2. THEORITICAL FRAME WORK - An Analysis of Conjunction in Julia Quinn’s Ten Things I LoveAbout You
2. THEORITICAL FRAME WORK
2.1 A Brief Description of Conjunction
Hancock (2005:6) says, “Grammar is the natural, inherent, meaning-making system of the language, a system that governs the way words come together to form meanings; grammar is also the study of that system, the various theories or perspectives that attempt to understand and describes it.” It means that grammar is a system of language. It is the natural system, not created by human.”
In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases, clauses, or sentences together. Hancock (2005:139) says, “A conjunction is a word with primarily grammatical function, that of linking together two (or more) structures and establishing a relationship between (or among) them.” It means that conjunction is the one of grammar member. Without conjunction, we cannot link two or more structure which in a sentence.”
A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what contitutes a “conjunction” must be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins.
The definition may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function as a single-word conjunction (as well as, provided that,
etc. ).
Burch (2003:55) says, “Conjunctions are joining words. They join words, phrases, and/or clauses to create meaning. The root-junct (as in junction, juncture) refers to the joining function of conjunctions, and the prefix con- means together, with, or
.” It means that the main function of conjunction is joining words. From the
joint
quote we know that the meaning of conjunction word is same as the function.” Wren and Martin (1990:151) says, ”Conjunction is a word which merely joins together sentences, and sometimes words.” It means that conjunction uses to join sentences and words with the pattern and punctuation.”
2.2 Kinds of Conjunction
there are four kinds of conjunction: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and conjunctive adverbs.
2.2.1 Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions or coordinators are conjunctions that join items of equal graamatical importance. Co- means with or jointly, and the Latin root
ordo means order; thus coordinate means to order with or to order together.
These conjunctions join equal sentence parts. These conjunctions also used to join subjects and predicates, and to join whole sentences together. They are actually used to join any parallel elements of the sentences. There are seven coordinate conjunctions: and, or, nor, but, for, so, and, yet. (Wishon/Burks, 1980, 135) For example :
( two subjects) • Kennedy and his brother are a students. ( two • She is beautiful and smart girl. adjectives)
- Did you look in the dictionary or the encyclopedia? ( two objects of a prepositions)
- The victorious party sang and danced in the streets. ( two predicates) There are four kinds of coordinating conjunctions, they are :
or copulative which merely add one statement to another, for example :
1) Cumulative
1) We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone.
2) It was cold outside, and the icy chill pressed up against him through the glass.
which express opposition or contrast between two statements, for example : 1) He is slow, but he is sure. 2) I was annoyed, still I kept quiet. 3) I would come ; only that I am engaged. 4) He was all right ; only he was fatigued.
2) Adversative
3) Disjunctive or Alternative which express a choice between two alternatives,
for example : 1) She must weep, or she will die. 2) She have to take a rest, or she will sick.
4) Illative
which express an inference, for example : 1) Something certainly fell in ; for I heard a splash. 2) We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.
2.2.2 Correlative Conjunctions
These conjunctions, as seen in the case of compound subjects and predicates, are used in pairs. They may be used to join two basic sentence patterns or two parallel elements of any kinds. (Wishon/Burks, 1980, 136) The most important thing to remember when using correlative conjunctions is that the words, phrases, or clauses that are put together must be the same type. That means that nouns must be put together withother nouns, verbs with other verbs, adjectives with other adjectives, and so on. This point will be more fully explained following the list of frequently used correlative conjunctions. (Laurie Rozakis, Ph.D, 2003, 7) The correlative conjunctions are Either ... or, Neither ... nor, Both ... and, Not only ... but also , as ... as, whether ... or.
Either ... or and Neither ... nor are used to connect two negative statements when
the meanings of their predicates are the same. For example : 1) I think she is not either Russian or Polish. 2) Either he could not come or he did not want to. 3) Their house is neither big nor small.
- We can express emphatically a combination of two things ( nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc) by using both .... and. For example :
1) He has both the time and the money to play polo.
2) She both built and endowed the hospital. 3) It was both cold and wet.
