscience as it dictates our belief of right and wrong.

In a healthy person, according to Freud, the ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the superego, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation. Not an easy job by any means, but if the id gets too strong, impulses and self gratification take over the person's life. If the superego becomes too strong, the person would be driven by rigid morals, would be judgmental and unbending in his or her interactions with the world.

The theory of psychology is applied because this study will use psychological approach to answer the problem formulation. Psychological approach emphasizes the use of psychology theories to analyze the personality and behavior patterns shown in the literary works. As stated in the beginning, this study focuses on intrapersonal conflicts and the way to solve the intrapersonal conflicts.

B. Context of the Novel

The context of Jane Austen’s Emma is about marriage and matchmaking. In the beginning of the novel describes about the marriage of Miss Taylor and Mr. Weston. Almost the whole chapters in the novel are about how Emma tries to

make matches for her friend named Harriet. First, Emma tries to make-making Harriet with the vicar of Highbury, Mr. Elton. Emma persuades Harriet to refuse a proposal from Mr. Martin because of his class condition and choose Mr. Elton as her lover. Unfortunately, it backfires toward Emma. Mr. Elton has expressed his love to Emma instead of Harriet.

In another situation, Emma tries to find clues that Harriet might be fall in love with Frank Churchill. Frank Churchill has helped Harriet from gypsies and this fact ensures Emma to match Frank and Harriet, but Harriet says that she falls in love with Mr. Knightley, someone that Emma loves. This condition makes Emma realizes that the idea of matchmaking comes from her own heart to get a good husband for herself. Fortunately, Mr. Knightley also has the same feeling too with Emma. They love each other. Frank announces his engagement with Jane Fairfax after his aunt passed away. Harriet meets again with Mr. Martin and he has proposed her for the second time. In the end of the novel describes about the marriage between Jane Fairfax and Frank Churchill, Harriet and Mr. Martin, and also Emma with Mr. George Knightley.

1.The Situation when Jane Austen wrote Emma

Austen was aware of the relationships between the domestic and the foreign and the new national or, perhaps more properly stated, patriotic consciousness. This new consciousness, especially of the English aspect of Britishness, is most clearly articulated in Emma, published in 1815. Alongside her other novels, including Mansfield Park and Sanditon, which introduce the

colonial domain, Emma became a particularly potent example of national cultural effort—comparable in eventual influence with the projection of the British military and economic system consolidated through the Napoleonic Wars.

Austen’s picture of English social order and scenery came to exemplify the supposed pre-eminence of British culture during Empire [here defined as operating fully between (1837-1957)], with the advent of postcolonial conditions, the texting out of the harsher realities of the British imperial system. This latter revisionist reading of British culture and regime gathered momentum and even critical hegemony after the publication of Edward Said’s Orientalism in 1978. Consequently this essay seeks to reposition Austen’s fiction and especially her brief definition of English culture in Emma within both Austen’s own historical context and much later Orientalist discourse by examining the latent Orientalism (and global interactions that influenced culture and aesthetics) during the period in which Austen was writing.

The interconnection between economic/strategic and cultural/literary power, examined in the Orientalist and Postcolonial discourses, operated in Austen’s personal life through the service of her brothers Francis and Charles in the Royal Navy, the paramount institutional agent of Empire.1 Emma was published in December 1815, six months after the final military event of the Napoleonic Wars, the Battle of Waterloo, was fought. The novel’s narrative, however, was confined to locations in England and to a patently perceived if not always overtly defined sequence of built environments. These environments parallel the ordered structure—or narrative architecture—of her storytelling as

they perform a comparable function of articulation and assertion of cultural identity and value. As Stephen Clarke has demonstrated, buildings and the built and natural environment are essential attributes of Austen’s literary. Real estate and the income from resource extraction and agricultural, urban, and industrial development that real estate yielded extended directly into the transfer of dynastic advantage through the social ritual of courtship and marriage so central to Austen’s narrative. Furthermore, the majority of the architecture described briefly in Austen’s fiction reflects the local adaptation of imported design models.

Taken from:

<http://www.jasna.org/persuasions/on-line/vol28no2/windsor-liscombe.htm> Date of access on October 12, 2010.

2.Setting in the Novel

The setting of place in Emma is in Highbury, England. The setting of time is in the first decades of the nineteenth century. For Austen the use of small towns probably has something to do with the fact that there aren’t any superheroes. Everybody in Highbury knows everything about everybody else. That means that all the little quirks and odd habits of each person in town are well and widely-known facts. There may not be any heroes – but because of this, Austen can show us how irritating, silly and even lovable most ordinary people are.

Hartfield, Emma and Mr. Woodhouse’s home, functions as the geographical center of the novel. Just about any excursions away from Hartfield become Momentous Occasions (in Mr. Woodhouse’s mind, at least). Mr. Knightley walks from Donwell Abbey to Hartfield just about everyday. It is obviously not that far

away. When the rest of the characters have to trek out to the Abbey, however, it’s a huge occasion – requiring planning, picnics, and even a donkey for Mrs. Elton. Hartfield is the house in the novel.

19

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

In this paper, the object of the study is about the portrayal of the main character named Emma in Jane Austen’s Emma, the intrapersonal conflicts of the main character and how she solves the conflicts. The portrayal of Emma includes five dominant characters of hers. Besides, the intrapersonal conflicts and how she solves the conflicts are also the main points that will be examined in this paper.

B. Approach of the Study

In order to analyze the way of the main character solve the intrapersonal conflicts, the researcher will use a psychological approach in this study because a psychological approach can be used to analyze the main character’s motivations and behaviors in doing something.

C. Method of the Study

This study uses library research. The sources of this study are primary source and secondary sources. The primary source of this study is the novel itself, which is Emma written by Jane Austen. The secondary sources are some books, journals and articles found in the internet that provide information related to the study.

In completing the data, I got long process in order to write a good paper. First, I read the novel entitled Emma. I read the novel at least four times in order to understand the detail information and also the essence of the novel. Then, I tried to focus on the main character of the novel named Emma especially in her character and characterization. Besides, I also tried to find out the intrapersonal conflicts of the main character. I tried to find related theories and an approach in order to analyze the character and characterization of the main character and also her intrapersonal conflicts. I tried to apply the theories and the approach in analyzing the novel.

