An Analysis of Conjunction in Julia Quinn’s Ten Things I LoveAbout You

AN ANALYSIS OF CONJUNCTION IN JULIA QUINN’S TEN THINGS I LOVE ABOUT YOU

A PAPER BY

ISMI MARDHATILLAH REG. NO. 092202033

DILPOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURE

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA MEDAN

It has been proved by

Supervisor,

Drs. Umar Mono, M.Hum NIP.19600122 198601 1 001

Submitted to Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara in partial fulfillment of the requirement for Diploma (D-III) in English

Approved by

Head of Diploma III English Study Program,

Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, MA NIP. 195211261981121001

Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara as a paper for the Diploma (D-III) Examination

The board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirement fot the Diploma III (D-III) of English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

The examination is held on

Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara

Dean,

Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A NIP. 195110131976031001

Board of Examiners Signature

1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, MA (Head of ESP) ... 2. Drs. Umar Mono, M.Hum (Supervisor) ... 3. Drs. M. Syafi’i, M.A (Reader) ...

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, Ismi Mardhatillah, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award degree in any tertiary education.

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION Name : Ismi Mardhatillah

Title of paper : An Analysis of Conjunction in Julia Quinn’s Ten Things I LoveAbout You

Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the disrection of the librarian of the Diploma III English Department Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed : ...

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the Almighty God, Allah SWT for blessing ang giving me health, strength and patience to accomplish this paper as one of the requirement to get Diploma III certificate from English Department Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera.

During the process of finishing this paper, I realize that I got many helps from those who had given much valuable suggestion, educated, guidance, and moral support at a particular time while the completion this paper.

I would like to express a deep gratitude, thanks, love, and appreciation to:

• My beloved parents, my fatherSoebarmo and my motherSri Dewi Yani, who always patiently give motivation, prays, loves, spiritual, and financial supports. My beloved brothers Ahmad Mughnii Islami, Muhammad Hilmy Afif, and Hanif Naufal Annafi who always make my day more colorful.Although they always make me angry, but I know that they love me.

• Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, MA as the Head of English Study Program, for encouragements, suggestions, and knowledge during my years at university.

• My supervisor Drs. Umar Mono, M.Hum for assistance, guidance, advice, and precious time in giving the correcting and criticizing in completing this paper.

• My reader Drs. M. Syafi’i, M.A for the precious time to read and give the correcting this paper.

• Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A as the Dean of faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

• All of lecturers in Diploma III English Study Program for the knowledge and advice.

• My beloved bestfriends Suci Dimiyati Siagian,Nurul Wahyuni, Rizkiyah Ramadhani Nst, Whindy Pridhiniandy, and Dwi Octari for their support to finish this paper.

• My close friends Irma Suprianti, Susi Susanti, Fitriyawati Sembiring, Julia Rosa, Siti Andriani for all the laughter, happiness, and support.

• All my friends in Diploma III English Study Program/SOLIDAS 2009 especially Class A, for their support and all memorable moments we shared together. I will be missing you all.

I am nothing without you. I realize that this paper is still far from being perfect. Therefore, I welcome any criticism and suggestions towards this paper.

Medan, July 2012 The Writer,

Ismi Mardhatillah Reg. No. 092202033

ABSTRACT

This paper entitled An Analysis of Conjunction in Julia Quinn’s Ten Things I Love About You is about the conjunctions used in the sentences of Julia Quinn novel. This paper describes briefly the work of the types of connecting words and examples. Based on analysis, there are some classification on what conjunction that most frequently used and never to used. Coordinating conjunction and is the most frequently used in the novel, while conjunction for is never to used. Either ... or is correlative conjunction that most frequently used, while never to used are

both ... and and not only ... but also. Subordinating conjunction is also most

frequently used, like because, if, as. While never to used are in order that, as

though. And the last is conjunctive adverb, where the most frequently used are

then, besides, and however. While never to used are nevertheless, in conrast,

ABSTRAK

Kertas karya yang berjudul An Analysis of Conjunction in Julia Quinn’s Ten Things I Love About You ini membahas tenatng penggunaan conjucntion dalam kalimat yang terdapat dalam novel Julia Quinn. Setelah dianalisa dan ditabulasi, terdapat beberapa klasifikasi conjunction apa yang paling sering digunakan dan tidak pernah digunakan. Coordinating conjunctionand adalah conjunction yang paling sering digunakan dalam novel tersebut, sedangkan coordinating

conjunctionfor adalah conjunction yang tidak pernah digunakan. Either ... or

adalah yang correlative conjunction yang paling sering digunakan, sedangkan yang tidak pernah digunakan adalah both ... and dan not only ... but also.

Subordinating conjunction juga salah satu conjunction yang paling sering

digunakan, seperti because, if, as. Sedangkan subordinating yang tidak pernah digunakan adalah in order that, as though. Dan yang terakhir adalah conjunctive

adverb, dimana yang paling sering digunakan adalah then, besides, dan however.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii

ABSTRACT ... iii

ABSTRAK ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

1. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 The Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 The Problem of the Study ... 2

1.3 The scopes of the Study ... 2

1.4 The Purpose of Writing ... 2

1.5 The Reasons for Choosing the Topic ... 3

1.6 The Method of Research ... 3

2. THEORITICAL FRAME WORK ... 4

2.1 A Brief Description of Conjunction ... 4

2.2 Kinds of Conjunction ... 5

2.2.1 Coordinating Conjunction ... 5

2.2.2 Correlative Conjunction ... 7

2.2.3 Subordinating Conjunction ... 9

2.2.4 Conjunctive Adverb ... 11

2.3 The Use of Conjunction ... 12

2.4 The Functions of Conjunction ... 19

3. THE STUDY OF CONJUNCTION IN JULIA QUINN’S TEN THINGS I LOVE ABOUT YOU ... 30

3.1 Kinds of Conjunction ... 30

3.2 The Use of Conjunction ... 36

3.3 The Function of Conjunction ... 39

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 46

4.1 Conclusion ... 46

4.2 Suggestion ... 47 REFERENCES

ABSTRACT

This paper entitled An Analysis of Conjunction in Julia Quinn’s Ten Things I Love About You is about the conjunctions used in the sentences of Julia Quinn novel. This paper describes briefly the work of the types of connecting words and examples. Based on analysis, there are some classification on what conjunction that most frequently used and never to used. Coordinating conjunction and is the most frequently used in the novel, while conjunction for is never to used. Either ... or is correlative conjunction that most frequently used, while never to used are

both ... and and not only ... but also. Subordinating conjunction is also most

frequently used, like because, if, as. While never to used are in order that, as

though. And the last is conjunctive adverb, where the most frequently used are

then, besides, and however. While never to used are nevertheless, in conrast,

ABSTRAK

Kertas karya yang berjudul An Analysis of Conjunction in Julia Quinn’s Ten Things I Love About You ini membahas tenatng penggunaan conjucntion dalam kalimat yang terdapat dalam novel Julia Quinn. Setelah dianalisa dan ditabulasi, terdapat beberapa klasifikasi conjunction apa yang paling sering digunakan dan tidak pernah digunakan. Coordinating conjunctionand adalah conjunction yang paling sering digunakan dalam novel tersebut, sedangkan coordinating

conjunctionfor adalah conjunction yang tidak pernah digunakan. Either ... or

adalah yang correlative conjunction yang paling sering digunakan, sedangkan yang tidak pernah digunakan adalah both ... and dan not only ... but also.