- We express two alternative emphatically by either ... or for the affirmative or interrogative, for example :
1) We can have either tripe or liver. 2)
Can you eat either tripe or liver? And by using Either ... or + a negative verb or Neither ... nor + an affirmative verb for the negative, for example :
1) I can not eat either tripe or liver. = i can eat neither tripe nor liver. 2)
She does not read either magazine or newspaper. = she reads neither magazine nor newspaper.
- When a negative verb is repeated with a new subject, either may be placed at the end of the sentence, for example :
1) He didn’t go and she didn’t go either. 2) He doesn’t eat and she doesn’t eat either.
But this can be more neatly expressed by using neither/nor + auxiliary verb (affirmative) + subject, for example :
1) He didn’t go and neither did she. 2) It wasn’t the whole truth, but neither was it a lie. (Thomson/Martinet, 1970, 54) The homicide detectives checked for not only blood spatters but also tissue flecks.
Do you see how much more emphatic the blood and tissue become once they are linkes by the correlatives? The correlatives emphasize the paralelism of the compound objects:
Not only blood spatters
The homicide detectives checked for But also tissue flecks.
2.2.3 Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordination is connecting two unequal but related clauses with a subordinating conjunction to form a complex sentence. Coordination shows the relationship among equal independent clauses; subordination, in contrast, shows the relationship between ideas of unequal rank.
Subordination help to develop the ideas, trace relationships among ideas, and emphasize one idea over the other.
These words are commonly used as subordinating conjunctions
After in order (that) Unless Although insofar as Until As in that When as far as Lest Whenever
as soon as no matter how Where as if now that Wherever as though Once Whether Because provided (that) While Before Since Why even if so that even though supposing (that) How Than If That inasmuch as Though in case (that) Till
The subordinating conjunctions also include what traditional grammarians call the
relative pronouns : who,whom,what, that, which. These pronoun-conjunctions
introduce a particular kind of clause, a relative or adjective clause. They are called relative pronouns because they clearly relate the clause to the noun with which it patterns; the relationship between the noun and its relative pronoun (and relative clause) is clear. Here are a few sentences illustrating subordinators:
1) Although we were young, we knew what we wanted. 2)
No one cashed the lottery ticket because it had been washed and dried in the laundry.
3) We were too tired to recognize the soldier who was approaching. (C. Beth Burch, 2003, 56)
2.2.4 Conjunctive Adverbs
These adverbs, like coordinate and correlative conjunctions, are used to connect, basic sentence patterns and make compound sentences. However unlike the coordinate conjunctions, they are grammatically a part of the sentences they introduce and could be moved to an internal position in the sentence.
Conjunctive adverbs are : accordingly however nonetheless also indeed otherwise besides instead similarly consequently likewise still conversely meanwhile subsequently finally moreover then furthermore nevertheless therefore hence next thus
2.3 The Use of Conjunction
To use conjunction need the rule that we have to follow. These the way of use conjunction consist of the punctuation and form.
2.3.1 Coordinating Conjunction Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses.
For examples :
1) The bowl of squid eyeball stew is hot and delicious.
2) The squid eyeball stew is so thick that you can eat it with a fork or spoon.
3) Rocky, my orange tomcat, loves having his head scratched but hates getting his claws trimmed.
The Punctuation of Coordinating Conjunctions
Three patterns in writing use coordinating conjunctions. Add commas when required.
Pattern 1 — Connecting two main clauses When you connect twwith a coordinating conjunction, use a comma. The pattern looks like this: main clause + , + coordinating conjunction + main clause
Here are some examples : 1)
While I am at work, my dog Floyd sleeps on the bed, and my cat Buster naps in the bathtub.
2) Annabel’s pedigree might have included a grandfather who was a viscount, but she was a country gentleman’s daughter. Pattern 2 — Connecting two items You can also use a coordinating conjunction to connect any two items. These items can be any grammatical unit except main clauses. The pattern looks like this: item + Ø + coordinating conjunction + item Here are some examples:
1) My dog Floyd has too many fleas and too much hair. 2) My cat Buster has beautiful blue eyes but a destructive personality.