21 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This section discusses the portrayal of Emma Woodhouse. This section also discusses her intrapersonal conflicts in the process of finding a true love.

1. The Portrayal of Emma Woodhouse in Jane Austen’s Emma

The writer starts the analysis with the characterization of Emma Woodhouse. (Murphy, pp. 161-173) mentions nine ways of characterizations. Those are personal description, character as seen by another, through the character’s speech, through the character’s past life, conversation of others, through the character’s reactions, through the direct comment from the author, through the character’s thought and mannerism. Emma will be portrayed through personal description, conversation of others, the character’s speech and also the character’s thought and mannerism. Emma is the main character of the story. This part will discuss about the most dominant characters of Emma in Jane Austen’s

Emma.

a. Emma is an affectionate person

Emma loves her father so much. At the beginning of the novel, Emma has a principle that she would not get married in order to spend the whole time only with

her father named Mr. Woodhouse. Emma will not let him stay alone at Hartfield. She wants to take care of him forever.

Marriage, in fact, would not do for her. It would be incompatible with what she owed to her father, and with what she felt for him. Nothing should separate her from her father. She would not marry, even if she were asked by Mr. Knightley. (Austen, p. 326)

Moreover, Emma wants to give the best for her father. Emma really cares about Mr. Woodhouse’s condition in the future if she gets married with Mr. Knightley. She wants to give the best solution for both her father and her life.

She could not bear to see him suffering; she hesitated-she could not proceed. The strength, resolution, and presence of mind of the Mr. Knightleys commanded his fullest dependence. While either of them protected him and his, Hartfield was safe. (Austen, p. 378)

Actually, Emma wants to improve Harriet’s condition, but this elevation hurts Harriet. Emma wants to match Harriet with Mr. Elton, the vicarage of Highbury. Mr. Elton is the very person fixed on by Emma for Harriet.

Mr. Elton was the very person fixed on by Emma for driving the young farmer out of Harriet’s head. She thought it would be an excellent match; and only too palpably desirable, natural, and probable, for her to have much merit in planning it. (Austen, p. 41)

Emma cares about Harriet so much. Emma has good intentions with her companion named Harriet Smith, a parlour boarder at Mrs. Goddard’s school. Her first attempt at usefulness is in an effort to find out who were the parents; but Harriet could not tell. (Austen, p.35). Besides, Emma wants to be a faithful person as a friend for Harriet. Emma refuses Mr. Elton’s feeling toward her directly. Emma does not have any feeling to Mr. Elton. Besides, Emma knows

that Harriet is falling in love with Mr. Elton, and she will be so sad if she knows the fact that Mr. Elton does not love Harriet.

‘Everything that I said or done, for many weeks past, has been with the sole view of marking my adoration of yourself,’ said Mr. Elton. ‘No, Sir. Nothing could be further from my wishes-your attachment to my friend Harriet-give me great pleasure,’ said Emma. (Austen, p. 114)

b. Emma is an arrogant person.

Emma is quite pride of her own capability as a matchmaker. Emma thinks that marriage of Miss Taylor with Mr. Weston happened because of her. She makes the match between them and she would like to be a matchmaker again. Emma does not listen to her father’s advice.

‘I made the match myself when so many people said Mr. Weston would never marry again,’ said Emma. Mr. Knightley shook his head at her.

Her father replied, ‘Ah! My dear, I wish you would not make matches and foretell things. Pray do not make any more matches. ‘I promise you to make none for myself, papa; but I must, indeed, for other people. (Austen, p. 24)

Emma wants to give the best for her friend named Harriet, but Emma does not consider about Harriet’s background. Emma persuades Harriet to refuse a proposal from Mr. Martin whom Emma believes to be too low class. In this case, Emma really focuses on the social status of Mr. Martin which is not equal with Harriet.

‘Yes. But what shall I say? Dear Miss Woodhouse, do advise me.’

‘Oh, no, no; the letter had much better be all your own. You need not be prompted to write with the appearance of sorrow for his disappointment.’

‘You think I ought to refuse him then?’ said Harriet, looking down. ‘You ought to refuse him! (Austen, p. 54)

Emma used to speak out frankly. Emma often gets difficulties in controlling her words and her attitude sometimes hurt others. She does not realize that her attitude can hurt people around her. She speaks and acts spontaneously.

‘I shall be sure to say three dull things as soon as ever I open my mouth, shan’t I?’ said Miss Bates

Emma could not resist, ‘Ma’am, there may be a difficulty. Pardon me, but you will be limited as to number-only three at once.’(Austen, pp. 291-292)

c. Emma is a stubborn girl

She often get quarrel with Mr. George Knightley. Mr. George Knighley always tries to give some advices toward Emma. Once upon a time, Mr. Knighley tells Emma that she only make a lucky guess about the marriage of Miss Taylor with Mr. Weston, but Emma disagrees with him.

‘What are you proud of? You made a lucky guess,’ said Mr. Knightley. ‘And have you never known the pleasure and triumph of a lucky guess? I pity you. A lucky guess is never merely luck. There is always some talent in it. If I had not promoted Mr. Weston’s visits here, and given encouragements, it might not have come to anything after all. I think you must know Hartfield enough to comprehend that,’ said Emma. (Austen, p. 25)

In a different situation, Emma quarrels with Mr. George Knightley when Mr. George Knightley does not like Emma’s behavior in persuading Harriet to refuse Mr. Martin’s proposal for marriage. Mr. Knightley thinks that Emma who persuades Harriet to refuse Mr. Martin’s proposal, but Emma denies it. Emma feels that Harriet has refused Mr. Martin’s proposal because Mr. Martin’s social status.

‘I saw her answer!—nothing could be clearer,’ said Emma.

‘You saw her answer!—you wrote her answer too. Emma, this is your doing. You persuaded her to refuse him.’ ‘I cannot admit him to be Harriet’s equal,’ said Emma.

‘Not Harriet’s equal!’ exclaimed Mr. Knightley ‘No, he is not her equal, indeed, for he is as much her superior in sense as in situation. She is the natural daughter of nobody knows whom. (Austen, pp. 60-61)

Emma is quite difficult to accept other’s opinion; she always acts as if she is the one who knows about everything in Hartfield. Emma debates with Mr. George Knightley when he suspicious that there must be a special relationship between Frank Churchill and Jane Fairfax but Emma disagrees with him. This is also one of the proofs that Emma is a stubborn girl.