Subordinating conjunction juga salah satu conjunction yang paling sering

digunakan, seperti because, if, as. Sedangkan subordinating yang tidak pernah digunakan adalah in order that, as though. Dan yang terakhir adalah conjunctive

adverb, dimana yang paling sering digunakan adalah then, besides, dan however.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Language is a tool of communication. It is one important thing in human life. Without language, the human can not communicate to each other. But sometimes, they can not communicate the other people especially with the people in other countries. Therefore, the whole world chooses some languages, one of them is English. It is to be the one of international language where all countries should to learn it. Learning English is not easy. There are many words in English which have the same word but have different meaning. Besides English has also a complicated structure or grammar.

Hancock (2005:6) says, “Grammar is the natural, inherent, meaning-making system of the language, a system that governs the way words come together to form meanings; grammar is also the study of that system, the various theories or perspectives that attempt to understand and describe it.”

Grammar describes the kinds or words in a language and the ways the word are fitted together into meaningful groups. In other words, grammar is the description of language. It describes the kinds of words in a language (nouns, verbs, adverbs, and so on) and how the users of the language put single words together into meaning groups. However, there are so many parts of grammar. one of them is conjunction.

Conjunction is the connector of one sentence or clause/phrase to another sentence or clause/phrase. Not only tenses, verbs, or adverbs, but conjunction is

also important to be learned. Conjunction is almost always used in newspaper, magazine and novel. Like in Julia Quinn’s novel Ten Things I Love about You, there are so many conjunctions. This paper analyses the kinds, the use and the function of the conjunction from that novel.

1.2 The Problem of the Study

The problems in this paper are :

1) What kinds of conjunction are found in the novel? 2) How are the conjunction used?

3) What are the functions of conjunction?

1.3 The Scope of the Study

The scope of the study in Julia Quinn’s novel Ten Things I Love about You

is the conjunction. This paper analyses the kinds, funtions, and uses of conjunctions.

1.4 The Purpose of the Study

The purposes of the study are :

1) To find out and to classify the kinds of conjunction in Julia Quinn’s novel

Ten Things I Love about You.

2) To describe the functions of conjunction. 3) To describe the uses of conjunction.

1.5 The Reasons for Choosing the Topic

The reason for choosing the conjunction is because conjunction has many items, functions, and the uses which confuses the learners to learn.

1.6 The Method of Research

In writing this paper, the library method of research is used. As the sources of data, the writer takes from the novel. Finally, the writer combines and tabulates the conjunctions based on their type in order to find out which type is used the most often in that novel.

2. THEORITICAL FRAME WORK

2.1 A Brief Description of Conjunction

Hancock (2005:6) says, “Grammar is the natural, inherent, meaning-making system of the language, a system that governs the way words come together to form meanings; grammar is also the study of that system, the various theories or perspectives that attempt to understand and describes it.” It means that grammar is a system of language. It is the natural system, not created by human.”

In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases, clauses, or sentences together. Hancock (2005:139) says, “A conjunction is a word with primarily grammatical function, that of linking together two (or more) structures and establishing a relationship between (or among) them.” It means that conjunction is the one of grammar member. Without conjunction, we cannot link two or more structure which in a sentence.”

A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what contitutes a “conjunction” must be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins. The definition may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function as a single-word conjunction (as well as, provided that, etc.).

Burch (2003:55) says, “Conjunctions are joining words. They join words, phrases, and/or clauses to create meaning. The root-junct (as in junction, juncture) refers to the joining function of conjunctions, and the prefix con- means together, with, or

2. THEORITICAL FRAME WORK

2.1 A Brief Description of Conjunction

Hancock (2005:6) says, “Grammar is the natural, inherent, meaning-making system of the language, a system that governs the way words come together to form meanings; grammar is also the study of that system, the various theories or perspectives that attempt to understand and describes it.” It means that grammar is a system of language. It is the natural system, not created by human.”

In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases, clauses, or sentences together. Hancock (2005:139) says, “A conjunction is a word with primarily grammatical function, that of linking together two (or more) structures and establishing a relationship between (or among) them.” It means that conjunction is the one of grammar member. Without conjunction, we cannot link two or more structure which in a sentence.”

A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what contitutes a “conjunction” must be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins. The definition may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function as a single-word conjunction (as well as, provided that, etc.).

Burch (2003:55) says, “Conjunctions are joining words. They join words, phrases, and/or clauses to create meaning. The root-junct (as in junction, juncture) refers to the joining function of conjunctions, and the prefix con- means together, with, or

joint.” It means that the main function of conjunction is joining words. From the quote we know that the meaning of conjunction word is same as the function.” Wren and Martin (1990:151) says, ”Conjunction is a word which merely joins

together sentences, and sometimes words.” It means that conjunction uses to join sentences and words with the pattern and punctuation.”

2.2 Kinds of Conjunction

there are four kinds of conjunction: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and conjunctive adverbs.

2.2.1 Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions or coordinators are conjunctions that join items of equal graamatical importance. Co- means with or jointly, and the Latin root

ordo means order; thus coordinate means to order with or to order together. These conjunctions join equal sentence parts. These conjunctions also used to join subjects and predicates, and to join whole sentences together. They are actually used to join any parallel elements of the sentences.

There are seven coordinate conjunctions: and, or, nor, but, for, so, and, yet.

(Wishon/Burks, 1980, 135) For example :

• Kennedy and his brother are a students. ( two subjects)

• She is beautiful and smart girl. ( two

• Did you look in the dictionary or the encyclopedia? ( two objects of a prepositions)

• The victorious party sang and danced in the streets. ( two predicates)

There are four kinds of coordinating conjunctions, they are :

1) Cumulative or copulative which merely add one statement to another, for example :

1) We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone.

2) It was cold outside, and the icy chill pressed up against him through the glass.

2) Adversative which express opposition or contrast between two statements, for example :

1) He is slow, but he is sure. 2) I was annoyed, still I kept quiet. 3) I would come ; only that I am engaged. 4) He was all right ; only he was fatigued.

3) Disjunctive or Alternative which express a choice between two alternatives, for example :

1) She must weep, or she will die.

2) She have to take a rest, or she will sick. 4) Illative which express an inference, for example :

1) Something certainly fell in ; for I heard a splash.

2.2.2 Correlative Conjunctions

These conjunctions, as seen in the case of compound subjects and predicates, are used in pairs. They may be used to join two basic sentence patterns or two parallel elements of any kinds. (Wishon/Burks, 1980, 136)

The most important thing to remember when using correlative conjunctions is that the words, phrases, or clauses that are put together must be the same type. That means that nouns must be put together withother nouns, verbs with other verbs, adjectives with other adjectives, and so on. This point will be more fully explained following the list of frequently used correlative conjunctions. (Laurie Rozakis, Ph.D, 2003, 7)

The correlative conjunctions are Either ... or, Neither ... nor, Both ... and, Not only ... but also, as ... as, whether ... or.

Either ... or and Neither ... nor are used to connect two negative statements when the meanings of their predicates are the same. For example :

1) I think she is not either Russian or Polish.

2) Either he could not come or he did not want to.

3) Their house is neither big nor small.

• We can express emphatically a combination of two things ( nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc) by using both .... and.

For example :

2) She both built and endowed the hospital. 3) It was both cold and wet.

• We express two alternative emphatically by either ... or for the affirmative or interrogative, for example :

1) We can have either tripe or liver. 2) Can you eat either tripe or liver?

And by using Either ... or + a negative verb or Neither ... nor + an affirmative verb for the negative, for example :

1) I can not eat either tripe or liver. = i can eat neither tripe nor liver. 2) She does not read either magazine or newspaper. = she reads neither

magazine nor newspaper.

• When a negative verb is repeated with a new subject, either may be placed at the end of the sentence, for example :

1) He didn’t go and she didn’t go either. 2) He doesn’t eat and she doesn’t eat either.

But this can be more neatly expressed by using neither/nor + auxiliary verb (affirmative) + subject, for example :

1) He didn’t go and neither did she.

