GENDER ROLES' PARTNERSHIP AMONG RURAL FAMILIES IN ACHIEVING FAMILY WELL-BEING
GENDER ROLES' PARTNERSHIP AMONG RURAL FAMILIES IN
ACHIEVING FAMILY WELLBEING
Herien Puspitawati 1 °)
10epartm ent of Fe m il,l enc C onsumer Sciences , Faculty of Human Eco1ngy
Bt::_c ＺＧ Ｌ ｾ ､ ｣＠ Itural Unive rsityI nd one sia
DISAMPAIKAN PADA
IINTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON FAMILY AND CONSUMER
SCIENCES
.
IPS Internatiuonal 'Convention Center
Sogor, 29 Oktober 2013
Departemen Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen
Fakultas Ekologi Manusia
Institut Pertanian Bogor
2013
=
Ol ES' PARTNERSHIP AMONG RURAL FAMILIES IN
ACHIEVING FAMILY WEll-BEING
Herien Puspitawati 1 ')
= ::::atment of Famil y and Consumer Scien ses, Facult y of Human Ecology
Bogar Agricult ural UniversityIndonesia
DISAMPAIKAN PADA
-ERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON FAMILY AND CONSUMER
SCIENCES
IPB Internatiuonal Convention Center
Bogor, 29 Oktober 2013
Departemen IImu Keluarga dan Konsumen
Fakultas Ekologi Manusia
Institut Pertanian Bogor
2013
....E S ' PA RT ERSHIP AMONG RURAL FAMILIES IN
A CHI EVING FAMILY WELLBEING
Herien Puspitawati 1 ')
0 ; :: am ily and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology
Bogor Agricultural UniversityIndonesia
OJ Ema il: henen_puspilawati@email.com
Abstract
［］Ｚｊｾ
ｾ
Ｍ ［＠
' J [
e targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the role of gender in
_ ::c 'a ily becomes very important and vital to all global development goals . Therefore , it is
ＮＭＬ］ｾ
ｾＺ［Ｇ］ｲ
［ｾ＠
Ｍ ＺＧＳＭ
", .,d family are cross cutting issues with placing gender as substance problems and
as a media that must be optimized function as the smallest unit in society. The
｟＠ Ｚ＠
.5 ｾ ｡ ｰ ･ｲ＠
are to: (1) Describe the concepts of gender roles and gender partnership within
ｾ＠
ｾ＠ ｾＺＭ］
Ｎ＠ ine research findings on gender partnership in relation to family wellbeing , (3) Propose
Ｚ＠
ｾ＠
Ｍ ｾ＠
'uture . In co nclusion, it is found that there was some of degree of gender partnership in
_ _._ .:: Ｚｾ＠ Ｚ ［＠ among farmer families . There was a dominating role of the husband's access to, and
.::edit , technology and farming institutions. Furthermore there was a division of roles in the
='. : " • : ｾｳＮ＠
Activities associated with planting and maintenance, and finance was dominated by
= ;' c: ities related to technolQgical applications ranging from soil preparati on, watering,
ｾ＠
:: ::. ｾ＠ I,'/i th insecticides and laundering the results of agricultural produ ction were dominated by
Ｍ Ｍｾ＠
: "'? ::;f an approach that combine between gender and family studies through a practical
" " : : " S",, ; thening families through gender harmonious partnerships is very relevant to be discussed
....:: ........ ｾ＠
ＺＧｏＭｾ＠
:,,' I.
=_.:
ｾＡｩＺ＠
INTRODUCTION:
=;:;ES OF FAMILY AND GENDER
= __
:: _:: =5 I ｾ＠ THE IVIILLENNIUM ERA
_ ,snnium era, both men . and
==:ter legal protection at the
ｾ ｳ ＭＢ＠ ional levels than in previous
has guaranteed equal
.= 0 ｾ＠ :: : : , Ｒｾｹｯｮ･＠
__ _ _ "d equality (participation,
tc:e::;::::: :: control and benefits) to state
:0rmation. Referring to the
_ .' snnium Development Goals
.: : :: 3 ; GENDER in institution such
=2 :';: 2 3 very important and vital to
"= : :: :: '::':: 9 t goals . Therefore, it is
. :. ::: ｾ＠ Ｚ＠ :: = family are cross cutting
= =
: ::: ;] GENDER as substance
: : ｾ Ｍ Ｓ＠ :::: S= .: :: l S, and FAMILY as a media
. _ｾ＠ ［ＬＺ ｾ＠ =:: ized function as the smallest
::
_.. .
.... :::
:: :: :::; "2
cs
｜ＧＮ
ｉ ｾｨ＠
agricultural potential in
:, E hdonesian family experienced
2' QE5 In the millennium era that will
_ 3:2 :Jilil y of food production, natural
disasters, and the availability of clean water.
Referring to the map layout of Indonesia,
Indonesia is highly vulnerable to the effects of
climate change. Various natural problems affect
the lives of families and communities .
Challenges faced by 21 st century's families
are more complex and more difficult compared to
previous centuries. One of the challenges is the
impact of technological development and
information as well as changes in the
globalizatio n economy that affects family life both
positively and negatively. Indonesia has faced a
variety of negative social and economic issues
such as poverty, economic hardship for the
family , trafficking , juvenile delinquency, terrorism,
domestic violence, divorce, and street children.
All of these challenges require the importance of
family and gender studies in tackling the impact
of climate change and the negative impact of
technological developments as well as the
globalization and. millennium era as mentioned
before.
One of the problems of the development of
academic studies is that the study of family has
not seen as a real study in the social sciences
cluster in Indonesia Family studies are part of
s ':: ::_31ｾ＠ based
u the
=':: =: ｾ Ｍ ＮＺ＠ 'c : us of great
Usually,
of ih e fa mily
;,2 'heory in the
"': = ｾ＠ ］＠ aatiarchy of the
ｾ｟
ｾ Ｌ｟ Ｎ ｾＭ
;: : 'am ll y structure in
_
appropriate to
5 : _::' Jfe in the 21st
ｾＭ ＮＺ＠ : ondi tions of family
ｾ］Ｍ
S very uniq ue and
_ ;: :: :... 2tions of the family
.:: ':: :'3' ier era Especially
: ｟＠ ｾ＠ ::. ｾ ｣ ｯ ｮｯｭｩ｣＠
problems
:.::. : ;:;Iems in the 21st
3. :::al e when using a
= . _ .:: ::ork of the family in
=.:: : ry family problems
' := =
.; ］ｾ＠ of climate change .
c- ]
development of
=: : n
That is why, it is
::. =.:: : 2 study of family and
_-.._ : = ］ｾＲ＠
in the new millennium
= ; : : .::: Iization era. This paper
T •• ortance of gender roles'
: ｾ＠ ｾ＠ _fal families in achieving
ｾ＠ ＮＺＭ
_:
OBJECTIVES
;;;.::
Ｍ . 7 :: :::; : :his paper are to :
］ｾ
=: ｾＺＧ｟＠
= = ＭＮＺ＠ ｾ
con cepts of gender roles and
ｨ ｩ ｰ＠ within family
',:: s23rch findings on gender
= _ :
ｾ＠
_ .: . ' 2'3tion to family wellbeing.
; i;1g for the future .
ｾ ］ Ｍ
:= ＮＺ
Ｌ Ｍ Ｍ ｾＭｳ
=
_.: := ,,
ＮＺ［
ｾ ］Ｚ＠
ＺＮｾｓＡ
ｾ＠
::::: S OF GENDER ROLES AND
PARTNERSHIP
==q
:: :: e '"' d Partn e rs hips
s or partnership is the
:: : :.::ation between men and
ｾ＠
ales that each run on a
=': ｾ＠ ..::: nd structures (poor/ rich,
_ __
intacUsingle
family,
families, families at
-.- _ Ie cycle and farmer/
" ,, =
..::._ _ｾ＠
,
=
ｾ＠
ｾ＠ Ｍ Ｚ＠
-
-.=. -
=
permits women and men
3n rights, socially valued
goods, opportunities, resources and the benefits
from development results.
Gender Equit/
Gender Equity is the process of being fair
to women and men . To ensure fairne ss,
measures must be available to compensate for
historical and social disadvantages that prevent
women and men from operating on a level
playing field Gender equity strategies are used to
eventually gain gender equality Equity is the
means; equality is the rr:: sult.
The Expression of Gender Equality and Equity
within Family
Access is he capacity to use the resources
necessary to be a fully active and productive
(socially, economically and politically) participant
in society, including acCess to resources ,
services, labor and employment, information and
benefits" 4b Participation is "Who does \vhat?,,4 a
Control is "Who has what?,,4a Benefit is utilized for
both men and women
Role 6
1. The pattern of masculine or feminine
behavior of an individual that is defined by a
particu!ar culture.
2. The actions and activities assigned to or
required or expected of a person or group
3. A normal or customary activity of a person in
a particular social setting; "what is your role
on the team.
4. A set of connected behaviors, rights and
obligations as conceptualized by actors in a
social situation . It is an expected behavior in
a given individual social status and social
position
5. A position , or status , within a social structure
that is shaped by relatively precise behavioral
expectations (norms). A role has been
described as the active component of status .
6. Identifies a function performed by an
individual or organization .
7. The relation one has with another node in a
social network.
A loving and affective
relationship is the role of being a spouse
8. Represent a logical business partner, system
component or user within the process
definition
9. A role indicates a person 's tasks,
responsibilities, qualifications, or expectations
in some context. ｾ＠
10. A character assigned or assumed had to take
on the role of both father and mother.
.::= ｾ＠
ｾ｟ＧＢ＠
Ｚｾ
［ ］Ｍ
OJ
Ｍ
_s ..ally
S ::'=: L S ;
:" c' :' c c c:
a
soci al
in a particular
expectation
and their negative consequences One
posited cause of gender role strain is the
early gender role socialization process that
occurs often within the family context
2. Fathers' InfluencE::3 on the gender role
socialization of boys seem to be greater than
that of mothers.
li S
:= ; ,= c to perform for
ｾＭ］＠
:',e duties
of the
: " ｣ ｾｬｲｩ ｢ｵｴ･､＠
to males or
gro up or society. For
ｾ ］＠ 3 J ,'!i:h trucks, girls play with
: ; ::.:. :: 2 d clean, men work , men
=: _ ; :.=: d women did the gathering.
