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Baker 1992: 32 states equivalence of translation is not only similar in textual, but also grammatically and pragmatically. Proponents define equivalence
as relationships between SL and TL that allows the TL to be considered as a translation of the SL in the first place. Equivalence relationships are also believed
to hold between parts of SLs and parts of TLs. Many theorists think that translation is based on some kind of equivalence depending on the rank word,
sentence or text level. So from the explanation above, it means that the translation project is equivalence when items in the original and translation have
some common features in their contexts. Moreover, equivalence in translation is always concerned with the
culture of source language and target language. Below is the explanation about culture in translation.
2.4 Culture in Translation
Culture come from the Latin word
cultura stemming from colere, meaning
to cultivate. Culture has many definitions, and it affects everything people do in
their society because of their idea, values, attitudes, and normative or expected patterns of behaviour. Culture is not genetically inherited, and can not exist on its
own, but is always shared by members of a society Hall, 1976:16.
Hofstede 1980:21- 23 defines culture as “The collective programming
of the mind which distinguishes the members of one g roup from another,” which
is passed from generation to generation. It is changing all the time because each generation adds something of its own before passing it on. It is usual that one‟s
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culture is taken for granted and assumed to be correct because it is the only one, or at least the first, to be learned.
Richerson and Boyd 2005: 5 state that “Culture is information capable of affecting individuals‟ behavior that they acquire from other members of their
species through teaching, imitation, and other forms of social transmission. ” It
means that culture is the complex and broad set of relationships, values, attitudes and behaviors that bind a specific community consciously and unconsciously.
More specifically concerned with language and translation, Newmark 1988:94 defines culture as The way of life and its manifestations that are
peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression. It means that every community living around the world has its own
culture and sociality. They both can be seen from the way of the community interacts with others. The culture has important role to development and variation
of language. Therefore, because of the development and variation of language, in this case translation is influenced by the culture inside.
In here, culture related to translation that has an important role in increasing awareness and understanding among diverse cultures and nations.
“Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two
cultural traditions” Toury 2000: 200. It means that the translator deals with a text which involves more than one cultural elements. In the process of
translating a text the translator should know not only the languages involved, but also their cultures and rhetorical traditions Enkvist 1991: 14-15. So, the ability
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of the translator about culture in the source text and the target text is required to transferring the meaning correctly.
From all explanation above it can be concluded that culture is information ideas, values, customs, skills that is transmitted from person to
person through direct teaching, imitation, or writing which allows for change along with the period development. It guides behavior and provides framework
for interpreting things in the world it m ay or may not be “adaptive”. On the other
hand, we also can conclude that culture in translation is affecting the process of translation by the translator. The knowledge of translator about culture is needed
to transferring the ideas or values of source text into target text appropriate with their culture.
The one thing that always concerned with culture is deixis. If there is mistake of translating deixis, there will be misunderstanding of meaning. Here is
the explanation about deixis.
2.5 Deixis