2) It wasn’t the whole truth, but neither was it a lie. (Thomson/Martinet, 1970, 54)

The homicide detectives checked for not only blood spatters but also tissue flecks.

Do you see how much more emphatic the blood and tissue become once they are linkes by the correlatives? The correlatives emphasize the paralelism of the compound objects:

Not only blood spatters

The homicide detectives checked for

But also tissue flecks.

2.2.3 Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordination is connecting two unequal but related clauses with a subordinating conjunction to form a complex sentence. Coordination shows the relationship among equal independent clauses; subordination, in contrast, shows the relationship between ideas of unequal rank.

Subordination help to develop the ideas, trace relationships among ideas, and emphasize one idea over the other.

These words are commonly used as subordinating conjunctions

After in order (that) Unless

Although insofar as Until

As in that When

as soon as no matter how Where

as if now that Wherever

as though Once Whether

Because provided (that) While

Before Since Why

even if so that

even though supposing (that)

How Than

If That

inasmuch as Though

in case (that) Till

The subordinating conjunctions also include what traditional grammarians call the relative pronouns: who,whom,what, that, which. These pronoun-conjunctions introduce a particular kind of clause, a relative or adjective clause. They are called relative pronouns because they clearly relate the clause to the noun with which it patterns; the relationship between the noun and its relative pronoun (and relative clause) is clear. Here are a few sentences illustrating subordinators:

1) Although we were young, we knew what we wanted.

2) No one cashed the lottery ticket because it had been washed and dried in the laundry.

3) We were too tired to recognize the soldier who was approaching. (C. Beth Burch, 2003, 56)

2.2.4 Conjunctive Adverbs

These adverbs, like coordinate and correlative conjunctions, are used to connect, basic sentence patterns and make compound sentences. However unlike the coordinate conjunctions, they are grammatically a part of the sentences they introduce and could be moved to an internal position in the sentence.

Conjunctive adverbs are : accordingly also besides consequently conversely finally furthermore hence however indeed instead likewise meanwhile moreover nevertheless next nonetheless otherwise similarly still subsequently then therefore thus

2.3The Use of Conjunction

To use conjunction need the rule that we have to follow. These the way of use conjunction consist of the punctuation and form.

2.3.1 Coordinating Conjunction

Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses. For examples :

2) The squid eyeball stew is so thick that you can eat it with a fork or spoon.

3) Rocky, my orange tomcat, loves having his head scratched but hates getting his claws trimmed.

The Punctuation of Coordinating Conjunctions

Three patterns in writing use coordinating conjunctions. Add commas when required.

Pattern 1 — Connecting two main clauses

When you connect tw comma. The pattern looks like this:

main clause + , + coordinating conjunction + main clause

Here are some examples :

1) While I am at work, my dog Floyd sleeps on the bed, and my cat Buster naps in the bathtub.

2) Annabel’s pedigree might have included a grandfather who was a viscount, but she was a country gentleman’s daughter.

Pattern 2 — Connecting two items

You can also use a coordinating conjunction to connect any two items. These items can be any grammatical unit except main clauses. The pattern looks like this:

item + Ø + coordinating conjunction + item

Here are some examples:

1) My dog Floyd has too many fleas and too much hair.

2) My cat Buster has beautiful blue eyes but a destructive personality.

Pattern 3 — Connecting three or more items in a series

When you have three or more before the coordinating conjunction. Some handbooks and style guides will tell you that this comma is optional, but my advice is to put it in. The pattern looks like this:

item + , + item + , + coordinating conjunction + item

Here are some examples :

1) Peanuts, cookies, and milk. 2) A piece of paper, pen, and pencil.

2.3.2 Correlative Conjunction

Use correlative conjunctions to link equivalent items in pairs. Such conjunctions might include phrases such as "both ... and," "either ... or," "neither ... nor" or "whether ... or" and should be placed next to the words they connect. For examples :

1) Either we meet the budget or downsizing will be the alternative.

2) She is respected by neither her clients nor her colleagues.

3) They not only finished the project on time but also came in below budget.

When you use correlative conjunctions, be careful about verb agreement.

If you connect tw must agree with the

1) Every single evening either the horned owl or the squabbling cats wake Samantha with their racket.

2) Every single evening either the squabbling cats or the horned owl wakes Samantha with its racket.

When you use correlative conjunctions, be careful about pronoun agreement.

If you connect tw must agree with the

1) Neither Yolanda nor the cousins expressed their disappointment when blind Aunt Sophie set down the plate of burnt hamburgers. 2) Neither the cousins norYolanda expressed her disappointment when

blind Aunt Sophie set down the plate of burnt hamburgers.

When you use correlative conjunctions, be careful about parallel structure.

Either ... or, neither ... nor, and not only ... but also require special attention when you are proofreading for grammatical units after both parts of the conjunction.

You can have tw

Not onlydid Michael grill a steak for Tiffany, buthealsoprepared a hotdog for Rocket, her dog.

Or you can shorten the sentence with tw

Michael grilled meat not onlyfor Tiffanybut alsofor Rocket, her dog.

Or you can have tw

2.3.3 Subordinating Conjunction

Subordinating Conjunctions are used when one idea in a sentence is dependent upon another idea. The subordinate conjunction is used to connect the dependent with the main thought.

Some sentences are complex. Such sentences have two clauses, one

independent] and onedependent]. These are the patterns for a

complex sentence:

Subordinate clause + , + main clause

main clause + Ø + subordinate clause

When the dependent clause is placed first in a sentence, use a comma between the two clauses.

When the independent clause is placed first and the dependent clause second, do not separate the two clauses with a comma.

Subordinating conjunctions also join two clauses together, but in doing so, they make one clause dependent (or "subordinate") upon the other.

A subordinating conjunction may appear at a sentence beginning or between two clauses in a sentence.

A subordinate conjunction usually provides a tighter connection between clauses than a coordinating conjunctions does.

Loose: It is raining, so we have an umbrella. Tight: Because it is raining, we have an umbrella.

2.3.4 Conjunctive Adverb

A conjunctive adverb can join tw conjunctive adverb behaves like a complete ideas. Notice, however, that you need a connect the two clauses:

main clause + ; + conjunctive adverb + , + main clause

For examples:

1) The dark skies and distant thunder dissuaded Clarice from her afternoon run; moreover, she had thirty calculus problems to solve for her morning class.

2) Leon's apartment complex does not allow dogs over thirty pounds; otherwise, he would have bought the gangly Great Dane puppy playing in the pet store window.

3) The cat ate a bowlful of tuna; then, to the squirrels' delight, the fat feline fell asleep in the rocking chair.

A conjunctive adverb will also introduce, interrupt, or conclude a single

main clause. In this situation, you will often need commas to separate the conjunctive adverb from the rest of the sentence.

For examples:

1) At 10 a.m., Paul was supposed to be taking his biology midterm. Instead, he was flirting with the pretty waitress at the coffee house. 2) Maria declined Jeff's third invitation to go out. This young man is

determined, nevertheless, to take her to dinner one night soon.

3) After mowing the yard in the hot sun, Pedro was too hungry to shower. He did wash his dusty hands, however.

If the break is weak, do not use comma(s).

1) Anna called to say her car would not start. Rafael will therefore have to walk to school.

2) The long noodles splashed tomato sauce all over the front of Brenda's shirt. Ordering fettuccine was a mistake indeed.

2.4 The Functions of Conjunction

Coordinating conjunction, correlative conjunction, subordinating conjunction, and conjunctive adverb have a different function. And these are the lists of the each conjunction.