=: '=' :c"Slon of attitudes that indicate
_ ::2;; ree of your maleness or
ＺＮ ｾ Ｎ＠ gender role is the pu blic
ｾ＠ J ' gender identity".
; :.=: ,der roles means to go to the
==--''"""='-=_ ｾＺＭ＠
ｾ＠ :2 3 like North and South. If a
Ｚ＠
' 2 cooking and her husband
Ｍｾ］ＧＺＮ＠
= ;c .:: ening and house repairs,
of gender roles . It can be
__
_; .e
: : ::
｟ ｾ ＲＺ＠
in the social sciences and
'=:: :: denote a set of behavioral
__ :.=::: company a given gendered
ｾ＠ ｾ ｾ＠
a" 2d a gendered identity) in a
or system. Gender is one
:c gender/sex system, which
0 c: cf arrangements by which a
_ _c-'l4
;:; : : : _os
biological sexuality into
:'" _Ｍ ＮＺ］＠ ｾ＠ activity, and in which these
==::'s are satisfied" (Reiter 1975
.: ... ｾ＠ society has a gender/sex
the components and
_ s:,stem vary widely from
__ = ::."
_= ::
. ..
experienced by an
compatible behavior,
_
:: ::: ' ;;ations are associated
:
. =:
ＺＭｾ
= :0 :::::"" :: tension that may arise
Ｚ＠ ＭＮＺ］
ＺＭ］＠
:: i a role .
;:: = .
en has been identified
= : : _ : I male role expectations,
:;;It of these expectations,
Role Conflict 8
1. Emotional conflict arising when competing
demands are made on an individual in the
fulfillment of his or her multiple socia l roles.
2. A situation in which a person is expected to
play two incompatible roles.
3. Lack of compatibility between different
expectations from a job or position
Gender Role Conflict 7
Sons' gender role conf1ict and stress were
negatively related to paternal attachment Also,
men who with lower levels of gender role conflict
and who perceive their fathers to experience
lower levels of gender role stress perceive less
psychological separation from their fathers and
mothers . Both sons' gender role conflict and
stress were related to estimates of fathers ,
gender role conflict and stress.
Gender Role and Activities Based on Harvard
and Moser Models
1. Productive activities are the activities of the
members of the family in order to earn a
living . This activity is also called economic
activities because these activities generate
direct money or goods that can be assessed
equal money Examples of this activity are to
work as laborers , farmers, craftsmen, and so
on.
2. Reproductive activities are activities that are
closely related to the maintenance and
development of human resources as well as
ensure continuity and are usually done in the
family This activity does not generate money
directly and usually performed in conjunction
with domestic or social responsibilities and in
some references called social reproduction .
Examples of reproductive role are the
maintenance
and child
care , home
maintenance,
domestic
chores,
and
reproductive labor for the present and future
(e .g. , cook, clean the house) .
3. Community activities relating to the political
and socio cultural activities of members of
the community related to the political, social
and civic and includes the provision and
maintenance of resources used by each
ｾ＠ ｾ ＭＺ
Ｍ
su ch as water/ irrigation, schools and
::: _::.2: ::l . local government and other
::-" . Ｚ ｾ ｳ＠ This activity could be making
not making money
: :: , ::; j
: ,', _. Be ing
］ Ｍ ｾＭ
= :: s;on s of family wellbeing are very
: _::::: :;:; : ::,ple x The dimensions are not only
:: : ｟＠ Ｎｾ＠
:' :12 visible (physical and health) but
::: =::: ,not be seen (spiritual) Therefore,
;; :: ::;: ? 5:,e terms that are used to analyze
_ ｾ＠
:0: Ｚｾ＠ '::: mily wellbeing as follows
=: :: , 'c wellbeing
Indicator used is
::2 (GNP , GOP , income per capita per
.:: : t e value of assets)
= : : :::1 ,'/ellbeing Indicators used including
= .:::" o f education, the status and type of
Ｍ ｾ
Ｎ＠
=
:0: ::: wellbeing : Indicator used is the
_. : ::: 1status , health status, morbidity and
r: : : . rate .
ｾ＠
: :] ical/mental spiritual wellbeing
used are mentally ill, stress levels,
: : ::: ::: [es, divorce rates, abortion rates,
:c : ? :: vel of crime (rape , burglary/robbery,
ｾ＠ _::: ' d er, drug used, and destructiorr)
_=:"
_ j ective WellBeing
or Quality of
: _;:; s: ated that the wellbeing of the family
:::::: :: s:: be measured through a "Quality of
_ｾ Ｍ］＠ .., :: . is measured by the need for one's
- - -- - ... -: ' L'e ( QOl ) is described as follows
ｾ＠
Ｎ Ｍ
ｾ＠
:::: s.!rement measuring something
":::= :: ::: erson's eligibility happiness,
= c::: :: ｾ＠ requirement conditions are
:, ough not sufficient) to
= = = :: " happiness (McCall , S: 1975 ,
: _ ::: . Social Indicators Research
_
: ::: ::2 :lned as subjective well:: _ :;: scts the difference, the
=.::: =::: s expectations and what
" =_ '=" = Ｚ ｾ ｡ ｹ＠ Human adaptation
:=:::2 cy is usually adjusted
ne realism perceived
_::: ssen Quality of Life
Ｚ ｾＭ
ｾ＠
= _ :: . =. 2ception of meaning .
_: 2 eaning of the center
=..
; =::: : : on that is associated
=: ｾ ｾ＠ c::_Ｚ＠ ｟ ｾＧ＠
e meaning of what is
:::::: : : =: :_s:2d or left as a legacy
_ _
ｾ＠
ｾ
［＠
== ::: : ｾＮＺ＠
(VE Farnkl. 'Man's search for meaning.
'New York Pocket Books , 1963)
d. QOl attributes consist
of skills,
adaptability , appreciation, basic needs ,
demands
and
ownership,
control,
responsibilities, stress , diversity, increase ,
fulfillment.
gaps,
gender,
freedom,
happiness, health, hope , identity , repairs,
inclusiveness,
integnty ,
isolation,
judgment,
knowledge,
lack ,
living
conditions , needs that are not appropriate,
related QOl domains of existenc p ,
physical, psychology , religion, security,
satisfaction , comfort , spiritual , status,
welfare , and employment conditions
e. In the study of quality of life is often
distinguished between , subjective and
objective quality of life. Subjective quality
of life is about feeling good and satisfied in
general . Quality of life is the objective of
meeting the demand of society and culture
associated with material wealth , social
status and physical wellbeing (QOl
Research Center, Denmark) .
f. Measurement of quality of life derived from
the position of a number of life domains .
Each domain contributes to the overall
assessment of the quality of life . Domains
including family and friends, work ,
rreighbors
(residence
for
shelter) ,
community,
cultural,
demographic
economic
characteristics ,
socio
characteristics , health, education and
The University of
spiritual (QOl
Oklahoma School of Social Work)
g City of Vancouver measure QOl using
indicators Community capacity size,
measure the quality of workers , the
quality measure, measure of community
health, community social infrastructure,
human capital size, the size of the stress,
the size of the public safety, and size of
community participation (QOl Website of
the City of Vancouver Canada) .
h. UNDP publishes the Huma)1 Development
Index (HOI) for the annual all countries in
the world . The index measuring health,
education and welfare of the citizens in
each state by measuring (QOl UNDP
Human Development Report, UNDP ,
1997)
(1)· Life expectancy, (2)
Educational attainment adult literacy lift
plus a combination of primary enrollment,
secondary and tertiary , (3) The standard of
living real Gross Domestic Product per
::: :: ::: is based on the exchange rate PPP
=_: 'lasing Parity Power) _
ｾＱ＠
of life is the degree to which a
Ｚｾ＠
ｾＺＭ
2'ljOyS the important possibilities of
_ 'e . Possibilities result from the
. :. .:. _ ｾ＠ :ies and limitations each person has
5 = r life and reflect the interaction of
and environmental factors (Quality
_ ,;__ ==(e search Unit, University of Toronto
=.=
.::; =. ::
Ｍ
2J ality of Life Profi le was developed to
Ｍｾ＠
.:.. :2 a measure that considers both the
: : : : ents and determinants of health and
::; slng It draws upon a conceptual model
,, ;5 consistent with recent definitions of
,;,, : 10 and health promotion as provided by
· 2 '; orld Health Organization . The profile
2 : : ::::!zes
individuals'
physical,
:. : ＺＭ［
Ｇｾ ｧｩ｣｡ｬＬ＠
and spiritual functioning; their
:. : 2=: ons with their environments; and
:: : :.; ties for ma intaining and enhancing
: .:: _ ersity of Toronto 2003)20
_= _
;;' life includes domains
of human life
•
0
ｾ ｟ Ｇ＠ of Toronto, 2003)2 namely :
_ ｾＧ＠
_ =:: '" domain (domain associated with the
:. :; :: :f the body or creature)
• ＺＧ Ｍ ｾ Ｎ ｳｩ｣｡
ｬ＠ Being (Being physically able
Ｚｾ＠
get around, nutrition and the food
Jlysical health , personal hygiene,
utrition, exercise, grooming and
::Iothi ng
and
general
physical
2:Jpearance) ( Physical Wellbeing
= :Ity is physically unable to move,
_:;llon and food eaten, physical
'; :: :1 personal hygienic , nutrition,
2 ' ",:ss state of dress and physical
":: ::::: ::1ce in general).
.= : : :. ; ical Being (Being free of
:: :: : stress, psychological health
2: ::: . 3: ent, cognition, feelings,
: . 2S:", , self concept and self :::sj'chological Wellbeing
;. :. :: ; : 1 th e worry and stress ,
perceived
mood,
_: :; :2 eal th and adjustment,
::: == ｾ ｧｳ Ｌ＠ selfesteem, selfｾ＠ ,: ｾ ＧＢ＠ : ::::ntrol).
