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PART II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
The first part of this chapter looks at how Information Technology has led to the creation of an Information Society, which realises and utilizes the
data available to form information and knowledge. The chapter thus establishes the importance and influence that IT has on our lives today,
focusing on the scheduling domain. The chapter then looks into the emergence of lecturing scheduling systems, and then the main areas of
research at current times, from the technological perspective. There is a brief description of the systems developed and research being carried out in
the world today – thus highlighting the importance it is receiving from both the science as well as computing field. Finally, the chapter critically reviews
the existing research done in the area of adoption of such systems in real life scenario and in doing so highlights the areas that warrant further
exploration.
2.2. The Concept of Lecturing Scheduling System 2.2.1. Lecturing
Based on The Oxford Pocket Dictionary 2003, The meaning of lecture: talk given for the purpose of teaching, give a lecture on a
particular subject.
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Based on Mifflin 2009, Lecturing is delivering a lecture or series of lectures or teaching by giving a discourse on some subject
typically to a class.
2.2.2. Scheduling
According to The Oxford Dictionary 2003, schedule is arranging for something to happen at a particular time.
Based on business dictionary, Scheduling is determining when an activity should start or end, depending on its 1 duration, 2
predecessor activity or activities
.
Based on elook dictionary, scheduling is [noun] setting an order and time for planned events.
2.2.3. System
There are many understanding of system, the writer explain them such as:
1. System is a group of parts that are connected or work together, based on Oxford Dictionary 2003.
2. The IEEE standards define a system as: A collection of components organized to accomplish a specific function or set
of functions. IEEE Standard 610.12-1990
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3. According to the Pressman 2005, a system is a collection of related elements related in a way that allows the
accomplishment of some tangible objective. 4. Webster‘s Dictionary defines system in the following way:
a. A set or arrangement of things so related as to form a unity or organic whole;
b. A set of facts, principles, rules. Classified and arranged in an orderly form so as to show a logical plan linking in the
various parts; c. A method or plan of classification or arrangement;
d. An established way of doing something 5. Hartono stated that system is a collection of element or
variable that related each other, organized and did activity to
get some purpose Hartono: 1999, p.2.
6. Davis 1985, stated that system is a part which has related
each other whic is operate together to get some purpose.
7. Lucas 1989, identified system as an organized component
which related each other. 2.3. Software
Based on Pressman 2010, software is 1 instructions computer program that when executed provide desired features, function, and
performance; 2 data structures that enable the programs to addequately
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manipulate information, and 3 descriptive information in both hard copy
and virtual forms that describes the operation and use of the programs.
Today, Software applications divided into seven types. The writer will explain them, such as:
1. System Software. This software is a collection of programs written to service other
programs. Some system software e.g., compilers, editors, and file management utilities processes complex, but determine, information
structures. 2. Application Software
This is a stand alone programs that solve a specific business need. Application software is used to control business functions in real time
e.g., point of sale transaction processing, real time manufacturing process control.
3. Engineering Scientific Software Scientific Software has been characterized by “number crunching”
algorithm. Application range from astronomy to volcanology, from automotive stress analysis to space shuttle orbital dynamics, and from
molecular biology to automated manufacturing. 4. Embedded Software
It resides within a product or system and is used to implement and control features and functions for the end user and for the system
itself. e.g., key pad control for a microwave oven.
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5. Product Line Software It designed to provide a specific capability for use by many different
customers. Product line software can focus on a limited marketplace e.g., inventory control product or address mass consumer markets
e.g., word processing, spreadsheets, computer graphics, multimedia, entertainment, database management, and personal and business
financial applications. 6. Web Application
Web application evolving into sophisticated computing environments that not only provide stand alone features, computing functions, and
content to the end user, but also are integrated with corporate databases and business applications.
7. Artificial Intelegence Software It makes use of non numerical algorithms to solve complex problems
that are not amenable to computation or straightforward analysis. Application within this area include robotics, expert system, pattern
recognition image and voice , artificial neural networks, theorem proving, and game playing according to Pressman 2010.
Based on the explanation above, the writer states that “Lecturing Scheduling System at Informatic Engineering Islamic University Jakarta
Using Genetic Algorithm” is a kind of artificial intelligence software which
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is it use genetic algorithm to translate the problem occured to the programming language then it proceed into software.
2.3.1. Software Engineering
Based on Pressman 2010, The IEEE [IEE93A] has developed a more comprehensive definition when it states: Software
Engineering: 1 The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable, approach to the development, operation, and
maintenance of software; that is, the application of engineering to software. 2 The study of approaches as in 1.
Based on Pressman 2010, There are many layers in software engineering. The writer try to explain the layers one by one and the
writer provides the figure of the layer. The layers in software engineering identified as:
1. Process Process layer is the foundation in software engineering. It is the
glue that holds the technology layers together and enables rational and timely development of computer software. Process
defines a framework that must be established for effective delivery of software engineering technology.
2. Method It provides the technical how to’s for building software. Method
encompass a broad array of tasks that include communication ,
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requirement analysis, design modeling, program construction, testing, and support.
3. Tools It provides automated or semiautomated support for the process
and the methods.
Figure 2.1: Software Engineering Layers
2.4. System Engineering
According to Pressman 2005, “Software Engineering occurs as a consequence of a process called system engineering. Instead of
concentrating solely on software, system engineering focuses on a variety of elements, analyzing, designing, and organizing those elements into a system
that can be a product, a sevice, or a technology for the transformation of information or control.”
Based on
Kevin Forsberg and Harold Mooz 1995,
System Engineering is responsible for involving key personnel to address human
factors, safety, producibility, inspectibility, reliability, maintainability,
Tools Methods
Process A quality focus
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logistics, etc. at each step, starting with risk analyses and feasibility studies in the Concept Definition phase.
2.5. System Modeling
According to Pressman 2005, As a software engineer, it is very important to pay attention in system modeling. System modeling is an
important element of the system engineering process. The focus is on the world view or the detailed view, the engineer creates models that: define the
processes that serve the needs of the view under consideration and represent the behavior of the processes and the assumptions on which the behavior is
based.
2.6. Computer Engineering
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