Pattern 3 — Connecting three or more items in a series When you have three or moreou generally use a comma before the coordinating conjunction. Some handbooks and style guides will tell you that this comma is optional, but my advice is to put it in. The pattern looks like this: item + , + item + , + coordinating conjunction + item
Here are some examples : 1) Peanuts, cookies, and milk. 2) A piece of paper, pen, and pencil.
2.3.2 Correlative Conjunction
Use correlative conjunctions to link equivalent items in pairs. Such conjunctions might include phrases such as "both ... and," "either ... or," "neither ... nor" or "whether ... or" and should be placed next to the words they connect. For examples :
1) Either we meet the budget or downsizing will be the alternative. 2) She is respected by neither her clients nor her colleagues. 3)
They not only finished the project on time but also came in below budget.
When you use correlative conjunctions, be careful about verb agreement.
If you connect twthat follows.
1) Every single evening either the horned owl or the squabbling cats wake Samantha with their racket.
2) Every single evening either the squabbling cats or the horned owl wakes Samantha with its racket.
When you use correlative conjunctions, be careful about pronoun agreement.
If you connect twthat follows.
1) Neither Yolanda nor the cousins expressed their disappointment when blind Aunt Sophie set down the plate of burnt hamburgers.
2) Neither the cousins norYolanda expressed her disappointment when blind Aunt Sophie set down the plate of burnt hamburgers.
When you use correlative conjunctions, be careful about parallel
structure.Either ... or, neither ... nor, and not only ... but also require special attention when you are proofreading fore sure that you have equal grammatical units after both parts of the conjunction. You can have twlike this: Not onlydid Michael grill a steak for Tiffany, buthealsoprepared a hotdog for Rocket, her dog.
Or you can shorten the sentence with tw Michael grilled meat not onlyfor Tiffanybut alsofor Rocket, her dog.
Or you can have tws this version does: Michael grilled meat for not onlyTiffanybut alsoRocket, her dog.
2.3.3 Subordinating Conjunction
Subordinating Conjunctions are used when one idea in a sentence is dependent upon another idea. The subordinate conjunction is used to connect the dependent with the main thought.
Some sentences are complex. Such sentences have two clauses, one[or ] and one[or dependent]. These are the patterns for a
independent
complex sentence: Subordinate clause + , + main clause main clause + Ø + subordinate clause
When the dependent clause is placed first in a sentence, use a comma between the two clauses.
When the independent clause is placed first and the dependent clause second, do not separate the two clauses with a comma.
Subordinating conjunctions also join two clauses together, but in doing so, they make one clause dependent (or "subordinate") upon the other.
A subordinating conjunction may appear at a sentence beginning or between two clauses in a sentence.
A subordinate conjunction usually provides a tighter connection between clauses than a coordinating conjunctions does.
Loose: It is raining, so we have an umbrella. Tight: Because it is raining , we have an umbrella.
2.3.4 Conjunctive Adverb
A conjunctive adverb can join twonnecting two complete ideas. Notice, however, that you need a a comma, to connect the two clauses:
main clause + ; + conjunctive adverb + , + main clause
For examples: 1)
The dark skies and distant thunder dissuaded Clarice from her afternoon run; moreover, she had thirty calculus problems to solve for her morning class. 2)
Leon's apartment complex does not allow dogs over thirty pounds; otherwise, he would have bought the gangly Great Dane puppy playing in the pet store window. 3)
The cat ate a bowlful of tuna; then, to the squirrels' delight, the fat feline fell asleep in the rocking chair. A conjunctive adverb will also introduce, interrupt, or conclude a single main clause. In this situation, you will often need commas to separate the conjunctive adverb from the rest of the sentence.
For examples:
1) At 10 a.m., Paul was supposed to be taking his biology midterm.
Instead, he was flirting with the pretty waitress at the coffee house. 2)
Maria declined Jeff's third invitation to go out. This young man is determined, nevertheless, to take her to dinner one night soon.
3) After mowing the yard in the hot sun, Pedro was too hungry to shower. He did wash his dusty hands, however.
If the break is weak, do not use comma(s).