3 ing hope for the
va lues, personal
ｴＬ＠ spiritual beliefs)
_ _: : ::. : Ｚ ＺＭ ＺＡｾ｣
:: : : ;] : have hope for
_ _ _ : Ｚ Ｍｾ Ｚ＠ 2 1 values, personal
:: ehavior, spiri tual
=
=:
= = :_..=. s
Ｍ
ｾ＠
- --
::
ｾ
｡ ｩ ｮｳ＠
related to
1) Physical
Belonging
(home,
workplace/school , neighborhood , and
community; physical treasure : house
or apartment dwelling, residential
dwelling, home, place of work/school,
neighbors, and community)
2) Social Belonging (Being close to
people in my family. having a spouse
or special person intimate others,
family ,
friends
coworkers ,
neighborhood and commun ity : soc ial
treasure to be close to fami ly
members , has a privileged partner,
close with others . family friends,
colleagues ,
neighbors
and
community)
3) Community Belonging (Being able to
get professional services . having
enough money, adequate income,
employment , educational programs ,
recreational programs , community
events and activities
Treasure
society : Got a professional serv ices
such as medical and socia l having
enough money , enough income,
employment , educationa l programs,
recreational programs, e'Jents and
community activities)
RESEARCH FINDINGS
Case 1: Analysis of Gender Division of Labor
'In
F
' I 10
armer F ami y
The study was conducted in the vi ll age of
Hambaro and Sukaluyu , Nanggung Sub District,
Bogor District The study used crosssectional
study design and carried out from April to August
2008 Examples of the study were selected by
simple random sampling of 110 farmer families
who did not have children under five.
Respondents in this study were wives .
The Role of the Domestic with
Reproductive Family Activities, It is interesting
to note that as the typical patriarchal family
system , the division of domestic roles in
reproductive activities were more dominated by
wives, meaning that domestic role in the daily life
of the family have been done by the Wife alone or
dominated by his wife The activity of the
equivalent ､ｯｭｾｳｴｩ｣＠
roles performed by the
husband and wife were looking for a way to solve
the family's financial problems Furthermore,
none of the domestic role of family activities was
domina ted by the husband (Table 1)
:=
ｾＺ ｦｬ ｢ ｵｴｩｯｮ＠
of Gender Roles in Family
: : :' ,Iities (n=11 0)
,,:ed By Wife
; : 'aen ily
Ｍ ｾ＠
; : ' :amily
'; = spend
Activities Done
By Both
Husband &
Wife Equally
Looking for
solving the
family's
financial
problems
Activities
Dominated
By
Husband
None
= ; expenses
,, c es
; ': ' a loan from
>
Ｚｾ＠
ｾＮＺ［＠
: aily care for
' c :: " re nting )
; .. cl achildis
_
ｾＺ＠
Ｍ
Ｌ＠
_= ;:
ｾｷ
ｨ･ｮ＠
school
Ｎ ｾ＠
: c Ｚ
ｾｬｉ
､ ｲ ･ｮ
Ｚ＠
.; Ｍ ｾ＠ ouse
:::; ; ; : mopping
--; ::: .- 2S ,
. :=. s opping
Ｚ［ｾＭ
; ｾ
ｾ＠
_ ｾ＠
Ｚ＠ ｾ ｳ･ｨｯｬ､＠
Ｎ］＠
: ___==
.:..:. Ｍ
ＭＺ［ｾｴｩ＠
;, '"l en it is analyzed in regard to
ana gement; it turned out the
roles in the family survival
a shift to more equali ty
::.:.:= ::. ,,d wife roles (Table 2). The
Ｍｾ
Ｚ＠ ＺＧ＠
: 2 5 were shown by a variety
man agement activities,
::: .:.' 'c ily finances related to
:':' ':'00 :: : :""'03 family, buy items that
_.:. : , " • e, a strategy of cutting
=---=-"':;:0.
__ : co:: vi ies related to health
=_'su ng a strategy of
; : : : ; additio nal work . The
_ role of financial
:= : 9 of family finance
:: ＭＺｯ Ｚ ］ｾ＠
the activities such
=::= =2 th e food needs of
Ｍ Ｍ］ ｾ＠ 2 j kitchen furniture
dominant
:=;::;=: :; : activ ities re lated to
ｾ＠
ｾ ｾＺ＠
==
:
Table 2 The division of domestic roles in the
family survival strategies (n=110)
Activities
Dominated By
Wife
Activities Done By Both
Husband & Wife Equally
• Making a finan cial plan
• Managing
financial
with disciptine
expenses
Controlling the family in
carrying out financial
• Holding
famity
activities
finance s
• Evalu ate family
members for the acl10ns
• Determine
food
that have been done
expenditure
• Creating a priority need
• Having ideas • Eating outside the home
to reduce
• Determine the child's
the need for
school or not
food
• Choosing a child 's
• Reduci ng
ed ucati on
food
• Set spending on
consumption
education
• Set daily
• Red ucing th e cost of
food needs
education (school
• Set menu
dropou ts/absenteeism)
meals at
Determini ng
home
expenditures for health
• Buying a
purposes
family casual • Determining the place of
wear
treatm en t
• Buyi ng
• Having ideas to
kitchen
su spend treatment if a
appliances
famil y member gets sick
• Reducing health ca re
costs
• Reducin g tran spo rt costs
by riding a bike.
• Buying fu rnitu re livi ng
room
• Buying jewelry
• Selling something to
pawn shop
• Selling/mortgaged goods
• Selling ass et s
• Borrowing/debt money
Finding additiona l
employment
• Asking child to support
work
• A sk ing wife to work
Dete rmi ning where to
sa ve money
• Determining taking
savings
Activities
Dominated
By Husband
None
Division of Gender Roles within Family
on Public Role of Productive Activities.
Farming activity is a public role with productive
activities that generate money or goods . Table 3
shows the domi nating role of the husband's
access to , and control of' inputs, credit ,
techno logy and farming in'stitutions Consistent
with the patriarchal system, men dominated
public role as standardized by the norms of
society The beneficiaries have been enjoyed
: : Jsband and wife as stipulated by
.:: Ｚ ｾ＠ ＺＭ ｾ＠ distribution division of roles to
.: : ::: ::: ,ce of a system.
;: ｾ＠
ｾＮＭ
ｾ
o f Gender Roles within Family in
Control and Beneficiaries from
; ,\ctivities (n=110).
ｳ＠
.: :tivit ies Done
Activities Dominated By
By Both
Husband
.... ｾｳ ｢｡ｮ､＠
& Wife
Equally
• Access to
• Access to business
Information &
loans
:)fices of
Access to inputs of
agricultural
production
products
• Access to the
5enefits of
production technology
:)usiness
• Access to processing
3enefits
technology
Ｍｾ
ｵｴｳ＠
• Access to skiWs
:::enefits
training
: :)cessing
• Access to marketing
:e::hnology
of agricultural
3enefits of
products
:aining skills
• Access to marketing
Senefit
organization /farm
l iormation
• Access to land
ｾＺ［
｣･ｳ＠
of
ownership
2;; ricultural
• Access to agricultural
;)roducts
labor
3e nefits of
• Control over efforts
marketing
• Control over inputs
2gricultural
• Control of production
products
technology
• Benefits of
Control of processing
and
technology
: ,'m ership
• Control of skill's
::e Cl efits of
training
Ｚｾ＠
ｲ＠ ci.. l\ urai
• Control of prices
information of
agricultural products
• ContrOl of marketing
of agricultural
products
• Control of marke ting
of organization/farm
• Con trol of land
ownership
• Control of agricultural
labor
• Benefits of production
technology
• Benefits marketing
organization of farm
uctlve activities are
that there is a division
ｾ＠
::.= ｾ＠ ｾ｡Ｇ ｩ ｯｮ＠
activity. Activities
: 7 ; and maintenance, and
_: ::::,,0 by women While
_ ':;:: "1 nological applications
.: ::: :::a:ion, watering, fertilizing ,
o..=_ .:: c"s and laundering the
=
:
ｾ ｾＭ
==
results of agricultural production were dominated
by men
Furthermore, either activity for
preparation or sale the commodities was
dominated by men. While the application of
technology related to breeding and harvesting
was done equally between men and women
(Table 4).
Table 4 Division of Gender Roles within Family in
Farming System (n= 110)
Activities
Dominated By
Wife
•
•
•
•
•
Planting
Weeding
Maintaining
Selling
Receiving
money
• Managing
money from
farm
• Managing family
financial
Activities Done
By 60th
Husband & Wife
Equally
• Seeding
• Harvesting
Activities
Dominated By
Husband
• Preparing of land
• Watering the
plants
• Fertilizing
• Spraying
• Laundering
• Pre paring for
sale
• Transporting
The Gender role of the Family in
Community Social Activities_ The
role
of
community with social activities has done by both
husband and wife . General activities re lated to
the sociopolitical, such as village meetings were
still dominated by men as heads of households.
Village offices generally invited men as the head
of the family to attend the village meetings related
to the planning community programs or other
things. Rarely village office party invited women
to attend the town meeting, except women as
community leaders who are members of the
umbrella organization Family Welfare Program
(PKK) or Integrated Service Post (IHC) Activities
such as lectures or religious activities and
community service as a community service
performed equally by husband and wife
Community gathering activities are generally
carried out by women
Case 2: The Analysis of Gender Roles Within
Agroforestry Farmer Families 13
The objectives of the study were to
examine women involvement in decision making
to ensure their participation in Vegetable
Agroforestry (VAF) production and marketing
training, and to increase their involvement in
women farmers or marketing a'ssociations The
study was done at Hambaro, Parakan Muncang
and Sukaluyu Villages, Nanggung Sub district,
Bogor District, West Java Province in JuneJuly
2006 . A total of 185 household respondents were
==;;:idomly.