2.4.1 Coordinating Conjunction

There are some functions of coordinating conjunction and, but, or, nor, so,

and for. And these the lists of the function of each coordinating conjunction. As the coordinating conjunction, and has many functions. There are some functions of and, they are :

a. To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another: "Tashonda sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a response."

b. To suggest that one idea is the result of another: "Willie heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house."

c. To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another (frequently replaced by

but in this usage): "Juanita is brilliant and Shalimar has a pleasant personality.

d. To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by yet in this usage): "Hartford is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban blight."

e. To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally w(usually the first clause is an imperative): "Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt."

f. To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause: "Charlie became addicted to gambling — and that surprised no one who knew him."

As the coordinating conjunction, but has many functions. There are some functions of but, they are :

a. To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause: "Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably."

b. To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way (sometimes replaced by on the contrary): "The club never invested foolishly, but used the services of a sage investment counselor."

c. To connect two ideas with the meaning of "with the exception of" (and then the second word takes over as subject): "Everybody but Goldenbreath is trying out for the team."

As the coordinating conjunction, orhas many functions. There are some functions of or, they are :

a. To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other: "You can study hard for this exam or you can fail."

b. To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: "We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers.

c. To suggest a refinement of the first clause: "Smith College is the premier all-women's college in the country, or so it seems to most Smith College alumnae."

d. To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the sentence: "There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide tells us."

e. To suggest a negative condition: "The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim "Live free or die."

f. To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative (see use of andabove): "They must approve his political style or they wouldn't keep electing him mayor."

Nor is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions, so it might feel a bit odd when nor does come up in conversation or writing. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair,

neither-nor :

• He is neither sane nor brilliant.

• That is neither what I said nor what I meant.

It can be used with other negative expressions:

• That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.

It is possible to use nor without a preceding negative element, but it is unusual and, to an extent, rather stuffy:

• George's handshake is as good as any written contract, nor has he ever proven untrustworthy.

The functions of yetsometimes as an adverb and has several meanings: in addition ("yet another cause of trouble" or "a simple yet noble woman"), even ("yet more expensive"), still ("he is yet a novice"), eventually ("they may yet win"), and so soon as now ("he's not here yet"). It also functions as a coordinating conjunction meaning something like "nevertheless" or "but." The word yet seems to carry an element of distinctiveness that but can seldom register.

• John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is badminton.

• The visitors complained loudly about the heat, yet they continued to play golf every day.

In sentences such as the second one, above, the pronoun subject of the second clause ("they," in this case) is often left out. When that happens, the comma preceding the conjunction might also disappear: "The visitors complained loudly yet continued to play golf every day."

Yet is sometimes combined with other conjunctions, but or and. It would not be unusual to see and yet in sentences like the ones above. This usage is acceptable.

For is most often used as a preposition, of course, but it does serve, on rare occasions, as a coordinating conjunction. Some people regard the conjunction for as rather highfalutin and literary, and it does tend to add a bit of weightiness to the text. Beginning a sentence with the conjunction "for" is probably not a good idea, except when you're singing "For he's a jolly good fellow. "For" has serious sequential implications and its use the order of thoughts is more important than it

is, say, with because or since. Its function is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause:

• John thought he had a good chance to get the job, for his father was on the company's board of trustees.

• Most of the visitors were happy just sitting around in the shade, for it had been a long, dusty journey on the train.

As the conjunction, so have some functions. But be careful of the conjunction so. Sometimes it can connect two independent clauses along with a comma, but sometimes it can't. For instance, in this sentence,

• Soto is not the only Olympic athlete in his family, so are his brother, sister, and his Uncle Chet.

where the word so means "as well" or "in addition," most careful writers would use a semicolon between the two independent clauses. In the following sentence, where so is acting like a minor-league "therefore," the conjunction and the comma are adequate to the task:

• Soto has always been nervous in large gatherings, so it is no surprise that he avoids crowds of his adoring fans.

Sometimes, at the beginning of a sentence, so will act as a kind of summing up device or transition, and when it does, it is often set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma:

• So, the sheriff peremptorily removed the child from the custody of his parents.

2.4.2 Correlative Conjunction

Correlative conjunctions are more similar to coordinating conjunctions than to subordinating conjunctions in that the sentence fragments they connect are fairly equal. Subordinating conjunctions connect independent and dependent clauses, which have totally different functions. Coordinating conjunctions and correlative conjunctions, on the other hand, connect words and phrases that carry equal weight in the sentence.

For example, “both/and” connects either two subjects or two objects:

• Both Jon and Lauren enjoyed the movie. (subjects)

• Jon enjoyed both the movie and the popcorn. (objects)

“As/as” compares nouns using an adjective or an adverb:

• Peter is as tall as Jeff.

• A lion can’t run as fast as a cheetah.

“Not only/but also” can connect nouns or entire

• I’m going not only to the concert, but also backstage!

2.4.3 Subordinating Conjunction

Some of the most important subordinating conjunctions fall into two groups:

contrast, and cause and effect.

Conjunction Function Example

although (even) though whereas while

express contrast between ideas

Although she's small, she's very strong.

John is short, whereas Mary is tall.

because as since

show a cause/effect relationship between ideas

I lost my job because I was often late.

Since I have no money, I can't go to the movie.

2.4.4 Conjunctive Adverb

Because they are akin to adverbs, conjunctive adverbs can indeed function as simple adverbs. In such a situation, they merely modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb. When they behave this way, they do not need any special

punctuation. They are simply functioning as adverbs. For example, consider these two sentences:

• However ugly the gargoyle may be, I will go on a blind date with him.

Here, accordingly and however are simple adverbs. All accordingly does is modify the verb interested. All however does is modify the adjective

ugly.

On the other hand, as Kolln and Funk note, conjunctive adverbs can also appear at the start of a sentence or clause to indicate result, concession, apposition, addition, time, contrast, summary, or reinforcement.

Result : therefore, consequently, of course

Concession : nevertheless, yet, still, after all, of course

Apposition : for example, for instance, that is, namely, in other words

Addition : moreover, furthermore, also, in addition, likewise, further

Time : meanwhile, in the meantime

Contrast : however, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, rather

Summary : thus, in conclusion, then

Reinforcement : further, in particular, indeed, above all, in fact

When conjunctive adverbs function this way, they are separated from the rest of the sentence with a comma. In such cases, the conjunctive adverb needs a

comma after it because it is a phrase appearing before an independent clause. Note the commas in the following sentences.

1) Therefore, I will eat eggs! 2) Still, it sounds like a good idea.

3) In other words, grammar is a useful skill.

4) Likewise, all students should embrace the sad little conjunctive adverbs.

5) Meanwhile, the conjunctive adverbs sat pouting in the corner. 6) However, we should not mock conjunctive adverbs.

7) Thus, the conjunctive adverbs will bow before their masters, the cruel semicolons.

Above all, we must realize conjunctive adverbs are an important part of the grammatical ecosystem.

Finally, sometimes conjunctive adverbs try to pretend they are full conjunctions and hook two independent clauses together. This pretension is indeed a sad travesty! They are not really full conjunctions, and they can't do that job by themselves. Typically, they lurk just behind a semicolon in this situation, and it is the semicolon that does the real job of joining the two independent clauses. A comma should always follow the conjunctive adverb in such instances.

1) The gods thundered in the heavens; furthermore, the mortals below cowered in fear.

2) The bank robber dodged the bullet; however, Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia.

3) Susan appreciated the flowers; nevertheless, a Corvette would be a finer gift.

4) Dr. Wheeler is a grammar tyrant; thus, he requires correct punctuation. 5) She will go on a blind date with George; however, he is a really ugly

fellow.

6) The tyranosaurs were migrating south; meanwhile, the apatosaurs breathed a sigh of relief.

The conjunctive adverbs pretend they are conjunctions; however, the semicolon is what really connects the two clauses together.