1) Anna called to say her car would not start. Rafael will therefore have to walk to school.
2) The long noodles splashed tomato sauce all over the front of Brenda's shirt. Ordering fettuccine was a mistake indeed.
2.4 The Functions of Conjunction
Coordinating conjunction, correlative conjunction, subordinating conjunction, and conjunctive adverb have a different function. And these are the lists of the each conjunction.
2.4.1 Coordinating Conjunction
There are some functions of coordinating conjunction and, but, or, nor, so, and for. And these the lists of the function of each coordinating conjunction.
As the coordinating conjunction, and has many functions. There are some functions of and, they are : a.
To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another: "Tashonda sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a response." b.
To suggest that one idea is the result of another: "Willie heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house." c.
To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another (frequently replaced by in this usage): "Juanita is brilliant and Shalimar has a pleasant
but personality.
d.
To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by yet in this usage): "Hartford is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban blight." e. To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally w(usually the first clause is an imperative): "Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt." f. To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause: "Charlie became addicted to gambling — and that surprised no one who knew him."
As the coordinating conjunction, but has many functions. There are some functions of but, they are : a.
To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause: "Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably." b. To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way (sometimes replaced by on the contrary): "The club never invested foolishly, but used the services of a sage investment counselor." c.
To connect two ideas with the meaning of "with the exception of" (and then the second word takes over as subject): "Everybody but Goldenbreath is trying out for the team." As the coordinating conjunction, orhas many functions. There are some functions of or, they are : a.
To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other: "You can study hard for this exam or you can fail." b.
To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: "We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers.
c.
To suggest a refinement of the first clause: "Smith College is the premier all-women's college in the country, or so it seems to most Smith College alumnae." d.
To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the sentence: "There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide tells us." e. To suggest a negative condition: "The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim "Live free or die." f.
To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative (see use of andabove): "They must approve his political style or they wouldn't keep electing him mayor."
Nor is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other
conjunctions, so it might feel a bit odd when nor does come up in conversation or writing. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair,
neither-nor
:
- He is neither sane nor brilli
- That is neither what I said nor what I meant.
It can be used with other negative expressions:
- That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.
It is possible to use nor without a preceding negative element, but it is unusual and, to an extent, rather stuffy:
- George's handshake is as good as any written contract, nor has he ever proven untrustworthy.
- John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is badminton.
- The visitors complained loudly about the heat, yet they continued to play golf every day.
In sentences such as the second one, above, the pronoun subject of the second clause ("they," in this case) is often left out. When that happens, the comma preceding the conjunction might also disappear: "The visitors complained loudly yet continued to play golf every day."
Yet is sometimes combined with other conjunctions, but or and. It would not be
unusual to see and yet in sentences like the ones above. This usage is acceptable.is most often used as a preposition, of course, but it does serve, on
For
rare occasions, as a coordinating conjunction. Some people regard the conjunction for as rather highfalutin and literary, and it does tend to add a bit of weightiness to the text. Beginning a sentence with the conjunction "for" is probably not a good idea, except when you're singing "For he's a jolly good fellow. "For" has serious sequential implications and its use the order of thoughts is more important than it is, say, with because or since. Its function is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause:
- John thought he had a good chance to get the job, for his father was on the company's board of trustees.
- Most of the visitors were happy just sitting around in the shade, for it had been a long, dusty journey on the train. As the conjunction, so have some functions. But be careful of the conjunction so. Sometimes it can connect two independent clauses along with a comma, but sometimes it can't. For instance, in this sentence
,
- Soto is not the only Olympic athlete in his family, so are his brother, sister, and his Uncle Chet.
where the word so means "as well" or "in addition," most careful writers would use a semicolon between the two independent clauses. In the following sentence, where so is acting like a minor-league "therefore," the conjunction and the comma are adequate to the task:
- Soto has always been nervous in large gatherings, so it is no surprise that he avoids crowds of his adoring fans.
Sometimes, at the beginning of a sentence, so will act as a kind of summing up device or transition, and when it does, it is often set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma:
- So, the sheriff peremptorily removed the child from the custody of his parents.
