For those reasons above, most of the Junior High School students may find writing confusing and making them give up since writing has a rule has to follow.
In order to motivate and encourage them in writing, an English teacher plays an important role to improve their ability and explore their ideas. The teacher should
be patient to support, motivate and teach them. He or she has to give them a lot of trainings and practices about how to express their ideas into words. Teachers have
to try to find a way of composing writing that is easy for them. By doing so, students will not consider writing frustrating.
2.2.4 Eleven Elements of Effective Adolescent Writing Instruction
In Graham and Perin‘s report 2007:4-5 identifies 11 elements of current writing instruction found to be effective for helping adolescent students learn to write well
and to use writing as a tool for learning. It is important to note that all of the elements are supported by rigorous researcher, but that even when used together,
they do not constitute a full writing curriculum. They are: 1. Writing strategies. It involves teaching students strategies for planning,
revising, and editing their compositions. 2. Summarization. It involves teaching students how to summarize a text
with their own words. After students learn something, they should know how to summarize in their own words explicitly and systematically.
3. Collaborative writing that uses instructional arrangements in which learners work together to plan, draft, revise, and edit their compositions.
4. Specific product Goalswhich assigns students specific, reachable goals for the writing they are to complete.
5. Word processing, computers and word processors as instructional supports for writing assignments.
6. Sentence Combining. It involves teaching students to construct more complex, sophisticated sentences. Not only about writing in one sentence
but also writing in a complex way. The sentences that they write uses forms or pattern which more sophisticated.
7. Prewriting, in prewriting students should be followed some steps for their composition. It engages students in activities which help them generate
or organize ideas for their composition. 8. Inquiry Activities which engage students in developing ideas and content
for a writing task through analyzing immediate and concrete data. 9. Process Writing Approach which interweaves a number of writing
instructional activities in a workshop environment that stresses extended writing opportunities, writing for authentic audiences, personalized
instruction, and cycles of writing. 10. Study of Models which provides students with opportunities to read,
analyze, and emulate models of good writing. 11. Writing for Content Learning which uses writing as a tool for learning
content material. Using writing tasks to learn content offers students opportunities to expand
their knowledge of vocabulary; to strengthen the planning, evaluating, and revising process, and to practice grammar, spelling, punctuation, modes of
argumentation, and technical writing Yore, 2003.
2.2.5 Four elements of writing process