The results showed that men
gender roles in farming system
:'=::'O such as land preparation, nursery,
'aintaining plants , fertilizing and
Moreover, there were gender
:: := ｾＭＺ＠
,n access and control over farm
:. . Cl UtS. Men dominated access to and
= :; ' credit, production technology and
ｾ＠ '1 umber of women had access to and
: ｾ Ｍ marketing of agricultural products
== ,, =: 2SS to price information of agricultural
I. omen had insignificant roles in
. • " king on farming, financial planning
=_ ,: E S, but were dominant as decision- _. ., financial planning, evaluating the
::-" ::: ' 13mily mem bers, and controlling their
:.:' .=; : : li li es Men acted as decision-makers
7;=: ｾ ｊ＠ chi ldren's education
=
ｾＬＪＢＮ＠
' n alysis of Gender Roles in the
_ .';s ion of Horticultural Farmers
_
2cology is the study of the
between the family and the
2nvironment, the environmental
2 ::::mily and family influences on the
the surrounding areas such as
:: :: ;:: social and physical (Deacon &
- ｾ＠ - ｾ｟ ［Ｍ
- ＿ｾ Ｘ ［＠ Hill, 1985). One application of
: ｾＺＮ＠
］ ］ ｾ ｩｬ ｹ＠ is the cooperation gender roles
- : : do business in the yard production
in the kitchen.
-- --=.;, .:: ｾ Ｎ＠ ｾ･ｲｰｩｳ＠
:::: :: : es in the family relates to 'who
:=:::lC'::;;- :: ;:::L'dy explains that: (1) Men were
::::;: ::ed the place where store
:= - : - ::: .', to use pesticides , (2) Men
ｾ＠ =.:- ::; activity including access,
-elated to crops/ trees, fish
: :- ::- -2cri ng and rabbits in the
- \Nomen decided domestic
_ ac tivity
in
the
house
1 the room either in the
_ :c- ":' =- :: -:sipation.
_ :: : - society related to families
:=.. : _3 training?'
The study
:. 2' were trained to attend
ｾ
］＠
-::;stic activities such as
= _) Agricultural training
Integrated
Pest
=5 u sually done for men, (3)
=: 19 to local government
ＭＢＧｾ｟］
.=....
ＭＺ＠
ｾ ＭＺ［＠
::::
: : ,: -= -=
:: "E ::'
_ : _
G.en d er Roles Division in
0
m odities 12: 13 : 15 16 .
:.:;
This study aims to compare how gender
networks and coalitions affect the ability of groups
to access and control natural resources and to
access appropriate markets and capture value for
their agricultural products The study showed that
men produce and sell main agricultural products
such as rice, corn or cassava, while women may
produce and sell minor vegetables . Most
agricultural products are used for consumption
and the surplus sold around the village or to the
middlemen Commercial production by women
farmers started with jasmine flowers and later
with guava In the village of Hambaro, market
access was opened to everyone, but dominated
by men . Only a small number of women in
Hambaro used the access to market their
products All nodes in the ma'rketing network of
vegetables and frulUguava were dominated by
men The middlemen provided information on
demand and price of products. Men and women
obtained the same price when they used the
same network . Men got higher price only when
they went directly to the big market. Most women
did not negotiate for price, but only on the terms
of payment.
Although men dominated the market for
vegetables
and
fruits,
the
allocation
of
expenditures from the sale of vegetables and
fruits were similar to that of women The source
of power of men was from the long established
network between men and the middlemen, in
addition to institutionalized farmer groups and
access to capital. The source of power of women
was mainly from family networking and support
Women who were actively participating in
marketing gain support from their husbands in
production and marketing of vegetables and were
more confident in negotiating obstacles in
marketing
katuk
by
selling
directly
to
consumers/retail and obtaining higher price than
ｦｲｯｾ＠
middlemen
Impacts of Gender Roles on Family WellBeing.
Vegetable
marketing
activities
on
women's groups generated income for their
household and provided benefits such as: (1)
Providing the needs for fulfilling expenditure of
basic needs of dally consumption , (2) Providing
school fees including pocket money, books, and
other school needs, (3) Supporting additional
capital for farming activities, (4) Facilitating the
women for savings deposits in the bank by
opening a bank account in the name of women,
(5) Facilitating for saving in cash at home putting
In a piggy bank and (6) Helping families in bUying
household furniture and kitchen appliances
:::0; :: ' th e women who worked as traders
ｾＭ
-:: -::::uctive economic efforts did not only
- ';::- I,' income. but also increased the
; ｾＧ＠ 32 'ety and secure. Women felt her
_:=,::'_ and beneficial to the family Women
ｾＭ ｣Ｚ＠
she had great potential to make
:- Ｍ ｾ Ｍ family. Women finally felt satisfied
-:: -- ::; : she was able to play an important
- - -:: ,j in g to the wellbeing of her family
;.
- h e Gender Division of Labor in
_ - ; : g roforestry Products Activities 15
- -:: --= suits of the survey showed that in
..:....".=c
. -= partnership
has existed in good
- the activity of the cashew nut
:: .'en though it was not balanced yet
_ :: ::'2: Th ere was unequal gender role in
'::::2: 0:: :/ and control as a collector trader
:: ｾ ｾＺ＠
2 raders. whereas the roles of men
over women as collectors.
:-c :ers , access to credit and
- =- :: marketing. However, the roles of
- -s ;: -Dcessing of cashew nuts and the
: : - - -= -y for processing were relatively
.=. " c : 'Jf men
gender in the household activity
:: : - _:: : -3:::ti ce and almost equal between
Based on the survey, ii has
-==::;- : 2d that in general the role of
;;E Jre dominant than that of men in
-::: ::'::-::: 'T1i c activity and the cashew nut
:: :'18 financial activity of the cashew
ＮＺ＠
:: :: :h men and women participated
: :: Ｍｾ
-'O-- s - -: 's alone or altogether to budget
:=- 3:: 5. to plan family finances, to
:--Iances for the cashew nut
:':-: .. money for family needs, and
ｾ Ｇ＠ ］Ｍ Ｚ＠
-o r their business . For the
"" :2 32:. nut business, both women
-- - : ", :::j actively whether she/he
::; s:-,er in the activities of
Ｚ ｾ Ｓ＠ ＧＭ Ｌ ･ ｷ＠
nut trees , fertilizing.
processing
Women
__
the cashew nut and
whereas men were
.. _ = =C: 'J:lomic activities.
:: -: =::
=
=
.; =-:
::-- :: ］ＺｾＭ
=
ｾｴｅ
Ｌ＠
ＺＭｾ＠
and Subjective
Approach to Poverty
Families in West Java-
Ｇ＠
ｉ ｡ｴｩｯｮｳ＠
'::. 7::3·S major problems is
_ = =:: 18 families. especially
: : ,::: ::: ,i es of thisstudywere
::::::: 3' ::Li: fal and agro
ferMer fam ilie s.
=
examine the differences in these characteristics
between upland and lowland farmer families , and
analyze factors that influence the subjective
family wellbeing of poor farmer families who live
in upland and lowland areas
The selected
research sites were Bogor District as an upland
area and Karawang District as a lowland area in
West Java Province . The target population for
the study included poor farmer families The
respondents were married female farmers A
purposive technique was used for sampling due
to the farmers' willingness to participate There
were 189 farmer families that participated in this
study (n= 90 in upland district areas and n= 99 in
lowland district areas) , Results showed that the
socialcultural and agro ecosystem conditions
differ between upland and lowland areas .
Gender relations between husband and wife in
domestic activities in upland areas were slightly
lower than those in lowland areas However.
conditions of family economic pressures and
family wellbeing were similar in upland and
lowland areas SEM analysis revealed that family
wellbeing was directly influenced by (1)
Education of husband and wife, (2) Gender
relations between husband and wife , (3) External
support, and (4) Indirectly by less economic
pressure of the family.
T.his study had discussed the problems of
poverty and gender relations in fami ly decision
making. The conclusions of the study are as
follows:
1. The socialCUltural and agro ecosystem
conditions differ between upland and lowland
areas . The conditions of upland areas of
Bogor District are characterized by hilly
terrain, potential for food crops, nonactive
farmer's groups especially concerning
women's involvement , and the existence of
sociocultural
constraints
such
as
conservative norms typical of traditional
agricultural communities . On the other hand ,
the conditions of lowland areas of Karawang
District are flat , close to sea/beach, the
villages are separated by very wide paddy
fields, potential of rice and to become a
national rice stock area, and active farmer's
groups
2. In general in both upland and lowland areas
gender roles in farming activities in terms of
access and control to agricultural resources
were dominated by men . Results showed
that equitable gender relations between
husband and wife in farming systems in
upland areas were higher than that in lowland
: 2 e uality of gender
, sband and wife in
In upland areas were
"::-- :-:;; - i1 10'f land areas . Results
::: : s ' 9 showed that the quality of
=.:::, . t ',Iell -being was moderate
::.: ,,')st rl e same between upland
areas .
Results of family
;::-ressures
showed
similar
upland and lowland
- ｾ＠ ,'.'ever , tile education level of
: ;' "" j wife in upland areas were
- - ,,- .. lowland areas .
:; -ceing was directly influenced by
ｾ＠
::: ducation levels of husband and
ｾ＠ -=;::;Iy influenced by less economic
_=3_-:: :- th e family, directly influenced by
- =: ］Ｚｾ＠
Ｚ Ｒ ｢ ｬ ･＠
gender relations between
- -.=-;:: .= - :: wife ; and directly influenced by
- ; - er external support.
Thus,
ｾＺ］
Ｒ ｫ ｩ ｮｧＬ＠
wealthy farmer families
_ families that had educated
and
wives;
less
economic
equal gender relations and
__ and receive less or more
...o.,,"..
｟ Ｍ ｾ＠
.:=
ｾＺＭ
=_=.
=
ｾ Ｚｊ
ｯ ｲｴＮ＠
: ased on these results , it is
o continue gender analysis for
::: .:,-=. ,, -: h starting with gender roles in
-- 2rketing of ag ricultural com mod ities,
_ . __ - 2 local institutions. This study also
-- 21 women farmers must be
- -: - -: :;; ;J ricultural development programs
3_ -:::
degree of empowerment in
Ｚ［ Ｍ : :; --5 Jfficiency , increased self-esteem
ｾＺ
- - __ ENGES FOR THE FUTURE
Ｑ ｲＭｾＬ［Ｂ
P a rtnersh i p a nd Relocation
Roles in the Family as a
- : :n esia farmer families face many
Ｚ＠
- socio-economic aspects for the
［＠ ｾＭ Ｚ［ｲ ｡ｬ＠
the farmer families who live at
_'Dan areas still face the economic
- =.-::: 0 verty The inequality of gender
- -
ACHIEVING FAMILY WELLBEING
Herien Puspitawati 1 °)
10epartm ent of Fe m il,l enc C onsumer Sciences , Faculty of Human Eco1ngy
Bt::_c ＺＧ Ｌ ｾ ､ ｣＠ Itural Unive rsityI nd one sia
DISAMPAIKAN PADA
IINTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON FAMILY AND CONSUMER
SCIENCES
.