‘My dear Emma, have you never at any time had reason to think that he admired her, or that she admired him?’ asked Mr. Knightley.

‘Never, never!’ she cried with a most open eagerness. ‘There is no admiration between them, I do assure you: they are as far from any attachment or admiration for one another as any two beings in the world can be.’ said Emma. (Austen, p. 277)

d. Emma is a selfish person

Emma feels jealous with Jane Fairfax. Emma wants to be like Jane Fairfax who has complete abilities as a woman. Jane is quite mysterious as a girl. Emma wants to be the one who becomes the centre of attention of people around her. After knowing Jane, Emma feels that Jane is her rival.

Emma was sorry to have to pay civilities to a person she did not like through three long months-to be always doing more than she wished, and less than she ought! Why she did not like Jane Fairfax might be a difficult question to answer; Mr. Knightley had once told her it was because she saw in her the really accomplished young woman which she wanted to be thought herself. (p. 138)

Emma does not want to see the probability if Mr. Knightley has a girlfriend. Emma wants Mr. Knightley only for herself not others. Although Emma always quarrels with Mr. Knightley, they need each other. Emma becomes mad after knowing about Mr. Weston’s plan.

‘I have made a match between Mr. Knightley and Jane Fairfax,’ said Mrs. Weston. Emma exclaimed,’ Mr. Knightley and Jane Fairfax! Mrs. Weston, how could you think of such a thing? Mr. Knightley must not marry! I cannot consent to Mr. Knightley’s marrying.’ (Austen, pp. 181-182)

In the situation when Emma and Mr. Knightley know that they love each other and plan to hold an engagement, Emma wants to make Harriet goes for a while to London. Emma does not want to meet Harriet because she does not want Harriet know about Emma relationship with Mr. Knightley. Emma knows that Harriet falls in love with Mr. Knightley and Emma does not want to destroy Harriet’s hopes for the second time. So, it will be better if they do not see each other for a while. (Austen, p.353)

e. Emma gets difficulties in understanding her own heart.

Emma does not realize that she has something special toward someone whom she always debates with. He is Mr. George Knightley. What Emma wants to do is just finding the best match for Harriet, until an unpredictable situation happens when Mrs. Weston says that she wants to make a match between Mr. Knightley with Jane Fairfax and Emma disagrees about that.

‘I have made a match between Mr. Knightley and Jane Fairfax,’ said Mrs. Weston. ‘Dear Mrs. Weston, how could you think of such a thing? Mr. Knightley! Mr. Knightley must not marry! You would not have little Henry cut out from Donwell? Oh,no,no! said Emma. (Austen, p. 182)

Emma does not realize that Mr. Knightley always help and protect her in every situation. Emma thought that it happens because Mr. Knightley is a brother for her. In the situation when Emma needs somebody to be a partner for Harriet in dancing, Mr. Knightley comes for helping her.

Mr. Knightley leading Harriet to dance with him! Emma felt so surprised with that. She was all pleasure and gratitude for both Harriet and herself. Emma really wanted to say thank you for Mr. Knightley for helping Harriet from Mr. Elton’s behavior toward Harriet. (Austen, p. 259)

After Mr. Knightley has expressed his love toward Emma, it makes her realize that she has the same feeling too toward him. In the same situation, Emma also realizes that her true need is to find a good match for herself, not for others.

The relationship between Emma and Mr. Knightley made Harriet’s hopes had been entirely groundless, a mistake, as complete a delusion as any of her own-that Harriet was nothing; own-that what she had been all taken as the language of her own feelings. (Austen, p. 337)

2. Emma Woodhouse’s Intrapersonal Conflicts

This part is the analysis of Emma Woodhouse’s intrapersonal conflicts in the process of finding a good partner for Harriet and a true lover for herself.

2.1 Deciding whether or not Emma and Mr. Knightley will stay together with Mr. Woodhouse in Hartfield after their marriage

In the beginning of the novel, Emma tells her father that she would not get married, although she must become a matchmaker for other people (Austen. p. 24), but the different situation goes far from what she has said. As time goes by, Emma realizes that she loves Mr. Knightley and she cannot lose him. Emma gets dilemma with her own previous principle that she would not get married in order to take care of her father, Mr. Woodhouse. On the other hand, Emma falls in love with Mr. Knightley and she wants to marry him.

Marriage, in fact, would not do for her. It would be incompatible with what she owed to her father, and with what she felt for him. Nothing should separate her from her father. She would not marry, even if she were asked by Mr. Knightley. (Austen, p. 326)

But, after Mr. Knightley says that he loves Emma, actually Emma feels doubt. Emma gets the happiest moment in her life after knowing that Emma and Mr. Knightley love each other. But, Emma also thinks about her father, she never wants to leave him alone. Emma thinks that it must be only an engagement between her and Mr. Knightley while Mr. Woodhouse is still alive. Emma has an idea to sacrifice her own happiness in order to give her father happiness. (Austen, p. 340)

When Emma and Mr. Knightley decide to think again about the plan of their marriage, Emma was thinking hard about both her father and Mr. Knightley. Emma never thinks to quit her father if she gets married with Mr.Knightley. On the other hand, Emma also thinks about Mr. Knightley. If Mr. Knightley moves from Donwell Abbey, he must be sacrificing a great deal of independence of hours and habits; that in living constantly with her father, and in no house of his own, there would be much, very much, to be borne with. (Austen, p. 351)

Mr. Knightley’s love toward Emma is really deep. Mr. Knightley agrees to stay in Hartfield and stay together with Mr. Woodhouse, after their marriage in order to make Emma feels happy (Austen, p. 352). In this situation, Emma realizes that Mr. Knightley is her true lover. After John and Isabella, and every other friend, were agreed in approving Emma and Mr. Knightley’s marriage (Austen, p. 377), Emma and Mr. Knightley try to tell Mr. Woodhouse about the

plan. This is a sensitive topic for Mr. Woodhouse, but they try to tell him carefully.

