25
cannot be passive arebelong, exist, have own, lack, resemble, seem, suit. Some verbs can be either action verbs or state verbs such as measure, weigh, fit and
cost . They can be passive only when they are action verbs. But some state verbs
can be passive such as believe, intend, know, like, love, mean, need, own, understand and want.
B. Theoretical Framework
This study aims at answering two problems stated in the previous chapter. In this part, the researcher will try to answer the research problems using the
related theories. The researcher combines all the related theories as the groundwork in analyzing the data. The theories which were used are theories of
error, grammar, subject-verb agreement, and passive voice. The classifications of errors stated by Dulay, But, and Krashen 1982 are
applied in this research. Therefore, the researcher only utilizes the surface structure taxonomy to classify the errors. The errors classifications based on this
taxonomy are omission, addition, misformation and misordering. After the errors are classified, the researcher would explain deeply by determining the
causes of errors based on the two processes of errors: interlingual and intralingual stated by Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005. Interlingual errors are caused
by mother tongue interference. Meanwhile, intralingual errors are caused by the target language difficulties.
The errors ofsubject-verb agreementand the passive voice would be analyzed using the theories of Eastwood 1994, Quirk et al. 1985 and Azar
26
1992. It is stated that in subject-verb agreement, the verb + ses is used by the third person singular in the simple present tense. Then, the passive is used when
it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs the action and it consists of subject + to be + past participle. In this research, the researcher
employed printed articles in magazine taken from Exploring Jogja MagazineI
and II. Exploring Jogja Magazine I
and II were chosen because these magazines use English as the language. Besides, Exploring Jogja MagazineI and II were
produced by Department of Tourism Yogyakarta which functions as the center of th
e Yogyakarta‟s information. Therefore, as a student in English Language Education in Sanata Dharma University, the researcher realizes this case must
be discussed.
27
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the discussion of the methodology used to collect the data of the research. It contains five parts: research method, research Subject,
instrument and data gathering technique, data analysis technique and research procedures.
A. Research Method
As Huda 1999 stated that those which do not utilize statistical analysis and are confined to the description of concepts or phenomenon categories are
termed qualitative. In this research, the researcher used a qualitative method. It was used by considering the characteristic of the study which dealt with an
analysis of the subject-verb agreement and passive voice errors in the Exploring Jogja
volume I in October 2013 and Exploring Jogja volume II in December 2013 which were published by the Yogyakarta Tourism Authority. Furthermore,
this study did not involve any statistical formula. Document analysis was used in this research in order to gain an
understanding of the phenomenon under study. According to Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen 2010, documents might be personal, such as autobiographies, diaries,
and letters; official, such as files, reports, memoranda, or minutes; or documents of popular culture, such as books, films, and videos. Document analysis could
be in the form of written or text-based artifacts such as textbooks, novels,