IPS Internatiuonal 'Convention Center
Sogor, 29 Oktober 2013
Departemen Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen
Fakultas Ekologi Manusia
Institut Pertanian Bogor
2013
=
Ol ES' PARTNERSHIP AMONG RURAL FAMILIES IN
ACHIEVING FAMILY WEll-BEING
Herien Puspitawati 1 ')
= ::::atment of Famil y and Consumer Scien ses, Facult y of Human Ecology
Bogar Agricult ural UniversityIndonesia
DISAMPAIKAN PADA
-ERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON FAMILY AND CONSUMER
SCIENCES
IPB Internatiuonal Convention Center
Bogor, 29 Oktober 2013
Departemen IImu Keluarga dan Konsumen
Fakultas Ekologi Manusia
Institut Pertanian Bogor
2013
....E S ' PA RT ERSHIP AMONG RURAL FAMILIES IN
A CHI EVING FAMILY WELLBEING
Herien Puspitawati 1 ')
0 ; :: am ily and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology
Bogor Agricultural UniversityIndonesia
OJ Ema il: henen_puspilawati@email.com
Abstract
［］Ｚｊｾ
ｾ
Ｍ ［＠
' J [
e targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the role of gender in
_ ::c 'a ily becomes very important and vital to all global development goals . Therefore , it is
ＮＭＬ］ｾ
ｾＺ［Ｇ］ｲ
［ｾ＠
Ｍ ＺＧＳＭ
", .,d family are cross cutting issues with placing gender as substance problems and
as a media that must be optimized function as the smallest unit in society. The
｟＠ Ｚ＠
.5 ｾ ｡ ｰ ･ｲ＠
are to: (1) Describe the concepts of gender roles and gender partnership within
ｾ＠
ｾ＠ ｾＺＭ］
Ｎ＠ ine research findings on gender partnership in relation to family wellbeing , (3) Propose
Ｚ＠
ｾ＠
Ｍ ｾ＠
'uture . In co nclusion, it is found that there was some of degree of gender partnership in
_ _._ .:: Ｚｾ＠ Ｚ ［＠ among farmer families . There was a dominating role of the husband's access to, and
.::edit , technology and farming institutions. Furthermore there was a division of roles in the
='. : " • : ｾｳＮ＠
Activities associated with planting and maintenance, and finance was dominated by
= ;' c: ities related to technolQgical applications ranging from soil preparati on, watering,
ｾ＠
:: ::. ｾ＠ I,'/i th insecticides and laundering the results of agricultural produ ction were dominated by
Ｍ Ｍｾ＠
: "'? ::;f an approach that combine between gender and family studies through a practical
" " : : " S",, ; thening families through gender harmonious partnerships is very relevant to be discussed
....:: ........ ｾ＠
ＺＧｏＭｾ＠
:,,' I.
=_.:
ｾＡｩＺ＠
INTRODUCTION:
=;:;ES OF FAMILY AND GENDER
= __
:: _:: =5 I ｾ＠ THE IVIILLENNIUM ERA
_ ,snnium era, both men . and
==:ter legal protection at the
ｾ ｳ ＭＢ＠ ional levels than in previous
has guaranteed equal
.= 0 ｾ＠ :: : : , Ｒｾｹｯｮ･＠
__ _ _ "d equality (participation,
tc:e::;::::: :: control and benefits) to state
:0rmation. Referring to the
_ .' snnium Development Goals
.: : :: 3 ; GENDER in institution such
=2 :';: 2 3 very important and vital to
"= : :: :: '::':: 9 t goals . Therefore, it is
. :. ::: ｾ＠ Ｚ＠ :: = family are cross cutting
= =
: ::: ;] GENDER as substance
: : ｾ Ｍ Ｓ＠ :::: S= .: :: l S, and FAMILY as a media
. _ｾ＠ ［ＬＺ ｾ＠ =:: ized function as the smallest
::
_.. .
.... :::
:: :: :::; "2
cs
｜ＧＮ
ｉ ｾｨ＠
agricultural potential in
:, E hdonesian family experienced
2' QE5 In the millennium era that will
_ 3:2 :Jilil y of food production, natural
disasters, and the availability of clean water.
Referring to the map layout of Indonesia,
Indonesia is highly vulnerable to the effects of
climate change. Various natural problems affect
the lives of families and communities .
Challenges faced by 21 st century's families
are more complex and more difficult compared to
previous centuries. One of the challenges is the
impact of technological development and
information as well as changes in the
globalizatio n economy that affects family life both
positively and negatively. Indonesia has faced a
variety of negative social and economic issues
such as poverty, economic hardship for the
family , trafficking , juvenile delinquency, terrorism,
domestic violence, divorce, and street children.
All of these challenges require the importance of
family and gender studies in tackling the impact
of climate change and the negative impact of
technological developments as well as the
globalization and. millennium era as mentioned
before.
One of the problems of the development of
academic studies is that the study of family has
not seen as a real study in the social sciences
cluster in Indonesia Family studies are part of
s ':: ::_31ｾ＠ based
u the
=':: =: ｾ Ｍ ＮＺ＠ 'c : us of great
Usually,
of ih e fa mily
;,2 'heory in the
"': = ｾ＠ ］＠ aatiarchy of the
ｾ｟
ｾ Ｌ｟ Ｎ ｾＭ
;: : 'am ll y structure in
_
appropriate to
5 : _::' Jfe in the 21st
ｾＭ ＮＺ＠ : ondi tions of family
ｾ］Ｍ
S very uniq ue and
_ ;: :: :... 2tions of the family
.:: ':: :'3' ier era Especially
: ｟＠ ｾ＠ ::. ｾ ｣ ｯ ｮｯｭｩ｣＠
problems
:.::. : ;:;Iems in the 21st
3. :::al e when using a
= . _ .:: ::ork of the family in
=.:: : ry family problems
' := =
.; ］ｾ＠ of climate change .
c- ]
development of
=: : n
That is why, it is
::. =.:: : 2 study of family and
_-.._ : = ］ｾＲ＠
in the new millennium
= ; : : .::: Iization era. This paper
T •• ortance of gender roles'
: ｾ＠ ｾ＠ _fal families in achieving
ｾ＠ ＮＺＭ
_:
OBJECTIVES
;;;.::
Ｍ . 7 :: :::; : :his paper are to :
］ｾ
=: ｾＺＧ｟＠
= = ＭＮＺ＠ ｾ
con cepts of gender roles and
ｨ ｩ ｰ＠ within family
',:: s23rch findings on gender
= _ :
ｾ＠
_ .: . ' 2'3tion to family wellbeing.
; i;1g for the future .
ｾ ］ Ｍ
:= ＮＺ
Ｌ Ｍ Ｍ ｾＭｳ
=
_.: := ,,
ＮＺ［
ｾ ］Ｚ＠
ＺＮｾｓＡ
ｾ＠
::::: S OF GENDER ROLES AND
PARTNERSHIP
==q
:: :: e '"' d Partn e rs hips
s or partnership is the
:: : :.::ation between men and
ｾ＠
ales that each run on a
=': ｾ＠ ..::: nd structures (poor/ rich,
_ __
intacUsingle
family,
families, families at
-.- _ Ie cycle and farmer/
" ,, =
..::._ _ｾ＠
,
=
ｾ＠
ｾ＠ Ｍ Ｚ＠
-
-.=. -
=
permits women and men
3n rights, socially valued
goods, opportunities, resources and the benefits
from development results.
Gender Equit/
Gender Equity is the process of being fair
to women and men . To ensure fairne ss,
measures must be available to compensate for
historical and social disadvantages that prevent
women and men from operating on a level
playing field Gender equity strategies are used to
eventually gain gender equality Equity is the
means; equality is the rr:: sult.
The Expression of Gender Equality and Equity
within Family
Access is he capacity to use the resources
necessary to be a fully active and productive
(socially, economically and politically) participant
in society, including acCess to resources ,
services, labor and employment, information and
benefits" 4b Participation is "Who does \vhat?,,4 a
Control is "Who has what?,,4a Benefit is utilized for
both men and women
Role 6
1. The pattern of masculine or feminine
behavior of an individual that is defined by a
particu!ar culture.
2. The actions and activities assigned to or
required or expected of a person or group
3. A normal or customary activity of a person in
a particular social setting; "what is your role
on the team.
4. A set of connected behaviors, rights and
obligations as conceptualized by actors in a
social situation . It is an expected behavior in
a given individual social status and social
position
5. A position , or status , within a social structure
that is shaped by relatively precise behavioral
expectations (norms). A role has been
described as the active component of status .
6. Identifies a function performed by an
individual or organization .
7. The relation one has with another node in a
social network.
A loving and affective
relationship is the role of being a spouse
8. Represent a logical business partner, system
component or user within the process
definition
9. A role indicates a person 's tasks,
responsibilities, qualifications, or expectations
in some context. ｾ＠
10. A character assigned or assumed had to take
on the role of both father and mother.
.::= ｾ＠
ｾ｟ＧＢ＠
Ｚｾ
［ ］Ｍ
OJ
Ｍ
_s ..ally
S ::'=: L S ;
:" c' :' c c c:
a
soci al
in a particular
expectation
and their negative consequences One
posited cause of gender role strain is the
early gender role socialization process that
occurs often within the family context
2. Fathers' InfluencE::3 on the gender role
socialization of boys seem to be greater than
that of mothers.
li S
:= ; ,= c to perform for
ｾＭ］＠
:',e duties
of the
: " ｣ ｾｬｲｩ ｢ｵｴ･､＠
to males or
gro up or society. For
ｾ ］＠ 3 J ,'!i:h trucks, girls play with
: ; ::.:. :: 2 d clean, men work , men
=: _ ; :.=: d women did the gathering.