When first discussed on the subject, he was so sad, that, they were almost desperate. A second time, gave less pain. He began to think that he could not prevent it. But, something happened to Mrs. Weston’s poultry house. It was robbed. This situation took an effect toward Mr. Woodhouse. The Knightleys decided to take care of him in Hartfield. (Austen, pp. 377-378)

This situation gives positive impact for Emma. This situation gives positive impact for Emma. After Mr. Woodhouse has approved their marriage, she can fix the day for her marriage. This moment really makes Emma and Mr. Knightley feel happy. Finally, Emma married with Mr. Knightley and they become a happy couple forever.

In this case, Emma faces an intrapersonal conflict in the form of a double approach-avoidance conflict. According to (Worchel and Cooper, p. 461), such a conflict is the situation when an individual should choose one between two goals, each of which has both positive and negative aspects. Emma faces it after knowing that she falls in love with Mr. George Knightley and she wants to marry with him. But, if she becomes Mr. Knightley’s wife, Emma gets dilemma in deciding where Emma stays in Hartfield or Donwell Abbey. Actually, after her marriage, Emma never thinks about leaving her father alone, but Emma really understand if they stay in Hartfield, it will be hard for Mr. Knightley because he has to leave his own house and his habits in order to live together with Emma and Mr. Woodhouse in Hartfield.

In order to solve the conflict, Emma chooses mediation. According to (Isenhart and Spangle, pp. 45-152), mediation is a problem solving process that

needs third party’s help. The participation of the third party is to guide the conflicting parties to solve the problem. In meditation, Emma tries to discuss about two difficult choices with Mr. Knightley about the decision whether they will stay in Hartfield or move to Donwell Abbey after their marriage. They respect each other and think about the solution for both of them.

In this case, Emma gets dilemma when Emma wants to be honest with her heart that she loves Mr. Knightley and she wants to marry with him, but at the same time, she wants to take care of her father all the time even though she married with Mr. Knightley. Besides, Emma also thinks about Mr. Knightley’s feeling if she asks him to live in Hartfield to live together with her and Mr. Woodhouse. Emma wants her father, Mr. Woodhouse, approves her marriage and Mr. Knightley

Emma tries to think about the best solution about this conflict together with Mr. Knightley. Fortunately, after Emma and Mr. Knightley having a meditation, Mr. Knightley’s feeling is just the same with Emma’s and he decides to live together with Emma and her father in Hartfield without any objection. It happens because Mr. Knightley really understands about Emma and her thoughts. Besides, he wants to make his beloved one feel happy. So, she could marry with Mr. Knightley and also take care of her father in Hartfield and Mr. Woodhouse would not be alone.

In deeper analysis, the process of deciding whether Emma and Mr. Knightley will stay together with Mr. Woodhouse in Hartfield or not after their marriage is really hard. It is not only from Emma’s side but also Mr. Knightley

too. Emma has a principle that she will not leave her father after her marriage. In other word, she cannot move from Hartfield. On the other hand, Mr. Knightley’s house is in Donwell Abbey. All his life and future are in Donwell Abbey. So, it is difficult decision for both of them.

It can be seen that actually this conflict is not pure an intrapersonal conflict that Emma gets because it involves the difference of thoughts between Emma and Mr. Knightley for a while. According to (Worchel and Copper, pp. 460-464), interpersonal conflict is the conflict that happens between characters. But, in this novel, Jane Austen tried to describe this conflict through Emma’s thought and also Mr. Knightley’s thought and also the process of deciding the best for both of them. And after that, they try to discuss their problem through mediation. This analysis proves that Emma’s intrapersonal conflict in deciding whether or not Emma and Mr. Knightley will stay together with Mr. Woodhouse in Hartfield after their marriage is not pure intrapersonal conflict but also has the aspect that could be indicated as an interpersonal conflict.

Then, in order to find out the motivation of Emma in making a decision that her and Mr. Knightley will live in Hartfield after their marriage, the analysis can be done using the theory of motivation. Abraham Maslow's book Motivation and Personality (1954), formally introduced the Hierarchy of Needs. It started from the basic need. It starts from Psychological Needs, and then Safety needs, Social Needs, Esteem Needs and the last is Self-Actualization Needs. It describes that after a need is satisfied it stops acting as a motivator and the next need one rank higher starts to motivate.

In this case, Emma and Mr. Knightley decide to live in Hartfield together with Emma’s father named Mr. Woodhouse. It happens because Emma feels worried about her father’s condition if she leaves him and move to Donwell Abbey. Mr. Woodhouse will be so sad and lonely. She will not do that. Emma’s decision in this conflict can be categorized as the social need in theory of motivation. She wants to take care of her father and she could spend her time together with both Mr. Woodhouse and Mr. Knightley. As a result, they share love every day.

Besides, there are so many kinds of love in this world. The triangular theory of love developed by psychologist Robert Stenberg will be examined in order to discuss about love that Emma has toward her father named Mr. Woodhouse. Emma and Mr. Woodhouse are family. Of course, they love each other. The love between father and his daughter are immortal. Their love is called as companionate love. According to Robert Stenberg, this kind of love ideally shared between family members.

In order to find out what Emma really wants to get in her decision to live in Hartfield together with his father after her marriage, the psychoanalytical psychology will be examined as the approach. Sigmund Freud is the founder of Psychoanalysis. He differentiates between id, ego and also superego. This part will focus on the id. Emma’s decision to live in Hartfield together with her father after her marriage is a sign as her fulfillment toward her own id. Emma cannot leave her father means that Emma loves her father so much and she also likes to be loved by her father. She cannot live without her father is the id of this conflict.

It can be seen that Emma feels worried about her father so much if she leave him alone after her marriage. She could not bear to see him suffering; she hesitated-she could not proceed (Austen, p. 378).

2.2 Deciding whether or not she will tell Harriet that Mr. Elton has expressed his love to Emma

Emma’s thought to match-making brings her in a complicated situation. First, when Emma decides to make a match between Harriet and Mr. Elton, Emma persuades Harriet to choose Mr. Elton. Mr. Elton was the very person fixed on by Emma for Harriet (Austen, p.41). Unfortunately, when Emma in the same carriage with Mr. Elton, an unpredictable thing happens when Mr. Elton tells Emma that he loves her, but in this shocking situation, Emma refuses him.

‘Oh, Miss Woodhouse, who can think of Miss Smith when Miss Woodhouse is near? I have thought only you,’ said Mr. Elton. ‘No, Sir!’ cried Emma. ‘It confesses nothing. Nothing could be further from my wishes your attachment to Harriet and it could be successfully.’ said Emma. (Austen, p. 114)

After Emma has known about Mr. Elton’s feeling toward her, Emma feels guilty to Harriet and Emma feels regret about what she has done lately toward Harriet. Emma persuades Harriet to fall in love with Mr. Elton and gives her hopes to become Mr. Elton’s wife.