3. THE STUDY OF CONJUNCTION IN JULIA QUINN’S TEN THINGS I LOVE ABOUT YOU

3.1 Kinds of Conjunction

There are some kinds of conjunction, namely coordinating conjunction, correlative conjunction, subordinating conjunction, and conjunctive adverb. 3.1.1 Coordinating Conjunctions

There are four kinds of coordinating conjunction, they are :

a. Cumulative or copulative is coordinating conjunction used to add one statement to another, for examples :

1) Annabel sucked in her lips, clasped her hands together in her lap, and

wondered what she might do to give off the air of being infertile. (chapter 1, page 12)

2) Louisa was addressing her with uncommon urgency, and she’d do well to listen. (chapter 1, page 19)

3) Annabel nodded, and an unfamiliar feeling washed over her. (chapter 1, page 19)

4) A lady of intelligence and discernment. (chapter 4, page 60)

b. Adversative is coordinating conjunctions used to express contrast between two statements, for examples :

1) she was not always right, but she was almost always certain. (chapter 1, page 15)

2) They had never had a lot, but when her father had been alive, they’d always managed to make do. (chapter 1, page 15)

3) Louisa may have been shy, she may have been the last person anyone would expect to spread gossip and rumors, but she knew everything. (chapter 1, page 18)

c. Disjunctive or Alternative iscoordinating conjunctions used to show a choice between two alternatives, for examples :

1) He seemed like the kind of man who could tell when a female was blushing based on the scent of the wind, or the alignment of the stars. (chapter 4, page 58)

2) He held his tongue, or perhaps more accurately, bit the damned thing off. (chapter 5, page 78)

3) They were chatting about something or other and had moved off a bit to the right. (chapter 8, page 108)

d. Illative is coordinating conjunction used to express something inferred from another statement or fact, for examples :

1) Her grandfather had been ranting about both this week, so Annabel had no excuse for not dveloping an interest. (chapter 6, page 83)

2) Sebastian hadn’t had his back to the approaching pair, so he only to do a quarter turn to face them. (chapter 7, page 97)

3) I’ve been away for several weeks, so I’m hopelessly out of date. (chapter 7, page 99)

This conjunction is always found in all chapter in this novel. The most frequently use are and and but. For examples :

1) ... Fortunes of Miss Annabel Winslow, but there were ten things that made Lord Vickers’s pronouncement hit paintfully close to her heart. (chapter 1, page 9)

2) Louisa had come by for an afternoon visit, and they had been quite enjoying themselves before Lord Newburry had made his unexpected entrance. (chapter 1, page 10)

3) ... Always an excellent circumstance for a man who liked good food, good music, and good conversation. (chapter 2, page 26)

4) So Newburry was panting after another broodmare. (chapter 2, page 27) 5) Sebastian kept his eyes closed, but he could practically hear his cousin

give a shrug. (chapter 2, page 27)

6) ... And yet she felt it all the same.(chapter 4, page 55)

7) Was it my imagination, or did we have a perfectly civil conversation not ten minutes earlier? (chapter 5, page 78)

8) I haven’t agreed to anything yet. (chapter 6, page 87)

9) Nor did she notice that for someone who was so obsessed with matching a hue exactly, Annabel did not see the need to actually bring the dress with her to the milliner. (chapter 16, page 214)

10)His uncle did not have a reputation for baseness or cruelty, but nor had any woman ever had cause to call him gentle. (chapter 17, page 228)

3.1.2 Correlative Conjunctions

There are some correlative conjunctions found in this novel. For examples :

1) It’s neither here nor there. (chapter 1, page 22)

2) Either that or she’d drunk her punch from the wrong bowl. (chapter 4,

page 59)

3) It wasn’t the whole truth, but neither was it a lie. (chapter 6, page 81) 4) Harry hadn’t said anything, but then again, Seb hadn’t, either. (Chapter

7, page 95)

5) ... Annabel did not think that either Louisa or Lady Olivia heard him. (chapter 8, page 108)

6) Clearly she also did not judge either of the two principals able to manage their own scandal. (chapter 12, page 171)

7) Miss Winslow’s maid has the afternoon free, so it was either me or

Lady Vickers. (chapter 14, page 177)

8) Whether it was the tea or the fun of baiting his young cousin, he was

starting to feel better. (chapter 2, page 38)

9) ... that he might be just as mystified as she by this strange pull between them. (chapter 15, page 200)

3.1.3 Subordinating Conjunctions

There are some subordinating conjunctions found in this novel. For examples :

1) As far as Annabel knew, he had never revised that opinion. (chapter 1,

page 11)

2) If Annabel hadn’t known things before, she certainly did now. (chapter 1, page 14)

3) He wondered if he might fall asleep. (chapter 2, page 27) 4) He’d still puke on her feet, though. (chapter 2, page 27)

5) Edward stared at him as if he’d gone mad. (chapter 2, page 32) 6) Where is our dear Olivia when we need her. (chapter 2, page 35) 7) She didn’t know where she got the strength. (chapter 3, page 42)

8) It would have been magical if the wind blewin time to a waltz. (chapter 3, page 47)

9) It was uncommonly peaceful out here on the heath, even if he could hear the sounds of the party humming in on the wind. (chapter 3, page 49)

10)... She was smiling, because for some reason, this brought her great joy. (chapter 4, page 63)

3.1.4 Conjunctive Adverb

There are some conjunctive adverb found in this novel. For examples : 1) Louisa’s mother, on the other hand, had wed the younger son of the

Duke of Fenniwick a mere three months before ... (chapter 1, page 11) 2) And Annabel, who in addition to being the Winslow most likely to fall

asleep in church ... (chapter 1, page 15)

3) At present, however, with his aching head and queasy stomach ... (chapter 2, page 26)

4) Besides, it would be difficult to continue his clandestine writing career

from abroad. (chapter 2, page 36)

5) In fact, more than anything else, she sounded perplexed. (chapter 5,

page 71)

6) He opened his mouth to say her name, then remembered he didn’t know it. (chapter 5, page 71)

7) She was likely to provide him with a new heir, thus cutting off theman she did want to kiss. (chapter 6, page 87)

8) Still, he was extremely glad that this movement turned him away from

olivia ... (chapter 7, page 97)

9) Miss Winslow, however, colored the most charming shade of pink. (chapter 7, page 98)

10)I am bereft that our paths have not crossed thus far this season. (chapter 7, page

3.2 The Use of Conjunction

There are some use of each conjunction. The use of coordinating conjunction, namely connecting two main clauses, connecting two items, and connecting three or more items in a series.

The use of correlative conjunction is to link equivalent items in a pairs. The useof subordinating conjunction is to connecting a dependent clauses with an independent clauses. The use of conjunctive adverb is to connecting the complete ideas.

3.2.1 The Use of Coordinating Conjunction

There are some uses of coordinating conjunction, namely : a. Connecting two main clauses, for examples :

1) Louisa had come by for an afternoon visit, and they had been quite enjoying themselves before Lord Newburry had made his unexpected entrance.

2) Louisa’s face was perfectly placid, as it always was in social settings,

but Annabel saw her eyes widen with sympathy.

3) Someone had been celebrating something, and it would have been rude not to join in.

4) Edward picked up the newspaper, and they fell into a companionable silence.

5) There was too much light coming from the party to find clarity in the night sky, but the stars were still twinkling here and there.

b. Connecting two items, for examples : 1) Elizabeth was young and beautiful. 2) A lady of intelligence and discernment.

3) He was the sort of gentleman young ladies swore to avoid but secretly dreamed about.

4) ... don’t you think, for a day or two. 5) Put your head down and barrel through.

c. Connecting three or more items in a series, for examples : 1) They weren’t balled, fisted, or frozen into claws.

2) Because he knew it would befuddleher, took her hand, and kissed it.