=: '=' :c"Slon of attitudes that indicate
_ ::2;; ree of your maleness or
ＺＮ ｾ Ｎ＠ gender role is the pu blic
ｾ＠ J ' gender identity".
; :.=: ,der roles means to go to the
==--''"""='-=_ ｾＺＭ＠
ｾ＠ :2 3 like North and South. If a
Ｚ＠
' 2 cooking and her husband
Ｍｾ］ＧＺＮ＠
= ;c .:: ening and house repairs,
of gender roles . It can be
__
_; .e
: : ::
｟ ｾ ＲＺ＠
in the social sciences and
'=:: :: denote a set of behavioral
__ :.=::: company a given gendered
ｾ＠ ｾ ｾ＠
a" 2d a gendered identity) in a
or system. Gender is one
:c gender/sex system, which
0 c: cf arrangements by which a
_ _c-'l4
;:; : : : _os
biological sexuality into
:'" _Ｍ ＮＺ］＠ ｾ＠ activity, and in which these
==::'s are satisfied" (Reiter 1975
.: ... ｾ＠ society has a gender/sex
the components and
_ s:,stem vary widely from
__ = ::."
_= ::
. ..
experienced by an
compatible behavior,
_
:: ::: ' ;;ations are associated
:
. =:
ＺＭｾ
= :0 :::::"" :: tension that may arise
Ｚ＠ ＭＮＺ］
ＺＭ］＠
:: i a role .
;:: = .
en has been identified
= : : _ : I male role expectations,
:;;It of these expectations,
Role Conflict 8
1. Emotional conflict arising when competing
demands are made on an individual in the
fulfillment of his or her multiple socia l roles.
2. A situation in which a person is expected to
play two incompatible roles.
3. Lack of compatibility between different
expectations from a job or position
Gender Role Conflict 7
Sons' gender role conf1ict and stress were
negatively related to paternal attachment Also,
men who with lower levels of gender role conflict
and who perceive their fathers to experience
lower levels of gender role stress perceive less
psychological separation from their fathers and
mothers . Both sons' gender role conflict and
stress were related to estimates of fathers ,
gender role conflict and stress.
Gender Role and Activities Based on Harvard
and Moser Models
1. Productive activities are the activities of the
members of the family in order to earn a
living . This activity is also called economic
activities because these activities generate
direct money or goods that can be assessed
equal money Examples of this activity are to
work as laborers , farmers, craftsmen, and so
on.
2. Reproductive activities are activities that are
closely related to the maintenance and
development of human resources as well as
ensure continuity and are usually done in the
family This activity does not generate money
directly and usually performed in conjunction
with domestic or social responsibilities and in
some references called social reproduction .
Examples of reproductive role are the
maintenance
and child
care , home
maintenance,
domestic
chores,
and
reproductive labor for the present and future
(e .g. , cook, clean the house) .
3. Community activities relating to the political
and socio cultural activities of members of
the community related to the political, social
and civic and includes the provision and
maintenance of resources used by each
ｾ＠ ｾ ＭＺ
Ｍ
su ch as water/ irrigation, schools and
::: _::.2: ::l . local government and other
::-" . Ｚ ｾ ｳ＠ This activity could be making
not making money
: :: , ::; j
: ,', _. Be ing
］ Ｍ ｾＭ
= :: s;on s of family wellbeing are very
: _::::: :;:; : ::,ple x The dimensions are not only
:: : ｟＠ Ｎｾ＠
:' :12 visible (physical and health) but
::: =::: ,not be seen (spiritual) Therefore,
;; :: ::;: ? 5:,e terms that are used to analyze
_ ｾ＠
:0: Ｚｾ＠ '::: mily wellbeing as follows
=: :: , 'c wellbeing
Indicator used is
::2 (GNP , GOP , income per capita per
.:: : t e value of assets)
= : : :::1 ,'/ellbeing Indicators used including
= .:::" o f education, the status and type of
Ｍ ｾ
Ｎ＠
=
:0: ::: wellbeing : Indicator used is the
_. : ::: 1status , health status, morbidity and
r: : : . rate .
ｾ＠
: :] ical/mental spiritual wellbeing
used are mentally ill, stress levels,
: : ::: ::: [es, divorce rates, abortion rates,
:c : ? :: vel of crime (rape , burglary/robbery,
ｾ＠ _::: ' d er, drug used, and destructiorr)
_=:"
_ j ective WellBeing
or Quality of
: _;:; s: ated that the wellbeing of the family
:::::: :: s:: be measured through a "Quality of
_ｾ Ｍ］＠ .., :: . is measured by the need for one's
- - -- - ... -: ' L'e ( QOl ) is described as follows
ｾ＠
Ｎ Ｍ
ｾ＠
:::: s.!rement measuring something
":::= :: ::: erson's eligibility happiness,
= c::: :: ｾ＠ requirement conditions are
:, ough not sufficient) to
= = = :: " happiness (McCall , S: 1975 ,
: _ ::: . Social Indicators Research
_
: ::: ::2 :lned as subjective well:: _ :;: scts the difference, the
=.::: =::: s expectations and what
" =_ '=" = Ｚ ｾ ｡ ｹ＠ Human adaptation
:=:::2 cy is usually adjusted
ne realism perceived
_::: ssen Quality of Life
Ｚ ｾＭ
ｾ＠
= _ :: . =. 2ception of meaning .
_: 2 eaning of the center
=..
; =::: : : on that is associated
=: ｾ ｾ＠ c::_Ｚ＠ ｟ ｾＧ＠
e meaning of what is
:::::: : : =: :_s:2d or left as a legacy
_ _
ｾ＠
ｾ
［＠
== ::: : ｾＮＺ＠
(VE Farnkl. 'Man's search for meaning.
'New York Pocket Books , 1963)
d. QOl attributes consist
of skills,
adaptability , appreciation, basic needs ,
demands
and
ownership,
control,
responsibilities, stress , diversity, increase ,
fulfillment.
gaps,
gender,
freedom,
happiness, health, hope , identity , repairs,
inclusiveness,
integnty ,
isolation,
judgment,
knowledge,
lack ,
living
conditions , needs that are not appropriate,
related QOl domains of existenc p ,
physical, psychology , religion, security,
satisfaction , comfort , spiritual , status,
welfare , and employment conditions
e. In the study of quality of life is often
distinguished between , subjective and
objective quality of life. Subjective quality
of life is about feeling good and satisfied in
general . Quality of life is the objective of
meeting the demand of society and culture
associated with material wealth , social
status and physical wellbeing (QOl
Research Center, Denmark) .
f. Measurement of quality of life derived from
the position of a number of life domains .
Each domain contributes to the overall
assessment of the quality of life . Domains
including family and friends, work ,
rreighbors
(residence
for
shelter) ,
community,
cultural,
demographic
economic
characteristics ,
socio
characteristics , health, education and
The University of
spiritual (QOl
Oklahoma School of Social Work)
g City of Vancouver measure QOl using
indicators Community capacity size,
measure the quality of workers , the
quality measure, measure of community
health, community social infrastructure,
human capital size, the size of the stress,
the size of the public safety, and size of
community participation (QOl Website of
the City of Vancouver Canada) .
h. UNDP publishes the Huma)1 Development
Index (HOI) for the annual all countries in
the world . The index measuring health,
education and welfare of the citizens in
each state by measuring (QOl UNDP
Human Development Report, UNDP ,
1997)
(1)· Life expectancy, (2)
Educational attainment adult literacy lift
plus a combination of primary enrollment,
secondary and tertiary , (3) The standard of
living real Gross Domestic Product per
::: :: ::: is based on the exchange rate PPP
=_: 'lasing Parity Power) _
ｾＱ＠
of life is the degree to which a
Ｚｾ＠
ｾＺＭ
2'ljOyS the important possibilities of
_ 'e . Possibilities result from the
. :. .:. _ ｾ＠ :ies and limitations each person has
5 = r life and reflect the interaction of
and environmental factors (Quality
_ ,;__ ==(e search Unit, University of Toronto
=.=
.::; =. ::
Ｍ
2J ality of Life Profi le was developed to
Ｍｾ＠
.:.. :2 a measure that considers both the
: : : : ents and determinants of health and
::; slng It draws upon a conceptual model
,, ;5 consistent with recent definitions of
,;,, : 10 and health promotion as provided by
· 2 '; orld Health Organization . The profile
2 : : ::::!zes
individuals'
physical,
:. : ＺＭ［
Ｇｾ ｧｩ｣｡ｬＬ＠
and spiritual functioning; their
:. : 2=: ons with their environments; and
:: : :.; ties for ma intaining and enhancing
: .:: _ ersity of Toronto 2003)20
_= _
;;' life includes domains
of human life
•
0
ｾ ｟ Ｇ＠ of Toronto, 2003)2 namely :
_ ｾＧ＠
_ =:: '" domain (domain associated with the
:. :; :: :f the body or creature)
• ＺＧ Ｍ ｾ Ｎ ｳｩ｣｡
ｬ＠ Being (Being physically able
Ｚｾ＠
get around, nutrition and the food
Jlysical health , personal hygiene,
utrition, exercise, grooming and
::Iothi ng
and
general
physical
2:Jpearance) ( Physical Wellbeing
= :Ity is physically unable to move,
_:;llon and food eaten, physical
'; :: :1 personal hygienic , nutrition,
2 ' ",:ss state of dress and physical
":: ::::: ::1ce in general).
.= : : :. ; ical Being (Being free of
:: :: : stress, psychological health
2: ::: . 3: ent, cognition, feelings,
: . 2S:", , self concept and self :::sj'chological Wellbeing
;. :. :: ; : 1 th e worry and stress ,
perceived
mood,
_: :; :2 eal th and adjustment,
::: == ｾ ｧｳ Ｌ＠ selfesteem, selfｾ＠ ,: ｾ ＧＢ＠ : ::::ntrol).