It was such an overthrow of all she had been wishing for. Such a blow for Harriet. It was the worst of all. Emma felt regret about her acts lately. ‘If I had not persuaded Harriet to love Mr. Elton, I could have borne anything easily.’ It was in Emma’s thought about this problem. (p. 121)

Emma thinks about Harriet’s feeling if she knows about the fact that Mr. Elton never falls in love with her. Emma cannot imagine about that. Emma faces two difficult choices that none of the she likes to do. She prepares herself with the consequences if she tells Harriet about the truth. Harriet will be suffered because of this problem (Austen, p.119).

In this case, Emma Woodhouse faces an intrapersonal conflict in the form of an avoidance-avoidance form. According to Worchel and Cooper (p. 461), it is a condition in which a person must choose one alternative of two unattractive goals. Emma faces it after she has known that Mr. Elton never falls in love with Harriet but with herself. There is no good choice for Emma. She is in dilemma. Actually, Emma does not want to let Harriet know about this problem, but it will hurt Harriet more if she knows about this by herself. Harriet will think that Emma lies to her. But, if Emma tells her about the truth that Mr. Elton never falls in love with her, it also will make Harriet be suffered. Her hopes will ruin into pieces.

Here, Emma’s goal is to decide whether she wants to tell Harriet that Mr. Elton expresses his love to Emma or not. Both of the choices are unattractive and Emma has to choose one. It leads to a conclusion that Emma wants to tell Harriet about the truth that Mr. Elton has expressed his love to Emma and it concludes that Mr. Elton never falls in love with Harriet. Besides, after telling the truth, Emma will apologize to Harriet about what she has done lately and Emma will help Harriet to forget all about Mr. Elton.

She resolved to keep Harriet no longer in the dark. She had to destroy all hopes which she had been feeding and also confess her mistakes in all her ideas on one subject. After the confession completely finished, and the sight of Harriet’s tears, made her think harder with herself. (Austen, p.121)

In order to solve the conflict, Emma chooses negotiation. According to (Isenhart and Spangle, pp. 45-152), negotiation is a conflict resolution in which the opposing parties compromise or reconcile peacefully to get mutual and beneficial agreement for both of them. This negotiation does not involve a third party. The negotiation happens through an integrative negotiation. An integrative negotiation is a constructive approach in conflict resolution. In solving this conflict, Emma uses an integrative negotiation. In this case, Emma tries to decide whether she does not tell Harriet about the truth and it will hurt Harriet if she knows the truth by herself or Emma tells Harriet about the truth, but it still hurt Harriet, but at least she never feels being betrayed by Emma. So, the result of the negotiation process is that Emma tells Harriet about the true of Mr. Elton.

In deeper analysis, the process of deciding whether or not Emma will tell Harriet that Mr. Elton has expressed his love to Emma is really complicated for her. Emma is the one who persuades Harriet to fall in love with Mr. Elton, but she also becomes a person who destroys all hopes that Harriet has toward Mr. Elton. This conflict is pure intrapersonal conflict because the conflict happens in Emma’s mind. Emma feels dilemma and also regret about what she has done toward Harriet. Emma’s mind was trying hard to evaluate and analyze this problem. Besides, she promises to herself that she will help Harriet to forget about Mr. Elton. Emma has quite-long time in thinking about how Harriet’s feeling would be if she knows that Mr. Elton does not love her.

It was stupid, it was wrong, to take so active a part in matchmaking between Harriet and Mr. Elton. It was assuming too much. Emma was quite

ashamed and resolved to do such things no more and she felt guilty toward Harriet in persuading her to love Mr. Elton. (Austen, p.118)

Emma gets dilemma in deciding whether or not she will tell Harriet that Mr. Elton has expressed his love to Emma. Emma thinks about the possibilities that could happen if she tells Harriet about it such as, Harriet would be suffered and their relation in the future would be so strange. In final decision, Emma chooses to tell Harriet about the truly feeling of Mr. Elton toward her. If Emma does not tell Harriet about the truth, she would have more hopes about Mr. Elton’s love for her and this condition would hurt Harriet’s feeling deeper. This is pure an intrapersonal conflict because the process of deciding whether or not Emma will tell Harriet that Mr. Elton has expressed his love to Emma happens through Emma’s thought.

Then, in order to find out the motivation of Emma in making a decision that Emma will tell Harriet that Mr. Elton has expressed his love to Emma, the analysis can be done using the theory of motivation written by Abraham Maslow. In this case, Emma decides to tell Harriet that Mr. Elton does not have the same feeling with her because Emma has good intentions beyond it. Emma does not want to hurt Harriet by giving her hopes for any longer. In here, Emma cares about Harriet. Emma perceives that Harriet is her close friend. Emma wants to give her best for Harriet, but when all that Emma arranged for Harriet could not be reality, Emma still do her best by encouraging Harriet to face the brighter future without Mr. Elton. In here, Emma’s motivation is about the social need of friendship.

Then, this part will discuss about love that Emma has toward her close friend named Harriet. Emma and Harriet always spend their time together almost every day. Emma also likes to protect Harriet for anything that can hurt Harriet.

Mr. Knightley leading Harriet to dance with him! Emma felt so surprised with that. She was all pleasure and gratitude for both Harriet and herself. Emma really wanted to say thank you for Mr. Knightley for helping Harriet from Mr. Elton’s behavior toward Harriet. (Austen, p.259)

The love between Harriet and Emma can be categorized as companionate love according to the triangular theory of love written by a psychologist Robert Stenberg. According to Robert Stenberg, the form of companionate love could be seen through the love between deep friends or those who spend a lot of time together in any asexual but friendly relationship. This condition happens between Emma and Harriet. Moreover, they care each other.

In order to find out what Emma really wants to get in her decision to tell Harriet that Mr. Elton has expressed his feeling toward Emma; psychoanalytical psychology will be examined as the approach. Sigmund Freud is the founder of Psychoanalysis. He differentiates between id, ego and also superego. Freud says that human’s mind is the reaction of three of them. Ego is visible on the surface. It can be seen. However, id and superego are laid deep inside’s one’s mind. They cannot be seen.