3.2.2 The Use of Correlative Conjunction

Use correlative conjunctions to link equivalent items in pairs and should be placed next to the words they connect. This conjunction does not use comma, semicolon, or the other punctuation.

For examples :

1) Well, it’s neither here nor there. (chapter 1, page 22)

2) Whether it was the tea or the fun of baiting his young cousin ...

(chapter 2, page 38)

3) Either that or she’d drunk her punch from the wrong bowl. (chapter 4,

page 59)

5) ... it was either me or Lady Vickers. (chapter 14, page 177)

3.2.3 The Use of Subordinating Conjunction

There are some uses of subordinating conjunctions, namely :

a. When the dependent clause is placed first in a sentence, use a comma between the two clauses. For examples :

1) ... evidently Newburry agreed, because he blustered incoherently. (chapter 11, page 140)

2) Annabel ground out, although truth be told, she wasn’t sure she wanted to know. (chapter 11, page 146)

3) Although all things considered, he’d have rather beheld it turned upon

someone else. (chapter 12, page 154)

4) In fact, if Mary hadnot taken ill with a lung ailment that spring.

(chapter 16, page 215)

b. When the independent clause is placed first and the dependent clause second, do not separate the two clauses with a comma, for

examples :

1) She fell in love because a man wearing feathers told her she would be saved by a man she’d never met. (chapter 10, page 128)

3.2.4 The Use of Conjunctive Adverb

Conjunctive adverb is like coordinating conjunction which connecting to complete ideas. This conjunction use semicolon to connect two main clause, not use a comma. But a conjunctive adverb will also introduce, interrupt, or conclude

a single main clause. In this situation, comma is needed to connect the single main

clause.

For examples :

1) When he saw her, however, he immediately broke away and came to her side. (chapter 15, page 193)

2) Instead, Annabel had an extremely wealthy. (chapter 16, page 216)

3) He wasn’t, however, quite sure why he felt so guilty about it. (chapter 17, page 231)

4) Besides, it might cheer her up. (chapter 17, page 235)

5) ... ,and thus never have learned how to properly interact with your peers. (chapter 9, page 122)

3.3 The Function of Conjunction

Every conjunction have different function. Like coordinating conjunction consist of and, or, nor, but, for, so, yet have an each function in writing. And so correlative conjunction, subordinating conjunction, and conjunctive adverb.

3.3.1 Coordinating Conjunction

There are seven coordinating conjunctions, such as and, or, nor, but, for,

The functions of coordinating conjunction of and are :

a. To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another, for examples :

1) Someone had been celebrating something, and it would have been rude not to join in. (chapter 2, page 30)

2) His heart leaped, and his breath seemed to skip. (chapter 5, page 68)

b. To suggest that one idea is the result of another, for examples :

1) When she’d taken his hand, and his skin touched hers, something flared within him. (chapter 5, page 68)

2) Her mouth opened into an indignant gasp, and Sebastian felt an alarming satisfaction at having bsted her. (chapter 5, page 74)

c. To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another, for example : 1) They’re friends, and Newburry has money. (chapter 2, page 31)

d. To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, for example : 1) ... his chin slightly lifted as he gazed over the crowd below, and his

lips were curved into a small smile of kinship. (chapter 10, page 125) The functions of coordinating conjunction of but are :

a. To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause, for examples :

1) Louisa may have been shy, she may have been the last person anyone would expect to spread gossip and rumors, but she knew everything. (chapter 1, page 18)

2) Harry’s brows rose, but he merely yawned. (chapter 10, page 134) The functions of coordinating conjunction of or are :

a. To suggest a negative condition, for example :

1) I really don’t care one way or the other. (chapter 2, page 32)

b. To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the sentence, for example :

1) He’d managed to make her laugh – or at least make her smile in the struggle not to laugh – in under a minute. (chapter 8, 111)

c. To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives, for example :

1) Most young ladies of acceptable looks and/or fortune had an unwanted suitor or two.

The function of coordinating conjunction of nor is :

a. To suggest a contrast but in negative statement, for example :

1) His uncle did not have a reputation for baseness or cruelty, but nor

had any woman ever had cause to call him gentle. (chapter 17, page 228)

The function of coordinating conjunction of yet is : a. Nevertheless, for examples :

1) ... And yet she felt it all the same. (chapter 4, page 55) 2) And yet it felt like it should. (chapter 4, page 65)

The functions of coordinating conjunction of so are : a. Therefore, for example :

1) So Newburry was panting after another broodmare. (chapter 2, page 27)

2) He was approaching on the right, so she moved left. (chapter 24, page 329)

3.3.2 Correlative Conjunction

There are some functions of correlative conjunction. here are the list of the function of correlative conjunction.

a. To compares nouns using an adjective or an adverb, for examples : 1) He wasn’t as bad as all that. (chapter 5, page 79)

2) ... that he might be just as mystified as she by this strange pull between them. (chapter 15, page 200)

b. To express two alternative emphatically, for example : 1) it was either me or Lady Vickers. (chapter 14, page 177)

c. To connect two negative statements when the meanings of their predicates are the same, for examples :

1) ... Annabel did not think that either Louisa or Lady Olivia heard him. (chapter 8, page 108)

2) Miss Winslow’s maid has the afternoon free, so it was either me or

3.3.3 Subordinating Conjunction

There are some functions of subordinating conjunction. here are the list of the function of subordinating conjunction.

a. To express contrast between ideas, for examples :

1) Annabel ground out, although truth be told, she wasn’t sure she wanted to know. (chapter 11, page 146)

2) Although all things considered, he’d have rather beheld it turned upon

someone else. (chapter 12, page 154)

3) It was impossible not to smile while she was laughing. (chapter 17, page 241)

4) Whereas I have never even uttered the word ‘marriage’ in a woman’s

presence before today. (chapter 18, page 253)

5) Even the time Harry had been nearly killed, approached from behind by a French captain. (chapter 19, page 265)

b. To show a cause/effect relationship between ideas, for examples :

1) As Annabel sipped the hot liquid, Olivia told her about her husband’s work. (chapter 16, page 222)

2) She wasn’t sure what he thought he saw, because she certainly didn’t. (chapter 19, page 269)

3) Annabel determined to kick her later, since she could not reach her at the moment. (chapter 22, page 309)

3.3.4 Conjunctive Adverb

There are some functions of conjunctive adverb. Here are the list of function of conjunctive adverb.

a. Result

1) And therefore she will never be your concern. (chapter 23, page 318)

b. Contrast

1) When he saw her, however, he immediately broke away and came to her side. (chapter 15, page 192)

2) He, however, looked utterly dashing and dangerous. (chapter 15, page

196)

3) I rather enjoy speaking in riddles. (chapter 15, page 196)

4) Edward, on the other hand, had got that glazed look in his eyes. (chapter 22, page 302)

5) Instead, we shall have a reading. (chapter 22, page 308)

c. Addition

1) And Annabel, who in addition to being the Winslow most likely to fall asleep in church. (chapter 1, page 15)

2) You are not Miss Winslow, and furthermore, you are not a lady. (chapter 12, page 161)

d. Summary

1) ... Miss Winslow was a Vickers granddaughter, and thus his uncle’s prey. (chapter 12, page 162)

2) Sebastian chuckled, then very quickly starightened his expression.(chapter 12, page 15

e. Reinforcement

1) And indeed, he let out a slightly affected sigh. (chapter 15, page 205)

2) And in fact, I would counter that you had decided to be done with her

4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

4.1 Conclusion

After analyzing the conjunctions used in the Julia Quinn’s novel Ten

Things I Love About You can be conclude that :

1) There are four types of conjunction in the novel, they are coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and conjunctive adverb.

2) Coordinating conjunctions consist of cumulative or copulative, adversative, alternative, and illative. Correlative conjunctions consist of express emphatically. Subordinating conjunctions consist of contrast and cause. Conjunctive adverb consist of result, contrast, addition, summary, and reinforcement.

