Problem Limitation Research Question

and reading for greater understanding, they began to see changes in themselves and were able to perceive topics and the world in new ways. A study by analyzing the mobile technology’s use in the different aspects of language learning have supported the idea that mobile technology can enhance learners’ second and foreign language acquisition. Learners’ attitudes towards technologies, their intention to use it, and the various actual uses of mobile technology integrated in their second and foreign language learning is a dominating research focus Chang Hsu, 2011; Cheng et al., 2010. The impact of mobile technology on language learning has often been measured by individuals’ stated perceptions. This exemplifies what Orlikowski Iacono 2001 call the proxy view of technology. Effectiveness studies focus on how this technology is viewed by individual users where the perceptive, cognitive, and attitudinal responses to technology become the critical variable in explaining mobile technology. This tool view of technology is criticized as it fails to take into account the transformational nature of technology; technology brings with it changes not only in procedures – how we do things – but also in our perceptions of what is doable or not, e.g. in terms of accessing distant materials and people. Hence technology itself plays a role in reshaping people’s preferences, perceptions, and attitudes and the new teaching and learning methods that evolve are co-constructed in a sociotechnical system rather than engineered. This is called the ensemble view of technology Orlikowski Iacono, 2001, and this idea of sociotechnical construction – as opposed to purely social construction – is something often lacking in MALL studies.

2. Learning Theories for Technology Enhanced Language Learning.

Technology has changed the face of education as the products of technology are embedded in conducting teaching and learning process and it has been being considered as one variable to support language learning. Every product of technology from the most earliest considered as most traditional such as printed books to the most recent most sophisticated such as computer, internet, and mobile phone offer aids and accompanies that benefit both teachers and learners. The technology usage in teaching and learning gives influence on the education culture, teaching and learning methods and approaches, and the contemporary educational theories and practices Sharples, et al., 2006. Language teachers, practitioners, researchers, and learners have been facing the changing or technology eras which have given impact on how they conduct teaching and learning practices. There is significant difference of the way and the process of how students learn. The era when mass printed text books become the medium of teaching and learning process, learning theories deal more with learning which happens inside classroom. Learning takes place as the transmission of knowledge from teachers to students, placing teachers as the centre and the source of assistance and information for students in classrooms. While in the computer era, education has been re-conceptualized around the construction of knowledge through information processing, modeling, and interaction Duffy Cunningham, 1996, in Sharples, 2006. A change is gradually happened when computer, a product of technology, is used as a facility to ease them and to help them to learn. Teachers and students experience new