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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter provides a review on literature related to the title of the research namely enriching students’ vocabulary using theme based YouTube
video. To support this research, this chapter discusses about vocabulary, YouTube video, young learners, and review of related researchers. Each of them is
discussed in the following section.
A. Vocabulary
1. The Definition of Vocabulary
Generally, vocabulary can be defined as a list of words with their meanings, especially at the back of a book used for teaching a foreign language.
In other words, vocabulary is always related to the words and dictionary. There are some definitions of vocabulary by some experts. As taken from Wikipedia,
vocabulary refers to all the words known and used by a particular person. It usually grows and evolves with age, and serves as a useful and fundamental tool
for communication and acquiring knowledge. A similar statement stated by Hatch and Brown 1995: 1 that the term of
vocabulary refers to a list or set of words for a particular language or a list or set of words that individual speakers of language might use. As what Hatch and
Brown say, vocabulary is a list of words. It means that there are more than one words used by the speaker of a certain language. Vocabulary also refers to a group
of words used by a person as a means of communication. Ur 1996: 60 also defines vocabulary as the words that are taught in
foreign language. She adds that vocabulary is mainly defined as words that are used in a foreign language course. The words in vocabulary do not come from the
students’ native language. It is a set of words from second or foreign language that is being learned by students.
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A new item of vocabulary may be more than a single word which is made up of 2 or 3 words but expressing a single idea. Additionally, Moon in Schmitt
and McCarthy 1997: 105 argues that traditionally, vocabulary consists not only of single words: lexemes are often made up of strings of more that one word.
From all definitions above, it can be concluded that vocabulary is a set of words that are taught in foreign language. Vocabulary is also closely related to a
list of words used to express the speakers’ idea.
2. Kinds of Vocabulary
There are two kinds of vocabulary, receptive and productive vocabulary. Haycraft in Hatch and Brown 1995: 370 states that receptive vocabulary is
words that the student recognizes and understands when they occur in a context, but which he cannot produce correctly, and productive vocabulary is words which
the student understands, can pronounce correctly, and use constructively in speaking and writing.
Since the subject of the study is elementary school students, the objective of the study is the students’ receptive vocabulary. However, the researcher used
constructive speaking in the form of communicative classroom activity in order to introduce vocabulary and language in its communicative function.
According to Ur 1996: 60, there are six aspects of vocabulary that need to be taught in teaching vocabulary as follows:
a. Form: Pronunciation and Spelling The learner has to know how a word is pronounced its pronunciation
and what it looks like its spelling. b. Grammar
A word sometimes comes with grammatical rules. The learner also needs to know the past form of a verb, the plural form of a noun, etc.
c. Collocation It deals with the appropriateness of particular combination of words.
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d. Aspects of Meaning 1: denotation, connotation, appropriateness Denotation refers to the meaning of a word as what it refers to in the real
world. Connotation is the meaning of a word when it comes in association, negative or positive evokes that may or may not be stated in dictionary
definition. The context is also important to determine the meaning of a word. It gives appropriateness where the word commonly used.
e. Aspects of Meaning 2: meaning relationship A word sometimes has a close relationship with others. In language
teaching, this kind of relationship is useful. The learner should recognize the words in different relationships. Synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms are some
of the main ones. f.
Word formation Certain vocabulary can be broken down into their components. Students’
understanding in prefixes and suffixes can help them in knowing the meaning of words.
Those six aspects give what a learner needs to learn language. However, the aspects taught should be matched with the students’ level. Since the research
was conducted in elementary school, the aspects chosen were spelling, pronunciation, and meaning.
3. The Importance of Teaching Vocabulary
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