3) Conjunctions which are found used to link words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. And there is conjunctions used to link an independent clause to a dependent clause, or on the contarry.

4) Coordinating conjunction and is the most frequently used in this novel, and the second most frequently used is but. The most rarely used in this novel are

or, so, yet, and nor. And for is never to used in this novel.

5) Correlative conjunction either...or is the most frequently used in this novel. The most rarely used in this novel are as...as, whether...or, neither...nor. And correlative conjunction both...and and not only...but also are never to used in this novel.

6) Subordinating conjunction if, as if, that, even, even if, as, because, although

are the most frequently used in this novel. The most rarely used in this novel

are as far as, as soon as, whereas, while, since, until, after, before, even

though, and so that,and subordinating conjunction which never to used are as

though, in order that, insofar as, now that,and in case.

4.2 Suggestion

After anlyzing, the writer has some suggestions for all the people who are interested in reading and writing, especially the readers, writers, and students to learn about other aspects of grammar, not only conjunction. it is suggested that students analyse other aspects of the novel, such as tenses, clauses, prepositions, conditional sentences, and idioms.

REFERENCES

Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 2003. Fundamentals of English Grammar. New York: Longman.

Burch, C. Beth. 2003. A Writer’s Grammar. New York: Longman.

Hancock, Craig. 2005. Meaning-Centered Grammar. London: Equinox Publishing Ltd.

Kardimin, Akhmad. 2005. Smart English Grammar. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Rozakis, Laurie. 1976. English Grammar for the Utterly Confused. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Thomson, A.J and Martinet, A.V. 1970. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wishon, E. George and Burks, M. Julia. 1980. Let’s Write English Revised

APPENDICES

Julia Quinn is the pseudonym used by Julie Pottinger (born Julie Cotler in 1970), a she chose her pseudonym so her Regency romances would be on bookshelves next to those of the successful romance writer been translated into thirteen foreign languages, and she has appeared on the

Julie Pottinger was raised primarily in New England, although she spent much time in California after her parents divorced. Even as a small child she devoured books. Her father disagreed with her choices of reading material, Sweet Dreams

and the if she could prove that they were good for her. She promptly told him that she was studying them in order to write one herself. Challenged to prove that she meant her statement, Pottinger sat down at their early computer and wrote her first two chapters. After finishing her novel three years later, she submitted it to Sweet

Dreams, but was rejected.

Pottinger graduated from year of college, she realized that she did not know what she wanted to do with her

degree and decided to attend medical school. That decision required her to attend two additional years of college to complete the science prerequisites necessary to apply for medical school.

To occupy herself during the long days of studying science, Pottinger began to write light-hearted Regency romance novels. A few weeks after she was accepted to medical school, she discovered that her first two novels, Splendid and Dancing

At Midnight, had been sold at auction, an unusual occurrence for a novice

romance author. She postponed medical school for two years while she wrote two more novels.

By the time Pottinger finally entere being a doctor, three of her books had been published. After only a few short months of studying medicine, however, Pottinger realized that she preferred writing to dissections. She left medical school and devoted herself full-time to her writing.

Pottinger considers herself a feminist and gives her heroines feminist qualities that are not necessarily true to the attitudes of the times her novels are set. Her books are noted for being full of humor, with sharp, witty dialogue. The novels are primarily character-driven, lacking the great external conflicts that many romance novels employ. One of her novels, When He was Wicked, was highly unusual for a romance novel, as the first four chapters actually describe the heroine in a happy marriage with someone who is not the hero, and then shows the death of the

original husband and deals with the grief of both the heroine and hero before allowing the second love story to flourish.

Most of her books are dedicated to her husband, Paul Pottinger, often with references to amusing alternate titles for the work. She won the for "The Secret Diaries of Miss Miranda Cheever". In 2003, she enjoyed the rare

honor of being profiled i

novelists have achieved, and in 2005 Publisher's Weekly gave To Sir Phillip, With Love a rare starred review, and later named it one of the six best mass market original novels of the year. Nine of her novels, An Offer from a Gentleman,

Romancing Mr. Bridgerton, To Sir Phillip, With Love, When He Was Wicked, It's

In His Kiss, On The Way to the Wedding, The Secret Diaries of Miss Miranda

Cheever, The Lost Duke of Wyndham and Mr. Cavendish, I Presume have

appeared on theMr. Cavendish, I Presume was number one on the NY Times list in October 2008.[3]

Pottinger has appeared in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum and

Heartwood, and was a contestant

posting recommendations of her favorite books on her website.

Recognition

• 1997- Everything and the Moon nominated for Best Regency Historical by Romantic Times Magazine

• 2001 - Finalist in the

• 2002 - Romancing Mister Bridgerton voted one of the top ten books of the year by RWA membership Finalist for the RWA RITA Awards in the Long Historical category

• 2002 - To Sir Phillip, With Love named one of the six best mass market original novels of the year by Publishers Weekly

• 2003 - Quinn was profiled in Time Magazine.

• 2007 - Received Romance Writers of America RITA Award for Best Long Historical Romance, for On the Way to the Wedding

• 2008 - Received Romance Writers of America RITA Award for Best Regency Historical Romance, for The Secret Diaries of Miss Miranda Cheever

• 2010 - Received Romance Writers of America RITA Award for Best Regency Historical Romance for What Happens in London

• 2010 - Quinn was inducted into the Romance Writers of America Hall of Fame.

Bibliography

The Splendid Trilogy

• Splendid (1995)

• Minx (1996)

• "A Tale of Two Sisters" in Where's My Hero? (2003, anthology wit

The Lyndon Sisters

• Everything And The Moon (1997)

• Brighter Than The Sun (1997)

Agents of the Crown

• To Catch An Heiress (1998)

• How To Marry A Marquis (1999)

The Bridgertons

• The Duke and I (2000)

• The Viscount Who Loved Me (2000)

• An Offer From A Gentleman (2001)

• Romancing Mister Bridgerton (2002)

• To Sir Phillip, With Love (2003)

• When He Was Wicked (2004)

• It's In His Kiss (2005)

• On the Way to the Wedding (2006)

The Bridgerton family consists of eight siblings and their widowed mother. In the novels, the Bridgertons are well respected and favored among British society. The Bridgertons are an extremely loving and tight-knit clan. The series comprises

eight books in which each of the siblings finds true love. Each book is set against the backdrop of upper English society during the period of Regency England.

On the Way to the Wedding, won the

in 2007. In 2002, To Sir Phillip, With Love was named one of the six best mass market original novels of the year by Publishers Weekly. Several books on the series have been on the

Quinn has published six "second epilogues" for The Viscount Who Loved Me, An

Offer From A Gentleman, Romancing Mister Bridgerton, To Sir Phillip, With

Love, When He Was Wicked, andIt's In His Kiss. The second epilogues are

currently only available as e-books.

The Two Dukes of Wyndham

• The Lost Duke of Wyndham (2008)

• Mr. Cavendish, I Presume (2008)

According to Quinn, this two-book set was based on the premise "two men say they’re the Duke of Something. One of them must be wrong." Events are concurrent and the plots are intertwined, with some scenes appearing in both books, but from different perspectives.

The Bevelstoke Series

• The Secret Diaries of Miss Miranda Cheever (2007)

• What Happens in London (2009)

The Smythe-Smith Quartet

• Just Like Heaven (May 31, 2011)

• A Night Like This (May 29, 2012)

Lady Whistledown

The witty gossip columnist "Lady Whistledown" from the Bridgerton series ties together these two anthologies of interlinked novellas:

• "Thirty-Six Valentines" in The Further Observations of Lady Whistledown

(2003, anthology wit

• "The First Kiss" in Lady Whistledown Strikes Back (2004, anthology with

Others

• "Gretna Greene" in Scottish Brides (1999, anthology wit

• The Lady Most Likely... (December 28, 2010 a novel with

SUMMARY

1) Sebastian Grey is a devilishly handsome rogue with a secret.