3 ing hope for the
va lues, personal
ｴＬ＠ spiritual beliefs)
_ _: : ::. : Ｚ ＺＭ ＺＡｾ｣
:: : : ;] : have hope for
_ _ _ : Ｚ Ｍｾ Ｚ＠ 2 1 values, personal
:: ehavior, spiri tual
=
=:
= = :_..=. s
Ｍ
ｾ＠
- --
::
ｾ
｡ ｩ ｮｳ＠
related to
1) Physical
Belonging
(home,
workplace/school , neighborhood , and
community; physical treasure : house
or apartment dwelling, residential
dwelling, home, place of work/school,
neighbors, and community)
2) Social Belonging (Being close to
people in my family. having a spouse
or special person intimate others,
family ,
friends
coworkers ,
neighborhood and commun ity : soc ial
treasure to be close to fami ly
members , has a privileged partner,
close with others . family friends,
colleagues ,
neighbors
and
community)
3) Community Belonging (Being able to
get professional services . having
enough money, adequate income,
employment , educational programs ,
recreational programs , community
events and activities
Treasure
society : Got a professional serv ices
such as medical and socia l having
enough money , enough income,
employment , educationa l programs,
recreational programs, e'Jents and
community activities)
RESEARCH FINDINGS
Case 1: Analysis of Gender Division of Labor
'In
F
' I 10
armer F ami y
The study was conducted in the vi ll age of
Hambaro and Sukaluyu , Nanggung Sub District,
Bogor District The study used crosssectional
study design and carried out from April to August
2008 Examples of the study were selected by
simple random sampling of 110 farmer families
who did not have children under five.
Respondents in this study were wives .
The Role of the Domestic with
Reproductive Family Activities, It is interesting
to note that as the typical patriarchal family
system , the division of domestic roles in
reproductive activities were more dominated by
wives, meaning that domestic role in the daily life
of the family have been done by the Wife alone or
dominated by his wife The activity of the
equivalent ､ｯｭｾｳｴｩ｣＠
roles performed by the
husband and wife were looking for a way to solve
the family's financial problems Furthermore,
none of the domestic role of family activities was
domina ted by the husband (Table 1)
:=
ｾＺ ｦｬ ｢ ｵｴｩｯｮ＠
of Gender Roles in Family
: : :' ,Iities (n=11 0)
,,:ed By Wife
; : 'aen ily
Ｍ ｾ＠
; : ' :amily
'; = spend
Activities Done
By Both
Husband &
Wife Equally
Looking for
solving the
family's
financial
problems
Activities
Dominated
By
Husband
None
= ; expenses
,, c es
; ': ' a loan from
>
Ｚｾ＠
ｾＮＺ［＠
: aily care for
' c :: " re nting )
; .. cl achildis
_
ｾＺ＠
Ｍ
Ｌ＠
_= ;:
ｾｷ
ｨ･ｮ＠
school
Ｎ ｾ＠
: c Ｚ
ｾｬｉ
､ ｲ ･ｮ
Ｚ＠
.; Ｍ ｾ＠ ouse
:::; ; ; : mopping
--; ::: .- 2S ,
. :=. s opping
Ｚ［ｾＭ
; ｾ
ｾ＠
_ ｾ＠
Ｚ＠ ｾ ｳ･ｨｯｬ､＠
Ｎ］＠
: ___==
.:..:. Ｍ
ＭＺ［ｾｴｩ＠
;, '"l en it is analyzed in regard to
ana gement; it turned out the
roles in the family survival
a shift to more equali ty
::.:.:= ::. ,,d wife roles (Table 2). The
Ｍｾ
Ｚ＠ ＺＧ＠
: 2 5 were shown by a variety
man agement activities,
::: .:.' 'c ily finances related to
:':' ':'00 :: : :""'03 family, buy items that
_.:. : , " • e, a strategy of cutting
=---=-"':;:0.
__ : co:: vi ies related to health
=_'su ng a strategy of
; : : : ; additio nal work . The
_ role of financial
:= : 9 of family finance
:: ＭＺｯ Ｚ ］ｾ＠
the activities such
=::= =2 th e food needs of
Ｍ Ｍ］ ｾ＠ 2 j kitchen furniture
dominant
:=;::;=: :; : activ ities re lated to
ｾ＠
ｾ ｾＺ＠
==
:
Table 2 The division of domestic roles in the
family survival strategies (n=110)
Activities
Dominated By
Wife
Activities Done By Both
Husband & Wife Equally
• Making a finan cial plan
• Managing
financial
with disciptine
expenses
Controlling the family in
carrying out financial
• Holding
famity
activities
finance s
• Evalu ate family
members for the acl10ns
• Determine
food
that have been done
expenditure
• Creating a priority need
• Having ideas • Eating outside the home
to reduce
• Determine the child's
the need for
school or not
food
• Choosing a child 's
• Reduci ng
ed ucati on
food
• Set spending on
consumption
education
• Set daily
• Red ucing th e cost of
food needs
education (school
• Set menu
dropou ts/absenteeism)
meals at
Determini ng
home
expenditures for health
• Buying a
purposes
family casual • Determining the place of
wear
treatm en t
• Buyi ng
• Having ideas to
kitchen
su spend treatment if a
appliances
famil y member gets sick
• Reducing health ca re
costs
• Reducin g tran spo rt costs
by riding a bike.
• Buying fu rnitu re livi ng
room
• Buying jewelry
• Selling something to
pawn shop
• Selling/mortgaged goods
• Selling ass et s
• Borrowing/debt money
Finding additiona l
employment
• Asking child to support
work
• A sk ing wife to work
Dete rmi ning where to
sa ve money
• Determining taking
savings
Activities
Dominated
By Husband
None
Division of Gender Roles within Family
on Public Role of Productive Activities.
Farming activity is a public role with productive
activities that generate money or goods . Table 3
shows the domi nating role of the husband's
access to , and control of' inputs, credit ,
techno logy and farming in'stitutions Consistent
with the patriarchal system, men dominated
public role as standardized by the norms of
society The beneficiaries have been enjoyed
: : Jsband and wife as stipulated by
.:: Ｚ ｾ＠ ＺＭ ｾ＠ distribution division of roles to
.: : ::: ::: ,ce of a system.
;: ｾ＠
ｾＮＭ
ｾ
o f Gender Roles within Family in
Control and Beneficiaries from
; ,\ctivities (n=110).
ｳ＠
.: :tivit ies Done
Activities Dominated By
By Both
Husband
.... ｾｳ ｢｡ｮ､＠
& Wife
Equally
• Access to
• Access to business
Information &
loans
:)fices of
Access to inputs of
agricultural
production
products
• Access to the
5enefits of
production technology
:)usiness
• Access to processing
3enefits
technology
Ｍｾ
ｵｴｳ＠
• Access to skiWs
:::enefits
training
: :)cessing
• Access to marketing
:e::hnology
of agricultural
3enefits of
products
:aining skills
• Access to marketing
Senefit
organization /farm
l iormation
• Access to land
ｾＺ［
｣･ｳ＠
of
ownership
2;; ricultural
• Access to agricultural
;)roducts
labor
3e nefits of
• Control over efforts
marketing
• Control over inputs
2gricultural
• Control of production
products
technology
• Benefits of
Control of processing
and
technology
: ,'m ership
• Control of skill's
::e Cl efits of
training
Ｚｾ＠
ｲ＠ ci.. l\ urai
• Control of prices
information of
agricultural products
• ContrOl of marketing
of agricultural
products
• Control of marke ting
of organization/farm
• Con trol of land
ownership
• Control of agricultural
labor
• Benefits of production
technology
• Benefits marketing
organization of farm
uctlve activities are
that there is a division
ｾ＠
::.= ｾ＠ ｾ｡Ｇ ｩ ｯｮ＠
activity. Activities
: 7 ; and maintenance, and
_: ::::,,0 by women While
_ ':;:: "1 nological applications
.: ::: :::a:ion, watering, fertilizing ,
o..=_ .:: c"s and laundering the
=
:
ｾ ｾＭ
==
results of agricultural production were dominated
by men
Furthermore, either activity for
preparation or sale the commodities was
dominated by men. While the application of
technology related to breeding and harvesting
was done equally between men and women
(Table 4).
Table 4 Division of Gender Roles within Family in
Farming System (n= 110)
Activities
Dominated By
Wife
•
•
•
•
•
Planting
Weeding
Maintaining
Selling
Receiving
money
• Managing
money from
farm
• Managing family
financial
Activities Done
By 60th
Husband & Wife
Equally
• Seeding
• Harvesting
Activities
Dominated By
Husband
• Preparing of land
• Watering the
plants
• Fertilizing
• Spraying
• Laundering
• Pre paring for
sale
• Transporting
The Gender role of the Family in
Community Social Activities_ The
role
of
community with social activities has done by both
husband and wife . General activities re lated to
the sociopolitical, such as village meetings were
still dominated by men as heads of households.
Village offices generally invited men as the head
of the family to attend the village meetings related
to the planning community programs or other
things. Rarely village office party invited women
to attend the town meeting, except women as
community leaders who are members of the
umbrella organization Family Welfare Program
(PKK) or Integrated Service Post (IHC) Activities
such as lectures or religious activities and
community service as a community service
performed equally by husband and wife
Community gathering activities are generally
carried out by women
Case 2: The Analysis of Gender Roles Within
Agroforestry Farmer Families 13
The objectives of the study were to
examine women involvement in decision making
to ensure their participation in Vegetable
Agroforestry (VAF) production and marketing
training, and to increase their involvement in
women farmers or marketing a'ssociations The
study was done at Hambaro, Parakan Muncang
and Sukaluyu Villages, Nanggung Sub district,
Bogor District, West Java Province in JuneJuly
2006 . A total of 185 household respondents were
==;;:idomly.
