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F. Definition of Terms
In this part, the researcher defines the key words or phrases in order to clarify the concepts and avoid misinterpretation. The following definitions are:
1. Grammar
“Grammar is explained as a description of the structure of a languageas cited in Harris and Levey, 1975
”. Woods and Friedman 2010 explain that grammar is the study of language, specifically how words are put together.
Additionally, they state that grammar means a set of standards in writing. In this research, grammar means a set of standards in language that the writer has to
follow in order to produce correct grammar.
2. Error
Brown 1991 stateserror is systematic. The errors usually occur repeatedly and are not recognized by the learners. In fact, Brown 1987
mentionsthat it is crucial to make a distinction between mistakes and errors since mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or a
“slip,” in that it is a failure to utilize a known system correctly p. 170. Brown 1987 emphasizes that it is not easy to explain the differences between an error
and mistake. In order to avoid the misunderstanding, the researcher concludes that the data found in this research refers toerror since the definition of error is a
systematic deviation that can be corrected and it is not realized by the learners.
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3. Exploring Jogja Magazines Volume I and II.
Magazine belongs to printed media advertising. As stated by Arens 2006 the terms of print media refers to any commercially published printed medium-
such a newspaper or magazine that sells advertising space to a variety of advertisers. Exploring Jogjamagazines I and II were the magazines for the
foreigners and those magazines were written in English. This magazine was published by Yogyakarta Tourism Authority and the writer of the magazines
was Indonesian. The data was taken from the edition of volume I in October 2013 and volume II in December 2013.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The aim of this chapter is to provide the theoretical description and theoretical framework. In the theoretical description, the researcher reviews
some theories related to the study. Then, in the theoretical framework, the researcher synthesizes all theories which are used in the study. The theories are
relevant and meaningful to support this study.
A. Theoretical Description
To analyze the problems mentioned in the research problems, the researcher synthesizes some theories in order to find out which theories could be
used in answering those problems. Based on the research problems, the theories are the theory of error, summary of grammar, subject-verb agreement, and
passive voice.
1. Theory of Error
The researcher uses the theory of errorin order to find out the types of subject-verb agreement and passive voice errors in Exploring Jogja Magazine I
and II. In this chapter, the researcher would describe the theory of error including to the definition of error, types of errors, and the processes of errors.
The theories of errors are described clearly in this part.
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