2) Annabel Winslow‘s family voted her The Winslow Most Likely to Speak Her Mind and The Winslow Most Likely to Fall Asleep in Church.

3) Sebastian’s uncle is the Earl of Newbury, and if he dies without siring an heir, Sebastian inherits everything.

4) Lord Newbury detests Sebastian and will stop at nothing to prevent this from happening.

5) Lord Newbury has decided that Annabel is the answer to all of his problems. 6) Annabel does not want to marry Lord Newbury, especially when she finds

out he once romanced her grandmother. 7) is shocking,

8) is delicious,

9) is downright wicked, all of which leads the way to 10) Happily. Ever. After.

Miss Annabel Winslow is the eldest sister of 8 siblings, who are a gentle country bred family from Gloucestershire. Money is running out, and her siblings’ futures are at stake – especially her brothers, who could be sent home from Eton if they don’t have the money to keep them there. But things change for Annabel – and not for the better – when her estranged Grandmother and Grandfather call on Annabel for her to stay with them in London. And it’s there that Annabel finds out that her Grandparents are arranging for her to be married to the Earl of Newbury:

a very old, very fat, and very unpleasant man who only wants Anna for her

childbearing hips that are described as ‘…so fertile that birds sing when she draws near.’ The Earl of Newbury wants an heir very badly so that his very hated

nephew will not inherit.

Annabel is in despair at the thought of being married to such a man as Newbury, but she acknowledges that being married to an Earl would financially help her family. And with her Grandparents being such strict, and quite awful people, she’s stuck in a very hard place. One night, at an annual affair, Annabel escapes into the garden after being pawed by Newbury, and it’s there she trips over – literally – a certain Sebastian Grey, the hated nephew of the Earl. Annabel – not knowing who he is originally and vice versa – partakes in a very flirty conversation with Sebastian. The evening ends with a sultry kiss that surprises and affects them both quite deeply. After they meet a couple of times again – much to the dismay and also pleasure of Annabel – a scandal erupts, and it’s up to Sebastian to make things right.

Recognition

• 1997- Everything and the Moon nominated for Best Regency Historical by Romantic Times Magazine

• 2001 - Finalist in the

• 2002 - Romancing Mister Bridgerton voted one of the top ten books of the year by RWA membership Finalist for the RWA RITA Awards in the Long Historical category

• 2002 - To Sir Phillip, With Love named one of the six best mass market original novels of the year by Publishers Weekly

• 2003 - Quinn was profiled in Time Magazine.

• 2007 - Received Romance Writers of America RITA Award for Best Long Historical Romance, for On the Way to the Wedding

• 2008 - Received Romance Writers of America RITA Award for Best Regency Historical Romance, for The Secret Diaries of Miss Miranda Cheever

• 2010 - Received Romance Writers of America RITA Award for Best Regency Historical Romance for What Happens in London

• 2010 - Quinn was inducted into the Romance Writers of America Hall of Fame.

Bibliography

The Splendid Trilogy • Splendid (1995)

• Minx (1996)

• "A Tale of Two Sisters" in Where's My Hero? (2003, anthology wit

The Lyndon Sisters

• Everything And The Moon (1997)

• Brighter Than The Sun (1997)

Agents of the Crown

• To Catch An Heiress (1998)

• How To Marry A Marquis (1999)

The Bridgertons

• The Duke and I (2000)

• The Viscount Who Loved Me (2000)

• An Offer From A Gentleman (2001)

• Romancing Mister Bridgerton (2002)

• To Sir Phillip, With Love (2003)

• When He Was Wicked (2004)

• It's In His Kiss (2005)

• On the Way to the Wedding (2006)

The Bridgerton family consists of eight siblings and their widowed mother. In the novels, the Bridgertons are well respected and favored among British society. The Bridgertons are an extremely loving and tight-knit clan. The series comprises

eight books in which each of the siblings finds true love. Each book is set against the backdrop of upper English society during the period of Regency England.

On the Way to the Wedding, won the

in 2007. In 2002, To Sir Phillip, With Love was named one of the six best mass market original novels of the year by Publishers Weekly. Several books on the series have been on the

Quinn has published six "second epilogues" for The Viscount Who Loved Me, An Offer From A Gentleman, Romancing Mister Bridgerton, To Sir Phillip, With Love, When He Was Wicked, andIt's In His Kiss. The second epilogues are currently only available as e-books.

The Two Dukes of Wyndham

• The Lost Duke of Wyndham (2008)

• Mr. Cavendish, I Presume (2008)

According to Quinn, this two-book set was based on the premise "two men say they’re the Duke of Something. One of them must be wrong." Events are concurrent and the plots are intertwined, with some scenes appearing in both books, but from different perspectives.

The Bevelstoke Series

• The Secret Diaries of Miss Miranda Cheever (2007)

• What Happens in London (2009)

The Smythe-Smith Quartet

• Just Like Heaven (May 31, 2011)

• A Night Like This (May 29, 2012)

Lady Whistledown

The witty gossip columnist "Lady Whistledown" from the Bridgerton series ties together these two anthologies of interlinked novellas:

• "Thirty-Six Valentines" in The Further Observations of Lady Whistledown (2003, anthology wit

• "The First Kiss" in Lady Whistledown Strikes Back (2004, anthology with

Others

• "Gretna Greene" in Scottish Brides (1999, anthology wit

• The Lady Most Likely... (December 28, 2010 a novel with

SUMMARY

1) Sebastian Grey is a devilishly handsome rogue with a secret.

2) Annabel Winslow‘s family voted her The Winslow Most Likely to Speak Her Mind and The Winslow Most Likely to Fall Asleep in Church.

3) Sebastian’s uncle is the Earl of Newbury, and if he dies without siring an heir, Sebastian inherits everything.

4) Lord Newbury detests Sebastian and will stop at nothing to prevent this from happening.

5) Lord Newbury has decided that Annabel is the answer to all of his problems. 6) Annabel does not want to marry Lord Newbury, especially when she finds

out he once romanced her grandmother. 7) is shocking,

8) is delicious,

9) is downright wicked, all of which leads the way to 10) Happily. Ever. After.

Miss Annabel Winslow is the eldest sister of 8 siblings, who are a gentle country bred family from Gloucestershire. Money is running out, and her siblings’ futures are at stake – especially her brothers, who could be sent home from Eton if they don’t have the money to keep them there. But things change for Annabel – and not for the better – when her estranged Grandmother and Grandfather call on Annabel for her to stay with them in London. And it’s there that Annabel finds out that her Grandparents are arranging for her to be married to the Earl of Newbury:

a very old, very fat, and very unpleasant man who only wants Anna for her

childbearing hips that are described as ‘…so fertile that birds sing when she draws near.’ The Earl of Newbury wants an heir very badly so that his very hated

nephew will not inherit.

Annabel is in despair at the thought of being married to such a man as Newbury, but she acknowledges that being married to an Earl would financially help her family. And with her Grandparents being such strict, and quite awful people, she’s stuck in a very hard place. One night, at an annual affair, Annabel escapes into the garden after being pawed by Newbury, and it’s there she trips over – literally – a certain Sebastian Grey, the hated nephew of the Earl. Annabel – not knowing who he is originally and vice versa – partakes in a very flirty conversation with Sebastian. The evening ends with a sultry kiss that surprises and affects them both quite deeply. After they meet a couple of times again – much to the dismay and also pleasure of Annabel – a scandal erupts, and it’s up to Sebastian to make things right.