2.4.2 Correlative Conjunction
Correlative conjunctions are more similar to coordinating conjunctions than to subordinating conjunctions in that the sentence fragments they connect are fairly equal. Subordinating conjunctions connect independent and dependent clauses, which have totally different functions. Coordinating conjunctions and correlative conjunctions, on the other hand, connect words and phrases that carry equal weight in the sentence.
For example, “both/and” connects either two subjects or two objects:
- Both Jon and Lauren enjoyed the movie. (subjects)
- Jon enjoyed both the movie and the popcorn. (objects) “As/as” compares nouns using an adjective or an adverb: • Peter is as tall as Jeff.
- A lion can’t run as fast as a cheetah. “Not only/but also” can connect nouns or entire
- I’m going not only to the concert, but also backstage! • Not only will I see your ten, but I’ll also raise you twenty.
2.4.3 Subordinating Conjunction
Some of the most important subordinating conjunctions fall into two groups: contrast , and cause and effect.
Conjunction Function Example although
Although she's small, she's very
(even) strong.
express contrast between ideas
though
John is short, whereas Mary is
whereas tall. while
I lost my job because I was often
because show a cause/effect relationship late. as
between ideas Since I have no money, I can't
since go to the movie.
2.4.4 Conjunctive Adverb
Because they are akin to adverbs, conjunctive adverbs can indeed function as simple adverbs. In such a situation, they merely modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb. When they behave this way, they do not need any special punctuation. They are simply functioning as adverbs. For example, consider these two sentences: • She was accordingly quite interested in grammar.
- However ugly the gargoyle may be, I will go on a blind date with him.
Here, accordingly and however are simple adverbs. All accordingly does is modify the verb interested. All however does is modify the adjective
ugly .
On the other hand, as Kolln and Funk note, conjunctive adverbs can also appear at the start of a sentence or clause to indicate result, concession, apposition, addition, time, contrast, summary, or reinforcement.
: therefore, consequently, of course
Result Concession : nevertheless, yet, still, after all, of course
: for example, for instance, that is, namely, in other
Apposition words
: moreover, furthermore, also, in addition, likewise,
Addition further Time : meanwhile, in the meantime
: however, instead, on the contrary, on the other
Contrast hand, in contrast, rather
: thus, in conclusion, then
Summary
: further, in particular, indeed, above all, in fact
Reinforcement
When conjunctive adverbs function this way, they are separated from the rest of the sentence with a comma. In such cases, the conjunctive adverb needs a comma after it because it is a phrase appearing before an independent clause. Note the commas in the following sentences.
1) Therefore, I will eat eggs!
2) Still, it sounds like a good idea. 3) In other words, grammar is a useful skill. 4)
Likewise, all students should embrace the sad little conjunctive adverbs.
5) Meanwhile, the conjunctive adverbs sat pouting in the corner. 6) However, we should not mock conjunctive adverbs. 7)
Thus, the conjunctive adverbs will bow before their masters, the cruel semicolons.
Above all, we must realize conjunctive adverbs are an important part of the grammatical ecosystem.
Finally, sometimes conjunctive adverbs try to pretend they are full conjunctions and hook two independent clauses together. This pretension is indeed a sad travesty! They are not really full conjunctions, and they can't do that job by themselves. Typically, they lurk just behind a semicolon in this situation, and it is the semicolon that does the real job of joining the two independent clauses. A comma should always follow the conjunctive adverb in such instances.
1) The gods thundered in the heavens; furthermore, the mortals below cowered in fear.
2) The bank robber dodged the bullet; however, Joey was shot seventeen times in the tibia.
3) Susan appreciated the flowers; nevertheless, a Corvette would be a finer gift.
4) Dr. Wheeler is a grammar tyrant; thus, he requires correct punctuation.
5) She will go on a blind date with George; however, he is a really ugly fellow.
6) The tyranosaurs were migrating south; meanwhile, the apatosaurs breathed a sigh of relief.
The conjunctive adverbs pretend they are conjunctions; however, the semicolon is what really connects the two clauses together.