The results showed that men
gender roles in farming system
:'=::'O such as land preparation, nursery,
'aintaining plants , fertilizing and
Moreover, there were gender
:: := ｾＭＺ＠
,n access and control over farm
:. . Cl UtS. Men dominated access to and
= :; ' credit, production technology and
ｾ＠ '1 umber of women had access to and
: ｾ Ｍ marketing of agricultural products
== ,, =: 2SS to price information of agricultural
I. omen had insignificant roles in
. • " king on farming, financial planning
=_ ,: E S, but were dominant as decision- _. ., financial planning, evaluating the
::-" ::: ' 13mily mem bers, and controlling their
:.:' .=; : : li li es Men acted as decision-makers
7;=: ｾ ｊ＠ chi ldren's education
=
ｾＬＪＢＮ＠
' n alysis of Gender Roles in the
_ .';s ion of Horticultural Farmers
_
2cology is the study of the
between the family and the
2nvironment, the environmental
2 ::::mily and family influences on the
the surrounding areas such as
:: :: ;:: social and physical (Deacon &
- ｾ＠ - ｾ｟ ［Ｍ
- ＿ｾ Ｘ ［＠ Hill, 1985). One application of
: ｾＺＮ＠
］ ］ ｾ ｩｬ ｹ＠ is the cooperation gender roles
- : : do business in the yard production
in the kitchen.
-- --=.;, .:: ｾ Ｎ＠ ｾ･ｲｰｩｳ＠
:::: :: : es in the family relates to 'who
:=:::lC'::;;- :: ;:::L'dy explains that: (1) Men were
::::;: ::ed the place where store
:= - : - ::: .', to use pesticides , (2) Men
ｾ＠ =.:- ::; activity including access,
-elated to crops/ trees, fish
: :- ::- -2cri ng and rabbits in the
- \Nomen decided domestic
_ ac tivity
in
the
house
1 the room either in the
_ :c- ":' =- :: -:sipation.
_ :: : - society related to families
:=.. : _3 training?'
The study
:. 2' were trained to attend
ｾ
］＠
-::;stic activities such as
= _) Agricultural training
Integrated
Pest
=5 u sually done for men, (3)
=: 19 to local government
ＭＢＧｾ｟］
.=....
ＭＺ＠
ｾ ＭＺ［＠
::::
: : ,: -= -=
:: "E ::'
_ : _
G.en d er Roles Division in
0
m odities 12: 13 : 15 16 .
:.:;
This study aims to compare how gender
networks and coalitions affect the ability of groups
to access and control natural resources and to
access appropriate markets and capture value for
their agricultural products The study showed that
men produce and sell main agricultural products
such as rice, corn or cassava, while women may
produce and sell minor vegetables . Most
agricultural products are used for consumption
and the surplus sold around the village or to the
middlemen Commercial production by women
farmers started with jasmine flowers and later
with guava In the village of Hambaro, market
access was opened to everyone, but dominated
by men . Only a small number of women in
Hambaro used the access to market their
products All nodes in the ma'rketing network of
vegetables and frulUguava were dominated by
men The middlemen provided information on
demand and price of products. Men and women
obtained the same price when they used the
same network . Men got higher price only when
they went directly to the big market. Most women
did not negotiate for price, but only on the terms
of payment.
Although men dominated the market for
vegetables
and
fruits,
the
allocation
of
expenditures from the sale of vegetables and
fruits were similar to that of women The source
of power of men was from the long established
network between men and the middlemen, in
addition to institutionalized farmer groups and
access to capital. The source of power of women
was mainly from family networking and support
Women who were actively participating in
marketing gain support from their husbands in
production and marketing of vegetables and were
more confident in negotiating obstacles in
marketing
katuk
by
selling
directly
to
consumers/retail and obtaining higher price than
ｦｲｯｾ＠
middlemen
Impacts of Gender Roles on Family WellBeing.
Vegetable
marketing
activities
on
women's groups generated income for their
household and provided benefits such as: (1)
Providing the needs for fulfilling expenditure of
basic needs of dally consumption , (2) Providing
school fees including pocket money, books, and
other school needs, (3) Supporting additional
capital for farming activities, (4) Facilitating the
women for savings deposits in the bank by
opening a bank account in the name of women,
(5) Facilitating for saving in cash at home putting
In a piggy bank and (6) Helping families in bUying
household furniture and kitchen appliances
:::0; :: ' th e women who worked as traders
ｾＭ
-:: -::::uctive economic efforts did not only
- ';::- I,' income. but also increased the
; ｾＧ＠ 32 'ety and secure. Women felt her
_:=,::'_ and beneficial to the family Women
ｾＭ ｣Ｚ＠
she had great potential to make
:- Ｍ ｾ Ｍ family. Women finally felt satisfied
-:: -- ::; : she was able to play an important
- - -:: ,j in g to the wellbeing of her family
;.
- h e Gender Division of Labor in
_ - ; : g roforestry Products Activities 15
- -:: --= suits of the survey showed that in
..:....".=c
. -= partnership
has existed in good
- the activity of the cashew nut
:: .'en though it was not balanced yet
_ :: ::'2: Th ere was unequal gender role in
'::::2: 0:: :/ and control as a collector trader
:: ｾ ｾＺ＠
2 raders. whereas the roles of men
over women as collectors.
:-c :ers , access to credit and
- =- :: marketing. However, the roles of
- -s ;: -Dcessing of cashew nuts and the
: : - - -= -y for processing were relatively
.=. " c : 'Jf men
gender in the household activity
:: : - _:: : -3:::ti ce and almost equal between
Based on the survey, ii has
-==::;- : 2d that in general the role of
;;E Jre dominant than that of men in
-::: ::'::-::: 'T1i c activity and the cashew nut
:: :'18 financial activity of the cashew
ＮＺ＠
:: :: :h men and women participated
: :: Ｍｾ
-'O-- s - -: 's alone or altogether to budget
:=- 3:: 5. to plan family finances, to
:--Iances for the cashew nut
:':-: .. money for family needs, and
ｾ Ｇ＠ ］Ｍ Ｚ＠
-o r their business . For the
"" :2 32:. nut business, both women
-- - : ", :::j actively whether she/he
::; s:-,er in the activities of
Ｚ ｾ Ｓ＠ ＧＭ Ｌ ･ ｷ＠
nut trees , fertilizing.
processing
Women
__
the cashew nut and
whereas men were
.. _ = =C: 'J:lomic activities.
:: -: =::
=
=
.; =-:
::-- :: ］ＺｾＭ
=
ｾｴｅ
Ｌ＠
ＺＭｾ＠
and Subjective
Approach to Poverty
Families in West Java-
Ｇ＠
ｉ ｡ｴｩｯｮｳ＠
'::. 7::3·S major problems is
_ = =:: 18 families. especially
: : ,::: ::: ,i es of thisstudywere
::::::: 3' ::Li: fal and agro
ferMer fam ilie s.
=
examine the differences in these characteristics
between upland and lowland farmer families , and
analyze factors that influence the subjective
family wellbeing of poor farmer families who live
in upland and lowland areas
The selected
research sites were Bogor District as an upland
area and Karawang District as a lowland area in
West Java Province . The target population for
the study included poor farmer families The
respondents were married female farmers A
purposive technique was used for sampling due
to the farmers' willingness to participate There
were 189 farmer families that participated in this
study (n= 90 in upland district areas and n= 99 in
lowland district areas) , Results showed that the
socialcultural and agro ecosystem conditions
differ between upland and lowland areas .
Gender relations between husband and wife in
domestic activities in upland areas were slightly
lower than those in lowland areas However.
conditions of family economic pressures and
family wellbeing were similar in upland and
lowland areas SEM analysis revealed that family
wellbeing was directly influenced by (1)
Education of husband and wife, (2) Gender
relations between husband and wife , (3) External
support, and (4) Indirectly by less economic
pressure of the family.
T.his study had discussed the problems of
poverty and gender relations in fami ly decision
making. The conclusions of the study are as
follows:
1. The socialCUltural and agro ecosystem
conditions differ between upland and lowland
areas . The conditions of upland areas of
Bogor District are characterized by hilly
terrain, potential for food crops, nonactive
farmer's groups especially concerning
women's involvement , and the existence of
sociocultural
constraints
such
as
conservative norms typical of traditional
agricultural communities . On the other hand ,
the conditions of lowland areas of Karawang
District are flat , close to sea/beach, the
villages are separated by very wide paddy
fields, potential of rice and to become a
national rice stock area, and active farmer's
groups
2. In general in both upland and lowland areas
gender roles in farming activities in terms of
access and control to agricultural resources
were dominated by men . Results showed
that equitable gender relations between
husband and wife in farming systems in
upland areas were higher than that in lowland
: 2 e uality of gender
, sband and wife in
In upland areas were
"::-- :-:;; - i1 10'f land areas . Results
::: : s ' 9 showed that the quality of
=.:::, . t ',Iell -being was moderate
::.: ,,')st rl e same between upland
areas .
Results of family
;::-ressures
showed
similar
upland and lowland
- ｾ＠ ,'.'ever , tile education level of
: ;' "" j wife in upland areas were
- - ,,- .. lowland areas .
:; -ceing was directly influenced by
ｾ＠
::: ducation levels of husband and
ｾ＠ -=;::;Iy influenced by less economic
_=3_-:: :- th e family, directly influenced by
- =: ］Ｚｾ＠
Ｚ Ｒ ｢ ｬ ･＠
gender relations between
- -.=-;:: .= - :: wife ; and directly influenced by
- ; - er external support.
Thus,
ｾＺ］
Ｒ ｫ ｩ ｮｧＬ＠
wealthy farmer families
_ families that had educated
and
wives;
less
economic
equal gender relations and
__ and receive less or more
...o.,,"..
｟ Ｍ ｾ＠
.:=
ｾＺＭ
=_=.
=
ｾ Ｚｊ
ｯ ｲｴＮ＠
: ased on these results , it is
o continue gender analysis for
::: .:,-=. ,, -: h starting with gender roles in
-- 2rketing of ag ricultural com mod ities,
_ . __ - 2 local institutions. This study also
-- 21 women farmers must be
- -: - -: :;; ;J ricultural development programs
3_ -:::
degree of empowerment in
Ｚ［ Ｍ : :; --5 Jfficiency , increased self-esteem
ｾＺ
- - __ ENGES FOR THE FUTURE
Ｑ ｲＭｾＬ［Ｂ
P a rtnersh i p a nd Relocation
Roles in the Family as a
- : :n esia farmer families face many
Ｚ＠
- socio-economic aspects for the
［＠ ｾＭ Ｚ［ｲ ｡ｬ＠
the farmer families who live at
_'Dan areas still face the economic
- =.-::: 0 verty The inequality of gender
- -