In this condition, the id is that Emma cares about Harriet so much. Then, it makes Emma’s ego to act. Emma chooses to let Harriet knows that Mr. Elton has expressed his loves toward Emma to avoid Harriet’s hopes toward Mr. Elton go deeper.

2.3 Deciding whether she will confess about her love toward Mr. Knightley or not

Actually, Emma was already falling in love with Mr. Knightley since long time ago but she does not realize it. It happens when Mrs. Weston tells Emma about her plan to make a match between Mr. Knightley and Miss Jane Fairfax. Emma feels shocked to hear that. As a result, Emma tells Mrs. Weston about her objection.

‘I have made a match between Mr. Knightley and Jane Fairfax,’ said Mrs. Weston. Emma exclaimed,’ Mr. Knightley and Jane Fairfax! Mrs. Weston, how could you think of such a thing? Mr. Knightley must not marry! I cannot consent to Mr. Knightley’s marrying.’ (Austen, pp.181-182)

Fortunately, Mr. Knightley feels the same way too toward Emma. He falls in love with Emma. One day, when Emma was walking alone, she sees that Mr. Knightley was approaching her. In this situation, Mr. Knightley expresses his feeling toward Emma.

‘I do envy Frank, Emma. He is the object of my envy. My dearest Emma for dearest you will always be, tell me at once. Say “No”, if it is to be said,’ said Mr. Knightley. Emma’s feeling went to the happiest dream ever. Emma was almost ready to sink under the agitation of this situation. (Austen, pp.335-337)

This situation really makes Emma’s feeling so complicated. She knows that she has the same feeling toward Mr. Knightley, but Emma also thinks about Harriet’s feeling if she knows, again, that Mr. Knightley and Emma are in love. While Mr. Knightley was talking about his feeling toward Emma, Emma’s mind is most busy to think about Harriet.

Harriet’s hopes had been entirely groundless as complete a delusion as any of her own. Emma realized that what she had been saying relative to Harriet had

been all taken as the language of her own feelings; and that Harriet’s doubts, her reluctance, had been all received as discouragement from Emma. (Austen, p.337)

In this case, Emma Woodhouse faces an intrapersonal conflict in the form of a double approach-avoidance conflict. According to (Worchel and Cooper, p. 461), it is the situation when an individual should choose one between two goals, each of which has both positive and negative aspects. Emma faces it after knowing that Mr. Knightley tells her that he loves her so much. But, Emma’s mind is busy in thinking about Harriet. She imagines how Harriet feels if she knows that Mr. Knightley and Emma have special relationship. Emma knows that Harriet falls in love with Mr. Knightley. This fact makes Emma to think harder. Emma feels confused in deciding whether she will confess her feeling to Mr. Knightley and hurt Harriet or Emma does not confess about her feeling toward Mr. Knightley, sacrifice her own feeling, and let Harriet becomes happy. She is in dilemma.

After Emma thinks about her own feeling toward Mr. Knightley, Emma sure that she does not want to lose Mr. Knightley. She loves him so much. Then, Emma decides to accept Mr. Knightley’s love and Emma wants to spend her life only with Mr. Knightley.

The superior hopes which gradually opened were so much the more enchanting. The affection which he had been asking to be allowed to create, if he could, was already his. This one half-hour had given to each the same precious certainty of being loved, had cleared from each the same degree of ignorance, jealousy, or distrust. (Austen, p.338)

In order to solve the conflict, Emma chooses negotiation. According to (Isenhart and Spangle, pp. 45-152), negotiation is a conflict resolution in which the opposing parties compromise or reconcile peacefully to get mutual and

beneficial agreement for both of them. This negotiation does not involve a third party. The negotiation happens through a distributive negotiation. Distributive negotiation, also called bargaining approach, is when both parties begin to negotiate with goals and advantages they want to achieve in their negotiation. They do not pay attention much to their relationship and interests. They force other party through demands and threats in order to achieve the goals. In other words, a distributive negotiation applies a win-lose solution in the conflict resolution process.

In the process of negotiation, Emma tries to decide whether she does not tell the truth about her feeling toward Mr. Knightley in order to give Harriet’s hopes about her love for Mr. Knightley or Emma confess her truly feeling toward Mr. Knightley which can ruin Harriet’s hopes. So, the result of the negotiation process is that Emma confesses her truly feeling toward Mr. Knightley although it can ruin Harriet’s hopes. It happens because Emma cannot lose Mr. Knightley and Emma realizes that Mr. Knightley is the right man for her.

In the process of deciding whether or not she will confess about her love toward Mr.Knightley, Emma has long-term consideration. When Mr. Knightley tries to express about his feeling toward Emma directly, Emma’s mind was flying to Harriet’s feeling. She could not imagine if Harriet knows that Mr. Knightley does not have any special feeling toward her. Emma thinks that it would hurt Harriet for the second times. Emma faces the dilemma in this conflict. Actually, Emma loves Mr. Knightley so much, but this love would hurt Harriet’s feeling. On the other hand, if Emma chooses to let Harriet together with Mr. Knightley,

she could not face that kind of situation. In facing this problem, Emma realizes that her true need is to find a good match for herself, not for others.

The relationship between Emma and Mr. Knightley made Harriet’s hopes had been entirely groundless, a mistake, as complete a delusion as any of her own-that Harriet was nothing; own-that what she had been all taken as the language of her own feelings. (Austen, p.337)

After knowing the process of making the decision, it can be said that this conflict is pure an intrapersonal conflict. Emma makes the decision after reflect on what she really need in this matchmaking for her friend Harriet is that she wants to get a good match for herself.

Then, in order to find out the motivation of Emma in making a decision that Emma will confess about her feeling toward Mr. Knightley or not, the theory of motivation by Abraham Maslow can be examined to get the answer. In this case, Emma decides to confess about her love toward Mr. Knightley. It happens because after she knows that Mr. Knightley has the same feeling to with her, she is sure that her motivation in deciding to confess about her love toward Mr.Knightley is that she wants to share love with Mr. Knightley. Besides, she wants Mr. Knightley becomes her partner in life forever. This description can be said as Emma’s social need of a good man.

Then, this part will discuss about the kind of love that Emma has toward Mr. Knightley. Emma and Mr. Knightley have close relationship. Mr. Knightley is someone who always gives advices and suggestions about anything that Emma did in her daily life. They often have quarrel if they have different the way of thinking about some problems. This situation creates special moments between them. They often spend their time together, although not in romantic situation.

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Emma turned away her head, divided between tears and smiles.

‘It is impossible that Emma should not miss such a companion,’ said Mr. Knightley. ‘We should not like her so well as we do, sir, if we could suppose it: but she knows how much the marriage is to Miss Taylor’s advantage; she knows how very acceptable it must be, at Miss Taylor’s time of life, to be settled in a home of her own, and how important to her to be secure of a comfortable provision, and therefore cannot allow herself to feel so much pain as pleasure. Every friend of Miss Taylor must be glad to have her so happily married.’

‘And you have forgotten one matter of joy to me,’ said Emma, ‘and a very considerable one-that I made the match myself. I made the match, you know, four years ago; and to have it take place, and be proved in the right, when so many people said Mr. Weston would never married again, may comfort me for anything.’

Mr. Knightley shook his head at her. Her father fondly replied,’Ah! My dear, I wish you would not make matches and foretell things, for whatever you say always comes to pass. Pray do not make any more matches.’

‘I promise you to make none for myself, papa; but I must, indeed, for other people. It is the greatest amusement in the world! And after such success, you know! Everybody said that Mr. Weston would never marry again. Oh dear, no! Mr. Weston who had been a widower so long, and who seemed so perfectly comfortable without a wife, so constantly occupied either in his business in town or among his friends here, always acceptable wherever he went, always cheerful-Mr. Weston need not spend a single evening in the year alone if he did not like it. Oh no! Mr. Weston certainly would never marry again. Some people even talked of a promise to his wife on her deathbed, and others of the son and the uncle not letting him. All manner of solemn nonsense was talked on the subject, but I believed none of it. Ever since the day (about four years ago) that Miss Taylor and I met with him in Broadway Lane, when, because it began to mizzle, he darted away with so much gallantry, and borrowed two umbrellas for us from Farmer Mitchell’s, I made up my mind on the subject. I planned the match from that hour; and when such success has blessed me in this instance; dear papa, you cannot think that I shall leave off match-making.’

‘I do not understand what you mean by”success”’ said Mr.Knightley. ‘Success supposes endeavour. Your time has been properly and delicately spent, if you have been endeavouring for the last four years to bring about this marriage. A worthy employment for a young lady’s mind! But if, which I rather imagine, your making the match, as you call it, means only your planning it, your saying to

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yourself one idle day,” I think it would be a very good thing for Miss Taylor if Mr. Weston were to marry her,” and saying it again to yourself every now and then afterwards-why do you talk of success? Where is your merit? What are you proud of? You made a lucky guess; and that is all that can be said.’

‘And have you never known the pleasure and triumph of a lucky guess? I pity you. I thought you cleverer; for depend upon it, a lucky guess is never merely luck. There is always some talent in it. And as to my poor word ”success”, which you quarrel with, I do not know that I am so entirely without any claim to it. You have drawn two pretty pictures; but I think there may be a third-a something between the do-nothing and the do-all. If I had not promoted Mr. Weston’s visits here, and given many little encouragements, and smoothed many little matters, it might not have come to anything after all. I think you must know Hartfield enough to comprehend that.’

‘A straightforward, open-hearted man like Weston, and a rational, unaffected woman like Miss Taylor, may be safely left to manage their own concerns. You are more likely to have done harm to yourself, than good to them, by interference.’

‘Emma never thinks of herself, if she can do good to others,’ rejoined Mr. Woodhouse, understanding but in part. ‘But, my dear, pray do not make any more matches; they are silly things, and break up one’s family circle grievously.’

‘Only one more, papa; only for Mr. Elton. Poor Mr. Elton! You like Mr. Elton, papa; I must look about for a wife for him. There is nobody in Highbury who deserves him-and he has been here a whole year, and has fitted uphis house so comfortably, that it would be a shame to have him single any longer; and I thought when he was joining their hands to-day, he looked so very much as if he would like to have the same kind office done for him! I think very well of Mr. Elton, and this is the only way I have of doing him a service.’

‘Mr. Elton is a very pretty young man, to be sure, and a very good young man, and I have great regard for him. But if you want to show him any attention, my dear, ask him to come and dine with us some day. That will be a much better thing. I dare say Mr. Knightley will be so kind as to meet him.’

‘With a great deal of pleasure, sir, at any time,’ said Mr. Knightley, laughing:’ and I agree with you entirely that it will be a much better thing. Invite him to dinner, Emma, and help him to the best of the fish and the chicken, but leave him to choose his own wife. Depend upon it, a man of six or seven-and-twenty can take care of himself.

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ABSTRACT

Tika Kusumasari, Theresia. (2010). The Intrapersonal Co nflicts in the Process of Finding A True Lover as seen in Emma Woodhouse, the Ma in Character of Jane Austen’s Emma. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This study discusses Jane Austen’s novel Emma. The novel tells about the story of a young girl, Emma, who wants to make matches for people around her in order to give happiness to them. This idea comes to Emma’s mind because of her perception that it was thanks to her matchmaking effort, that her governess, Miss Taylor, and the widower, Mr. Weston fell in love and married. Then, Emma wants to find a good husband for her friend, Harriet Smith. In this novel, Emma deals with her own heart in the process of matchmaking. This study discusses the portrayal of the main character, Emma, her intrapersonal conflicts in the process of matchmaking and finding a husband for herself.

The problems to answer in this study are: 1)”How is Emma Woodhouse portrayed in Jane Austen’s Emma?” 2) “What are the intrapersonal conflicts that Emma has in the process of matching for Harriet and finding a true lover for herself? 3) “How does she solve her intrapersonal conflicts in the process of matching for Harriet and finding a true lover for herself?”

There are two sources used in this study: primary and secondary sources. The primary source is Jane Austen’s Emma. The secondary sources are some books, journals, and articles found on the internet that provide information related to the study. This study examines the theory of character and characterization, the theory of intrapersonal conflict and conflict resolution, the theory of motivation, and also the triangular theory of love. Furthermore, this study uses the psychological approach according to Sigmund Freud. It is used to analyze Emma’s intrapersonal conflicts.

Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that Emma Woodhouse is a well-meaning girl and she wants to give happiness to everybody by her matchmaking. But, there are some intrapersonal conflicts taking place in the process of doing so. The first one is when she has to decide whether or not she and Mr. Knightley will stay together with Mr. Woodhouse in Hartfield, after their marriage. She has to face an intrapersonal conflict in the form of a double approach-avoidance conflict. In solving the problem, Emma uses “mediation”. The second one is when Emma has to decide whether or not she will tell Harriet that Mr. Elton has expressed his love to Emma. In this conflict, Emma has to face an avoidance-avoidance conflict. Emma solves this problem by using the “integrative negotiation.”The third intrapersonal conflict is when Emma has to face an intrapersonal conflict in the form of a double approach-avoidance, in deciding whether or not she will confess her love toward Mr. Knightley. In solving the problem, Emma uses “distributive negotiation”. The last intrapersonal conflict is in the form of an avoidance-avoidance conflict. Emma has to decide

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whether or not she will tell Harriet about her relationship with Mr. Knightley. In order to resolve her intrapersonal conflict, she uses the “integrative negotiation”.

It is suggested that future researchers conduct studies in interpersonal conflicts of the main characters of the novel Jane Austen’s Emma and also recommends that English teachers use part of the novel Emma as material to teach reading skills. In the Appendix of this study, a lesson plan for doing so is provided.

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ABSTRAK

Tika Kusumasari, Theresia. (2010). The Intrapersonal Conflicts in the Process of Finding A True Lover as seen in Emma Woodhouse, the Main Character of Jane Austen’s Emma. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Studi ini membahas tentang novel karya Jane Austen yang berjudul Emma. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang seorang gadis yang bernama Emma Woodhouse yang memiliki keinginan untuk melakukan perjodohan bagi orang-orang disekitarnya yang bertujuan untuk memberikan kebahagiaan bagi mereka semua. Ide perjodohan ini muncul berawal dari persepsi Emma yang merasa bahwa dirinyalah yang berhasil menjodohkan Nona Taylor dan Tuan Weston saling jatuh cinta hingga akhirnya menikah. Kemudian, Emma ingin membantu mencari seorang suami yang baik untuk temannya yang bernama Harriet melalui perjodohan yang ia buat. Di dalam novel ini, Emma harus berhadapan dengan batinnya sendiri di dalam proses perjodohan yang ia buat. Studi ini membahas tentang karakteristik tokoh utama yang bernama Emma dan juga pergolakan-pergolakan batin yang ia hadapi selama proses perjodohan dan pencarian pasangan bagi dirinya sendiri.

Dalam studi ini, terdapat tiga masalah yang akan di jawab, yaitu: 1) “Bagaimana Emma Woodhouse digambarkan dalam novel tersebut?”2) “Apa saja pergolakan-pergolakan batin yang dialami oleh Emma selama proses perjodohan bagi Harriet dan pencarian cinta sejati bagi dirinya sendiri?” 3) “ Bagaimana Emma Woodhouse menyelesaikan pergolakan-pergolakan batinnya selama proses perjodohan bagi Harriet dan pencarian cinta sejati bagi dirinya sendiri?”

Terdapat dua macam sumber yang digunakan dalam studi ini, yaitu: sumber utama dan sumber kedua. Sumber utamanya adalah novel karya dari Jane Austen yang berjudul Emma itu sendiri. Sedangkan sumber keduanya adalah buku-buku, jurnal-jurnal, dan artikel-artikel dari internet yang menyediakan informasi yang berkaitan dengan studi ini. Studi ini menggunakan “the theory of character and characterization”, “the theory of intrapersonal conflict”, “the conflict resolution”, “the theory of motivation”, dan juga “the triangular theory of love”. Lebih mendalam, studi ini menerapkan “the psychological approach” menurut Sigmund Freud. Pendekatan ini digunakan untuk menganalisis gejolak-gejolak batin yang dimiliki Emma.

Berdasarkan pada analisis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Emma Woodhouse adalah gadis yang menyenangkan dan ia ingin memberikan kebahagiaan bagi setiap orang melalui perjodohan yang ia buat. Akan tetapi, ada beberapa gejolak batin yang muncul di saat perjodohan itu ia lakukan.

Pertama, situasi dimana Emma harus memutuskan apakah dia dan Tuan Knightley akan tinggal bersama dengan Tuan Woodhouse di Hartfield atau tidak setelah mereka menikah. Emma juga harus menghadapi pergolakan batin dalam

 

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bentuk “a double approach-avoidance conflict”. Dalam menyelesaikan masalah, Emma menggunakan “mediation”. Pergolakan batin yang kedua adalah situasi disaat Emma harus memutuskan apakah dia akan memberitahu Harriet bahwa Tuan Elton telah mengungkapkan rasa cintanya kepada Emma atau tidak. Dalam masalah ini, Emma menghadapi konflik jenis “an avoidance-avoidance conflict”. Emma mengatasi konflik ini dengan “integrative negotiation”. Pergolakan batin yang ketiga adalah situasi dimana Emma harus menghadapi konflik dalam bentuk “a double approach-avoidance”, dalam memutuskan apakah dia akan menakui perasaan cintanya kepada Tuan Knightley atau tidak. Dalam mengatasi konflik, Emma menggunakan cara “distributive negotiation”. Pergolakan batin yang terakhir adalah konflik dalam bentuk “an avoidance-avoidance conflict”. Emma harus memutuskan apakah Emma akan memberitahukan kepada Harriet tentang hubungannya dengan Tuan Knightley atau tidak. Untuk mengatasi pergolakan batin ini, Emma mengguanakan “integrative negotiation”.

Disarankan kepada peneliti-peneliti mendatang agar melakukan studi tentang konflik interpersonal yang dihadapi tokoh utama dalam novel karya Jane Austen yang berjudul Emma dan mendiskusikannya dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah budaya. Studi ini juga menyarankan agar Guru Bahasa Inggris dapat mempergunakan bagian dari novel ini sebagai materi untuk mengajar Reading (membaca) sama seperti yang telah disertakan pada bagian lampiran. Sebagai tambahan informasi, studi ini menyediakan Rencana Program Pembelajaran (RPP) untuk mengajar Reading (membaca) dengan mempergunakan bagian dari novel yang berjudul Emma.